Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto in parte da fondi di avviamento UCSD diretti a O.S.A. e NSF/BIO 1645331 a J.L.R.

<ol>
	<li>Verhulst, E. C., Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+control+of+haplodiploid+sex+determination+in+the+wasp+Nasonia.">Maternal control of haplodiploid sex determination in the wasp Nasonia.</a> Science. 328 (5978), 620-623 (2010).</li><li>Verhulst, E. C., Lynch, J. A., Bopp, D., Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+component+of+the+Nasonia+sex+determining+cascade+is+maternally+silenced+and+regulates+transformer+expression.">A new component of the Nasonia sex determining cascade is maternally silenced and regulates transformer expression.</a> PloS One. 8 (5), 63618 (2013).</li><li>Dalla Benetta, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+elimination+mediated+by+gene+expression+from+a+selfish+chromosome.">Genome elimination mediated by gene expression from a selfish chromosome.</a> Science Advances. 6 (14), (2020).</li><li>Aldrich, J. C., Leibholz, A., Cheema, M. S., Ausi&#972;, J., Ferree, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+"selfish"+B+chromosome+induces+genome+elimination+by+disrupting+the+histone+code+in+the+jewel+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis.">A "selfish" B chromosome induces genome elimination by disrupting the histone code in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis.</a> Scientific Reports. 7, 42551 (2017).</li><li>Ferree, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+genes+uniquely+expressed+in+the+germ-line+tissues+of+the+jewel+wasp+Nasonnia+vitripennis.">Identification of genes uniquely expressed in the germ-line tissues of the jewel wasp Nasonnia vitripennis.</a> G3. 3 (12), 2647-2653 (2015).</li><li>Akbari, O. S., Antoshechkin, I., Hay, B. A., Ferree, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome+profiling+of+Nasonia+vitripennis+testis+reveals+novel+transcripts+expressed+from+the+selfish+B+chromosome,+paternal+sex+ratio.">Transcriptome profiling of Nasonia vitripennis testis reveals novel transcripts expressed from the selfish B chromosome, paternal sex ratio.</a> G3. 3 (9), 1597-1605 (2013).</li><li>Dalla Benetta, E., Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+differences+in+circadian+clock+gene+expression+patterns+and+photoperiodic+diapause+induction+in+Nasonia+vitripennis.">Adaptive differences in circadian clock gene expression patterns and photoperiodic diapause induction in Nasonia vitripennis.</a> The American Naturalist. 193 (6), 881-896 (2019).</li><li>Paolucci, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Latitudinal+variation+in+circadian+rhythmicity+in+Nasonia+vitripennis.">Latitudinal variation in circadian rhythmicity in Nasonia vitripennis.</a> Behavioral Sciences. 9 (11), (2019).</li><li>Werren, J. H., Loehlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+parasitoid+wasp+Nasonia:+an+emerging+model+system+with+haploid+male+genetics.">The parasitoid wasp Nasonia: an emerging model system with haploid male genetics.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2009 (10), (2009).</li><li>Lynch, J. A., Desplan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+parental+RNA+interference+in+the+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis.">A method for parental RNA interference in the wasp Nasonia vitripennis.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (1), 486-494 (2006).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+heritable+germline+mutations+in+the+jewel+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis+using+CRISPR/Cas9.">Generation of heritable germline mutations in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis using CRISPR/Cas9.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 901 (2017).</li><li>Chaverra-Rodriguez, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germline+mutagenesis+of+Nasonia+vitripennis+through+ovarian+delivery+of+CRISPR-Cas9+ribonucleoprotein.">Germline mutagenesis of Nasonia vitripennis through ovarian delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein.</a> Insect Molecular Biology. , (2020).</li><li>Li, M., Bui, M., Akbari, O. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryo+microinjection+and+transplantation+technique+for+Nasonia+vitripennis+genome+manipulation.">Embryo microinjection and transplantation technique for Nasonia vitripennis genome manipulation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (130), (2017).</li><li>Werren, J. H., Loehlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rearing+Sarcophaga+bullata+fly+hosts+for+Nasonia+(Parasitoid+Wasp).">Rearing Sarcophaga bullata fly hosts for Nasonia (Parasitoid Wasp).</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2009 (10), (2009).</li><li>Werren, J. H., Loehlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+maintenance+of+Nasonia+vitripennis+(Parasitoid+Wasp).">Strain maintenance of Nasonia vitripennis (Parasitoid Wasp).</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2009 (10), (2009).</li><li>Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+sex+determination+in+the+haplodiploid+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis+(Hymenoptera:+Chalcidoidea).">Genetics of sex determination in the haplodiploid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea).</a> Journal of Genetics. 89 (3), 333-339 (2010).</li><li>Leung, K., van de Zande, L., Beukeboom, L. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Life-history+traits+of+the+Whiting+polyploid+line+of+the+parasitoid.">Life-history traits of the Whiting polyploid line of the parasitoid.</a> Entomologia experimentalis et applicata. 167 (7), 655-669 (2019).</li><li>Kennerdell, J. R., Carthew, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+dsRNA-mediated+genetic+interference+to+demonstrate+that+frizzled+and+frizzled+2+act+in+the+wingless+pathway.">Use of dsRNA-mediated genetic interference to demonstrate that frizzled and frizzled 2 act in the wingless pathway.</a> Cell. 95 (7), 1017-1026 (1998).</li><li>Yang, J., Zhao-jun, H. A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficiency+of+different+methods+for+dsrna+delivery+in+cotton+bollworm+(Helicoverpa+armigera).">Efficiency of different methods for dsrna delivery in cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera).</a> Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 13 (1), 115-123 (2014).</li><li>Brown, S., Holtzman, S., Kaufman, T., Denell, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+Tribolium+Deformed+ortholog+and+its+ability+to+directly+regulate+Deformed+target+genes+in+the+rescue+of+a+Drosophila+Deformed+null+mutant.">Characterization of the Tribolium Deformed ortholog and its ability to directly regulate Deformed target genes in the rescue of a Drosophila Deformed null mutant.</a> Development Genes and Evolution. 209 (7), 389-398 (1999).</li><li>Hughes, C. L., Kaufman, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAi+analysis+of+Deformed,+proboscipedia+and+Sex+combs+reduced+in+the+milkweed+bug+Oncopeltus+fasciatus:+novel+roles+for+Hox+genes+in+the+hemipteran+head.">RNAi analysis of Deformed, proboscipedia and Sex combs reduced in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus: novel roles for Hox genes in the hemipteran head.</a> Development. 127 (17), 3683-3694 (2000).</li><li>Dzitoyeva, S., Dimitrijevic, N., Manev, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-abdominal+injection+of+double-stranded+RNA+into+anesthetized+adult+Drosophila+triggers+RNA+interference+in+the+central+nervous+system.">Intra-abdominal injection of double-stranded RNA into anesthetized adult Drosophila triggers RNA interference in the central nervous system.</a> Molecular Psychiatry. 6 (6), 665-670 (2001).</li><li>Chaverra-Rodriguez, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+delivery+of+CRISPR-Cas9+ribonucleoprotein+into+arthropod+ovaries+for+heritable+germline+gene+editing.">Targeted delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein into arthropod ovaries for heritable germline gene editing.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 3008 (2018).</li><li>Macias, V. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cas9-mediated+gene-editing+in+the+malaria+mosquito+anopheles+stephensi+by+ReMOT+control.">Cas9-mediated gene-editing in the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi by ReMOT control.</a> G3. 10 (4), 1353-1360 (2020).</li><li>Heu, C. C., McCullough, F. M., Luan, J., Rasgon, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR/Cas9-based+genome+editing+in+the+silverleaf+whitefly+(Bemisia+tabaci).">CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci).</a> CRISPR Journal. 3 (2), 89-96 (2020).</li><li>Shirai, Y., Daimon, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+cardinal+are+responsible+for+the+red-1+and+peach+eye+color+mutants+of+the+red+flour+beetle+Tribolium+castaneum.">Mutations in cardinal are responsible for the red-1 and peach eye color mutants of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 529 (2), 372-378 (2020).</li><li>Hunter, W. B., Gonzalez, M. T., Tomich, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BAPC-assisted+CRISPR/Cas9+system:+targeted+delivery+into+adult+ovaries+for+heritable+germline+gene+editing+(Arthropoda:+Hemiptera).">BAPC-assisted CRISPR/Cas9 system: targeted delivery into adult ovaries for heritable germline gene editing (Arthropoda: Hemiptera).</a> bioRxiv. , 478743 (2018).</li><li>Chaverra Rodriguez, D., Bui, M., Li, M., Raban, R., Akbari, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+genetic+tools+to+control+ACP.">Developing genetic tools to control ACP.</a> Citrus Research Board Citrograph Magazine. 11 (1), 64-68 (2020).</li></ol>

JLR e DCR hanno presentato istanza di protezione brevettuale provvisoria sulla tecnologia remot control. O.S.A è uno dei fondatori di Agragene, Inc., ha una partecipazione azionaria e fa parte del Scientific Advisory Board della società. Tutti gli altri autori non dichiarano interessi concorrenti.

Con il recente aumento dell'uso di Nasonia vitripennis come organismo modello per varie questioni biologiche2,3,7,17, è necessario sviluppare e ottimizzare metodi di iniezione per consentire un protocollo semplificato ed efficiente per l'analisi funzionale dei geni N. vitripennis. Gli attuali metodi che prevedono la microiniezione embrionale di reagenti per l'editing genico<s...

L'editing genico CRISPR/Cas9 è una potente tecnologia per studi genetici funzionali, specialmente in molti organismi modello in ascesa come la vespa gioiello Nasonia vitripennis. La facilità di allevamento e la disponibilità di un genoma completo rendono la vespa gioiello un importante sistema sperimentale per chiarire i meccanismi molecolari dei diversi processi biologici. Ad esempio, N. vitripennis è stato recentemente utilizzato per svelare la base epigenetica del sistema di determinazione sessuale aplodiploide1,2, la biologia dei cromosomi B3,4,5,6e la base genetica per la regolazione circadiana estagionale 7,8. Alcune delle caratteristiche che rendono N. vitripennis suscettibile di lavorare includono tempi di breve generazione (~ 2 settimane a 25 °C), alti tassi di riproduzione, facile separazione sessuale nella fase pupale e la capacità di diapausa e conservare ceppi a 4 °C. Il ciclo di vita inizia con le vespe femminili che parassitano le pupe della mosca soffiata, Sarcofago bullata. Attraverso il loro ovopositore, le femmine depongono fino a 50 uova nel caso pupale della mosca. Le uova si sviluppano in larve che si nutrono della pupa di S. bullata, continuano a svilupparsi nei prossimi giorni e poi si impupano, seguite dall'eclosion adulta e dall'emergere dal pupariumospite 9.
Sono disponibili strumenti molecolari per eseguire studi genetici funzionali in N. vitripennis, come l'interferenza dell'RNA (RNAi)10 e CRISPR/Cas911, 12, ma sono limitati, principalmente a causa delle difficoltà nell'esecuzione di microiniezioni embrionali13. Poiché le uova di N. vitripennis richiedono un ospite pupale per lo sviluppo, la manipolazione delle uova è molto impegnativa. Gli embrioni allo stadio pre-blastoderma devono essere raccolti dalle pupe della mosca soffiata ospite, rapidamente microiniettati e immediatamente trasferiti all'ospite per lo sviluppo13. Questi passaggi richiedono precisione e allenamento specializzato per evitare di danneggiare gli embrioni microiniettati o gli ospiti pupali13. Inoltre, le uova sono molto piccole e fragili, specialmente dopo le microiniezioni, con un citoplasma molto viscoso che causa un intasamento continuo dell'ago iniettabile13. Queste caratteristiche rendono le microiniezioni embrionali eccezionalmente impegnative, richiedendo operatori altamente qualificati e attrezzature specializzate assenti nella maggior parte dei laboratori N. vitripennis.
L'ottimizzazione di metodi di iniezione alternativi per la consegna di reagenti CRISPR contribuirebbe al consolidamento di N. vitripennis come organismo modello. La manipolazione di pupe e adulti è meno impegnativa rispetto alla manipolazione degli embrioni e può essere eseguita con una configurazione di iniezione di base. Qui vengono descritti due protocolli per l'iniezione di pupe e adulti: uno che coinvolge attrezzature specializzate per iniezioni e l'altro che comporta l'uso di un gruppo di tubi aspiratori dotato di un ago capillare in vetro. L'uso di un tubo aspiratore è particolarmente adatto per i laboratori che non hanno accesso a apparecchiature specializzate per microiniezioni embrionale. Vengono dimostrate iniezioni efficienti di diverse fasi di sviluppo di N. vitripennis, tra cui pupe bianche o nere e vespe adulte. Le vespe allo stadio pupale bianco sono particolarmente adatte per esperimenti di abbattimento mediati da RNAi. Sebbene RNAi in Nasonia sia stato descritto per la prima volta da Lynch e Desplan nel 200610, non è disponibile alcuna procedura visiva per il modo in cui vengono eseguite le iniezioni RNAi. RNAi è stato recentemente utilizzato per scoprire il gene aploidizzatore del PSR del cromosoma B (Rapporto sessuale paterno)3 e per studiare il coinvolgimento del gene dell'orologio, periodo, nei ritmi biologici N. vitripennis 7.
Pupe nere e vespe adulte possono essere utilizzate per indurre l'editing genico della linea germinale CRISPR /Cas9 utilizzando protocolli ReMOT Control (Receptor-Mediated Ovary Transduction of Cargo) e BAPC (Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules). Questi due metodi di somministrazione dell'ovaio sono stati recentemente descritti come efficaci in Nasonia per generare mutazioni germinali nel gene bersaglio, cinabro7,12. Qui, viene fornito un protocollo semplificato per le iniezioni che include una procedura visiva di una metodologia passo-passo per iniezioni sia pupali che adulte che possono essere utilizzate per generare studi di genetica funzionale a Nasonia e probabilmente in altre vespe parassitoidi, senza richiedere attrezzature specializzate e bypassando le microiniezioni embrionali.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100 x 15 mm Stackable Petri Dishes, Polystyrene, Mono, Sterile</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>960-97693-083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminosilicate glass capillary tubing 1 mm(outside diameter) x 0.58 mm (inner diameter)</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>BF100-58-10</td>
			<td>Can also use Borosilicate or Quartz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator tube assemblies for calibrated microcapillary pipettes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5177-5EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BAPC</td>
			<td>phoreus biotech</td>
			<td>BAPtofect-25 0.5 mg Kit</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cas9 Protein with NLS</td>
			<td>PNABio</td>
			<td>CP01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting needle</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10806-330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase/RNase-Free distilled Water</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10977-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtojet Express programmable microinjector</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtotips Microloader tips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>E5242956003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine-tip paintbrush</td>
			<td>ZEM</td>
			<td>2595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flesh fly pupae,&#160;Sarcophaga bullata</td>
			<td>Ward&#39;s Science</td>
			<td>470180-392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Food colorant dye</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Test Tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>982010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glue</td>
			<td>Elmer&#39;s</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>washable, no toxic school glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>P-1000 or P-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-A3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZ51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

pupal and adult injections for rnai and crispr gene editing in nasonia vitripennis

La vespa gioiello, Nasonia vitripennis, è diventata un efficiente sistema modello per studiare l'epigenetica della determinazione del sesso aplo-diploide, la biologia cromosomica B, le interazioni ospite-simbionte, la speciazione e la sintesi del veleno. Nonostante la disponibilità di diversi strumenti molecolari, tra cui CRISPR/Cas9, gli studi genetici funzionali sono ancora limitati in questo organismo. La principale limitazione dell'applicazione della tecnologia CRISPR/Cas9 in N. vitripennis deriva dalle sfide delle microiniezioni embrionali. Le iniezioni di embrioni sono particolarmente difficili in questo organismo e in generale in molte vespe parassitoidi, a causa delle piccole dimensioni dell'embrione e del requisito di una pupa ospite per lo sviluppo embrionale. Per affrontare queste sfide, cas9 ribonucleoproteina consegna complessa nelle ovaie femminili per iniezione adulta, piuttosto che microiniezione embrionale, è stato ottimizzato, con conseguente modifica della linea germinale somatica ed ericolabile. Le procedure di iniezione sono state ottimizzate nelle pupe e nelle vespe femminili utilizzando remot control (trasduzione ovarica mediata dal recettore del carico) o BAPC (capsule peptidiche anfifile ramificate). Questi metodi si dimostrano efficaci alternativi all'iniezione embrionale, consentendo mutazioni germinali site-specific ed heritable.

Questo documento presenta due semplici metodi per la microiniezione pupale e adulta, utilizzando un femtojet o un tubo aspiratore. Il primo metodo consente un'iniezione più precisa di liquido, che è importante per la consistenza RNAi, mentre il secondo consente l'iniezione di maggiori quantità di liquido in pupe nasonia o adulti.
I risultati rappresentativi presentati nella tabella 1 mostrano buoni t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis at JoVE.com

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

Qui, descriviamo i metodi per iniezioni pupali e adulte efficienti in Nasonia vitripennis come alternative accessibili alla microiniezione embrionale, consentendo l'analisi funzionale dei geni di interesse utilizzando il silenziamento dell'RNA tramite interferenza dell'RNA (RNAi) o knockout genico tramite l'editing del genoma CRISPR / Cas9.

Iniezioni pupali e adulte per l'editing genico RNAi e CRISPR a Nasonia al vetripennis

The jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, has become an efficient model system to study epigenetics of haplo-diploid sex determination, B-chromosome biology, ...

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Biology

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

5.1K Views.  University of California, San Diego. Qui, descriviamo i metodi per iniezioni pupali e adulte efficienti in Nasonia vitripennis come alternative accessibili alla microiniezione embrionale, consentendo l'analisi funzionale dei geni di interesse utilizzando il silenziamento dell'RNA tramite interferenza dell'RNA (RNAi) o knockout genico tramite l'editing del genoma CRISPR / Cas9. 

Video: Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes (A. gambiae)

Reverse genetic approaches have proven extremely useful for determining  which genes underly resistance to vector pathogens in mosquitoes.  This video protocol illustrates a method used by the Dimopoulos lab to inject dsRNA into Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, which harbor the malaria parasite.  The technique manipulating the injection setup and injecting dsRNA into the thorax is illustrated.

Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes A. gambiae

Reverse genetic approaches have proven extremely useful for determining which genes underly resistance to vector pathogens in mosquitoes. This video protocol illustrates a method used by the Dimopoulos lab to inject dsRNA into Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, which harbor the malaria parasite. The technique manipulating the injection setup and injecting dsRNA into the thorax is illustrated.

Protocollo per saggi RNAi in zanzare adulte (A. gambiae)

Reverse genetic approaches have proven extremely useful for determining  which genes underly resistance to vector pathogens in mosquitoes.  This video ...

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Biologia

Localized RNAi and Ectopic Gene Expression in the Medicinal Leech

In this video, we show the use of a pneumatic capillary gun for the accurate biolistic delivery of reagents into live tissue. We use the procedure to perturb gene expression patterns in selected segments of leech embryos, leaving the untreated segments as internal controls.
The pneumatic capillary gun can be used to reach internal layers of cells at early stages of development without opening the specimen. As a method for localized introduction of substances into living tissues, the biolistic delivery with the gun has several advantages: it is fast, contact-free and non-destructive. In addition, a single capillary gun can be used for independent delivery of different substances. The delivery region can have lateral dimensions of ~50-150 &#181;m and extends over ~15 &#181;m around the mean penetration depth, which is adjustable between 0 and 50 &#181;m. This delivery has the advantage of being able to target a limited number of cells in a selected location intermediate between single cell knock down by microinjection and systemic knockdown through extracellular injections or by means of genetic approaches.
For knocking down or knocking in the expression of the axon guidance molecule Netrin, which is naturally expressed by some central neurons and in the ventral body wall, but not the dorsal domain, we deliver molecules of dsRNA or plasmid-DNA into the body wall and central ganglia. This procedure includes the following steps: (i) preparation of the experimental setup for a specific assay (adjusting the accelerating pressure), (ii) coating the particles with molecules of dsRNA or DNA, (iii) loading the coated particles into the gun, up to two reagents in one assay, (iv) preparing the animals for the particle delivery, (v) delivery of coated particles into the target tissue (body wall or ganglia), and (vi) processing the embryos (immunostaining, immunohistochemistry and neuronal labeling) to visualize the results, usually 2 to 3 days after the delivery.
When the particles were coated with netrin dsRNA, they caused clearly visible knock-down of netrin expression that only occurred in cells containing particles (usually, 1-2 particles per cell). Particles coated with a plasmid encoding EGFP induced fluorescence in neuronal cells when they stopped in their nuclei.

In this video, we show a procedure for an accurate biolistic delivery of reagents into live tissue with a novel miniature gene gun. We are knocking down the expression of the axon guidance molecule Netrin in leech embryos by delivering molecules of dsRNA into the ventral body wall and ganglia of single segments.

Localizzato RNAi e di espressione genica ectopica nel Leech medicinali

In this video, we show the use of a pneumatic capillary gun for the accurate biolistic delivery of reagents into live tissue. We use the procedure to ...

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of muscle specification, formation and function in model systems has provided valuable insight into muscle physiology. Therefore, identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms that underlie muscle damage is critical. The structure of adult Drosophila multi-fiber muscles resemble vertebrate striated muscles 1 and the genetic tractability of Drosophila has made it a great system to analyze dystrophic muscle morphology and characterize the processes affecting muscular function in ageing adult flies 2. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. These preparations allow for the tissue to be stained with classical histological stains and labeled with protein detecting dyes, and specifically cryosections are ideal for immunohistochemical detection of proteins in intact muscles. This allows for analysis of muscle tissue structure, identification of morphological defects, and detection of the expression pattern for muscle/neuron-specific proteins in Drosophila adult muscles. These techniques can also be slightly modified for sectioning of other body parts.

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

Identification of mechanisms underlying muscle damage is crucial. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. This allows analysis of muscle morphology and localization of protein and other muscle cell components.

Sezioni incluse in paraffina e surgelati di Drosophila Adulti Muscoli

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of ...

RNAi Mediated Gene Knockdown and Transgenesis by Microinjection in the Necromenic Nematode Pristionchus pacificus

Although it is increasingly affordable for emerging model organisms to obtain completely sequenced genomes, further in-depth gene function and expression analyses by RNA interference and stable transgenesis remain limited in many species due to the particular anatomy and molecular cellular biology of the organism. For example, outside of the crown group Caenorhabditis that includes Caenorhabditis elegans3, stably transmitted transgenic lines in non-Caenorhabditis species have not been reported in this specious phylum (Nematoda), with the exception of Strongyloides stercoralis4 and Pristionchus pacificus5. To facilitate the expanding role of P. pacificus in the study of development, evolution, and behavior6-7, we describe here the current methods to use microinjection for making transgenic animals and gene knock down by RNAi. Like the gonads of C. elegans and most other nematodes, the gonads of P. pacificus is syncitial and capable of incorporating DNA and RNA into the oocytes when delivered by direct microinjection. Unlike C. elegans however, stable transgene inheritance and somatic expression in P. pacificus requires the addition of self genomic DNA digested with endonucleases complementary to the ends of target transgenes and coinjection markers5. The addition of carrier genomic DNA is similar to the requirement for transgene expression in Strongyloides stercoralis4 and in the germ cells of C. elegans. However, it is not clear if the specific requirement for the animals' own genomic DNA is because P. pacificus soma is very efficient at silencing non-complex multi-copy genes or that extrachromosomal arrays in P. pacificus require genomic sequences for proper kinetochore assembly during mitosis. The ventral migration of the two-armed (didelphic) gonads in hermaphrodites further complicates the ability to inject both gonads in individual worms8. We also demonstrate the use of microinjection to knockdown a dominant mutant (roller,tu92) by injecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into the gonads to obtain non-rolling F1 progeny. Unlike C. elegans, but like most other nematodes, P. pacificus PS312 is not receptive to systemic RNAi via feeding and soaking and therefore dsRNA must be administered by microinjection into the syncitial gonads. In this current study, we hope to describe the microinjection process needed to transform a Ppa-egl-4 promoter::GFP fusion reporter and knockdown a dominant roller prl-1 (tu92) mutant in a visually informative protocol.

RNAi Mediated Gene Knockdown and Transgenesis by Microinjection in the Necromenic Nematode Pristionchus pacificus

In model organisms, transgenesis can manipulate gene functions while RNAi can knockdown specific mRNA transcripts 1-2. This protocol aims to illustrate the techniques needed to introduce stably transmitted DNA and transient double stranded RNA into the necromenic nematode Pristionchus pacificus for studies in evolutionary, developmental, and behavioral biology.

RNAi mediata Knockdown Gene e Transgenesi dalla microiniezione nel nematode Necromenic Pristionchus pacificus</em

Although it is increasingly affordable for emerging model organisms to obtain completely sequenced genomes, further in-depth gene function and expression ...

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion rate. This method can be used to obtain a better understanding of the process of diuresis in insects and is especially useful in the study of diuresis in blood-feeding arthropods that are able to take up huge amounts of liquid in a single blood meal. 
This RNAi-mediated gene knockdown combined with an in vivo diuresis assay was developed by the Hansen lab to study the effects of RNAi-mediated knockdown of aquaporin genes on Aedes aegypti mosquito diuresis1. 
The protocol is setup in two parts: the first demonstration illustrates how to construct a simple mosquito injection device and how to prepare and inject dsRNA into the thorax of mosquitoes for RNAi-mediated gene knockdown. The second demonstration illustrates how to determine excretion rates in mosquitoes using an in vivo bioassay.

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

In this protocol we combine RNAi-mediated gene silencing with an in vivo diuresis assay to study the effects knockdown of genes of interest has on mosquito fluid excretion.

RNAi-mediato Knockdown Gene e<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Saggio La diuresi in femmina adulta<em&gt; Aedes aegypti</em&gt; Le zanzare

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion ...

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter implantation. The technical limitation of this surgical technique lies in the finesse of the hands. The injection is rapid, especially for a trained experimenter, and since tissue disruption with this technique is minimal, repeated injections are possible; moreover immune reaction to foreign tools (e.g. catheter) does not occur, thereby giving a better and more specific read out of spinal cord modulation. Since the application of the substance is largely limited to the target region of the spinal cord, drugs do not need to be applied in large dosages, and more importantly unwanted effects on other tissue, as observed with a systemic delivery, could be circumvented1,2. Moreover, we combine this technique with in vivo transfection of nucleic acid with the help of polyethylenimine (PEI) reagent3, which provides tremendous versatility for studying spinal functions via delivery of pharmacological agents as well as gene, RNA, and protein modulators.

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a simple and rapid technique of intrathecal needle puncture for a localized transfection of siRNA in the lumbar spinal cord in mouse under short lasting light anesthesia.

In Vivo trasfezione di siRNA e Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via rapida non invasiva lombare spinale iniezioni nei topi

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter ...

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are technically feasible and routine. However, some mouse models can have early onset of disease with a rapid progression that makes administration of potential therapies difficult. The temporal (or facial) vein is just anterior to the ear bud in mice and is clearly visible for the first two days after birth on either side of the head using a dissecting microscope. During this window, the temporal vein can be injected with volumes up to 50 &#956;l. The injection is safe and well tolerated by both the pups and the dams. A typical injection procedure is completed within 1-2 min, after which the pup is returned to the home cage. By the third postnatal day the vein is difficult to visualize and the injection procedure becomes technically unreliable. This technique has been used for delivery of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, which in turn can provide almost body-wide, stable transgene expression for the life of the animal depending on the viral serotype chosen.

Animal models of pediatric disease can experience early onset and aggressive disease progression. Clinically relevant therapy delivery to young mouse models can be technically difficult. This protocol describes a non-invasive intravenous injection method for newborn mice within the first two postnatal days of life.

Le iniezioni per via endovenosa nel topo neonatale

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are ...

Silencing the Spark: CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Weakly Electric Fish

Electroreception and electrogenesis have changed in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. There is a striking degree of convergence in these independently derived phenotypes, which share a common genetic architecture. This is perhaps best exemplified by the numerous convergent features of gymnotiforms and mormyrids, two species-rich teleost clades that produce and detect weak electric fields and are called weakly electric fish. In the 50 years since the discovery that weakly electric fish use electricity to sense their surroundings and communicate, a growing community of scientists has gained tremendous insights into evolution of development, systems and circuits neuroscience, cellular physiology, ecology, evolutionary biology, and behavior. More recently, there has been a proliferation of genomic resources for electric fish. Use of these resources has already facilitated important insights with regards to the connection between genotype and phenotype in these species. A major obstacle to integrating genomics data with phenotypic data of weakly electric fish is a present lack of functional genomics tools. We report here a full protocol for performing CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis that utilizes endogenous DNA repair mechanisms in weakly electric fish. We demonstrate that this protocol is equally effective in both the mormyrid species Brienomyrus brachyistius and the gymnotiform Brachyhypopomus gauderio by using CRISPR/Cas9 to target indels and point mutations in the first exon of the sodium channel gene scn4aa. Using this protocol, embryos from both species were obtained and genotyped to confirm that the predicted mutations in the first exon of the sodium channel scn4aa were present. The knock-out success phenotype was confirmed with recordings showing reduced electric organ discharge amplitudes when compared to uninjected size-matched controls.

Here, a protocol is presented to produce and rear CRISPR/Cas9 genome knockout electric fish. Outlined in detail are the required molecular biology, breeding, and husbandry requirements for both a gymnotiform and a mormyrid, and injection techniques to produce Cas9-induced indel F0 larvae.

Silenziamento della scintilla: CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Weakly Electric Fish

Electroreception and electrogenesis have changed in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. There is a striking degree of convergence in these ...

Nuclei Isolation from Adult Mouse Kidney for Single-Nucleus RNA-Sequencing

The kidneys regulate diverse biological processes such as water, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. Physiological functions of the kidney are executed by multiple cell types arranged in a complex architecture across the corticomedullary axis of the organ. Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics have accelerated the understanding of cell type-specific gene expression in renal physiology and disease. However, enzyme-based tissue dissociation protocols, which are frequently utilized for single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), require mostly fresh (non-archived) tissue, introduce transcriptional stress responses, and favor the selection of abundant cell types of the kidney cortex resulting in an underrepresentation of cells of the medulla.
Here, we present a protocol that avoids these problems. The protocol is based on nuclei isolation at 4 &#176;C from frozen kidney tissue. Nuclei are isolated from a central piece of the mouse kidney comprised of the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. This reduces the overrepresentation of cortical cells typical for whole-kidney samples for the benefit of medullary cells such that data will represent the entire corticomedullary axis at sufficient abundance. The protocol is simple, rapid, and adaptable and provides a step towards the standardization of single-nuclei transcriptomics in kidney research.

Here, we present a protocol to isolate high-quality nuclei from frozen mouse kidneys that improve the representation of medullary kidney cell types and avoids the gene expression artifacts from enzymatic tissue dissociation.

Isolamento dei nuclei dal rene di topo adulto per il sequenziamento dell'RNA a singolo nucleo

The kidneys regulate diverse biological processes such as water, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. Physiological functions of the kidney are ...

Effective Oral RNA Interference (RNAi) Administration to Adult Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes

RNA interference has been a heavily utilized tool for reverse genetic analysis for two decades. In adult mosquitoes, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) administration has been accomplished primarily via injection, which requires significant time and is not suitable for field applications. To overcome these limitations, here we present a more efficient method for robust activation of RNAi by oral delivery of dsRNA to adult Anopheles gambiae. Long dsRNAs were produced in Escherichia coli strain HT115 (DE3), and a concentrated suspension of heat-killed dsRNA-containing bacteria in 10% sucrose was offered on cotton balls ad-libitum to adult mosquitoes. Cotton balls were replaced every 2 days for the duration of the treatment. Use of this method to target doublesex (a gene involved in sex differentiation) or fork head (which encodes a salivary gland transcription factor) resulted in reduced target gene expression and/or protein immunofluorescence signal, as measured by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) or fluorescence confocal microscopy, respectively. Defects in salivary gland morphology were also observed. This highly flexible, user-friendly, low-cost, time-efficient method of dsRNA delivery could be broadly applicable to target genes important for insect vector physiology and beyond.

Effective Oral RNA Interference RNAi Administration to Adult Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes

The oral administration of dsRNA produced by bacteria, a delivery method for RNA interference (RNAi) that is routinely used in Caenorhabditis elegans, was successfully applied here to adult mosquitoes. Our method allows for robust reverse genetics studies and transmission-blocking vector studies without the use of injection.