저자는 훌륭한 기술 지원에 대한 그레그 실리와 알레인 콘티와 베를린의 맥스 델브뤼크 센터에서 교수 Zsuzsanna 이즈바크에게 감사하고 싶습니다 pSB100X 및 pT2-CAGGS-비너스 플라스미드를 친절하게 제공합니다. 이 작품은 스위스 국립 과학 재단과 유럽 위원회가 제7 프레임 워크 프로그램의 맥락에서 지원되었습니다. Z.I는 유럽 연구 위원회, ERC 고급 [ERC-2011-ADG 294742]에 의해 투자되었다.

<ol>
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저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

여기에 제시된 프로토콜은 어떤 putative 유익한 유전자로 전염되는 세포에 적용될 수 있는 전감염된 세포에 의해 생성된 PEDF 및 GM-CSF의 산화 및 보호 기능을 분석하는 접근법을 제안합니다. 유전자 변형 세포를 이식하여 조직에 단백질을 전달하는 것을 목표로 하는 유전자 치료 전략에서, 단백질 발현의 수준, 발현의 장수 및 질병의 모델에서 발현 된 단백질의 효과에 대한 정보를 얻는 것이 중요하...

여기에 설명된 모델은 세포의 산화 스트레스를 줄이기 위한 바이오 의약품 제제의 효율성을 평가하는 유용한 접근법을 제공합니다. 우리는 H2O2-매개산화 용 안료 상피 세포에 대한 PEDF 및 GM-CSF의 보호 효과를 조사하기 위해 모델을 사용했으며, 이는 높은 수준의 O2에노출되며, 가시광선, 광수용체 외부 세그먼트 멤브레인의 phagocytosis를 통해 반응성 산소 종(ROS)1, 1, 1, 1 2. 그(것)들은 혈관 나이 관련 황반 변성의 병인에 중요한 기여자로 간주됩니다 (aAMD)3,4,5,6,7,8. 게다가, RPE 합성 신경 보호 인자, 특히 안료 상피 유래 인자 (PEDF), 인슐린 과같은 성장 인자 (IGFs), 및 과립구 대식세포 -콜로니 자극 인자 (GM-CSF)가 RPE 세포의 기능 장애 및 손실로 이어지는후, 광수용체 및 망막 갱셀(R) 세포3,4GC세포(RGC) . AMD는 대사, 기능성, 유전적 및 환경적 요인4사이의 상호 작용에서 발생하는 복잡한 질환이다. aAMD에 대한 치료의 부족은 선진국9,10에서60 세 이상의 환자에서 실명의 주요 원인입니다. PEDF및 GM-CSF를 과도하게 발현하는 유전자 변형 RPE 세포의 피하 이식에 의한 신경보호 및 신경성 망막 환경의 재구성은 산화 스트레스의 효과를 완화하고 염증을 억제하고 세포생존11,12,13, 14,14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15,15,1 . 세포에 유전자를 전달하는 몇 가지 방법론이 있지만, 우리는 그 안전 프로필, 숙주 세포의 게놈에 유전자의 통합, 그리고 우리가이전에보여 준 바와 같이 비 전사 활성 사이트에 전달 된 유전자를 통합하는 성향 때문에 RPE 세포에 PEDF 및 GM-CSF 유전자를 제공하기 위해 비 바이러스 성 활동적인 수면 뷰티 트랜스포슨 시스템을선택했습니다. 18,19.
세포 산화 스트레스는 과산화수소(H2O2),4-하이드로이네날(HNE), 테르부틸하이드로산화물(tBH), 높은 산소 장력, 가시광선(전체 스펙트럼 또는 UV 조사)20,21을포함한 여러 산화제에 의해 시험관내에서 배양되는 세포에서 유도될 수 있다. 높은 산소 장력과 빛은 다른 시스템으로의 전송 가능성을 제한하는 특수 장비 와 조건이 필요합니다. H2O2,HNE 및 tBH와 같은 제제는 겹치는 산화 스트레스 분자 및 세포 변화를 유도한다. 우리는 포토수용체 외부 세그먼트 phagocytosis(22)에서 반응성 산소 중간체로서 RPE 세포에 의해 생성되기 때문에 편리하고 생물학적으로 관련성이 있기 때문에 PEDF 및 GM-CSF의 항산화 활성을테스트하기 위해 H2O2를 선택했으며 생체내안구 조직에서 발견된다. 글루타티온의 산화는 눈에 H2O2의 생산에 부분적으로 책임이 있을 수 있기 때문에, 우리는 H2 O2-유도산화스트레스및세포의 재생 능력에 연결되는 우리의 연구에서 GSH/글루타티온의 수준을 분석하였다21,22. 글루타티온 수준의 분석은 눈24의산화 방지 메커니즘에 참여하기 때문에 특히 관련이 있다. H2O2에노출되는 것은 RPE 세포의 산화 스트레스 감수성 및 항산화활성을검사하기 위한 모델로 자주 사용되며, 또한, 광유발 산화 스트레스 손상, 산화 스트레스21의"생리적" 원인과 유사성을 나타낸다. 
신경 보호 요인의 기능성과 효과를 평가하기 위해, 우리는 분석이 PEDF와 GM-CSF를 과발현하기 위하여 유전자 변형된 세포에 의해 표현된 성장 인자의 산화 효과를 정량화하는 분석을 허용하는 시험관 내 모형을 개발했습니다. 여기서, 우리는 PEDF및 GM-CSF에 대한 유전자와 함께 전염된 RPE 세포가 세포 형태, 밀도, 생존성, 글루타티온의 세포내 수준 및 UCP2 유전자의 발현에 의해 입증된 바와 같이, 비과감염 대조구 세포보다 H2O2의 유해한 영향에 더 저항력이 있음을 보여주며, 이는 미토콘드리아 분리 단백질(ROS31)에 대한 코드로 인해31종의산소를 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plates</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>7657160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well culture plate white with clear flat bottom&#160;</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3610</td>
			<td>Allows to check the cells before measuring the luminescence (GSH-Glo Assay)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plates</td>
			<td>Corning&#160;</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylamid 40%</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>161-0144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>AMIMED</td>
			<td>4-05F00-H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody anti-GMCSF</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PA5-24184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody anti-mouse IgG/IgA/IgM&#160;</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>P0260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody anti-PEDF&#160;</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc</td>
			<td>sc-390172</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody anti-penta-His&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>34660</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody anti-phospho-Akt</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>9271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody anti-rabbit IgG H&#38;L-HRP</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab6721</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody donkey anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 594&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>A11034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody goat anti-mouse Alexa 488</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ARPE-19 cell line</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-2302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9418-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chamber culture glass slides</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CytoTox-Glo Cytotoxicity Assay&#160;</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G9291</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9542-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/Ham`s F12&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duo Set ELISA kit</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems&#160;</td>
			<td>DY215-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>78440</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISAquant kit</td>
			<td>BioProducts MD</td>
			<td>PED613-10-Human</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eyes (human)</td>
			<td>Lions Gift of Sight Eye Bank (Saint Paul, MN)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS&#160;</td>
			<td>Brunschwig</td>
			<td>P40-37500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoromount Aqueous Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F4680-25ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FLUOstar Omega plate reader&#160;</td>
			<td>BMG Labtech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism software (version 8.0)</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GSH-Glo Glutathione Assay</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V6912</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>107209</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ software (image processing program)</td>
			<td>W.S. Rasband, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/; 1997&#8211;2014</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imidazol&#160;</td>
			<td>Axonlab</td>
			<td>A1378.0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica DMI4000B microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LightCycler 480 Instrument II&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche Molecular Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LightCycler 480 SW1.5.1 software</td>
			<td>Roche Molecular Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>71376-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>Axonlab</td>
			<td>3468.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neon Transfection System&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MPK5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neon Transfection System 10 &#181;L Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MPK1096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neubauer chamber</td>
			<td>Marienfeld-superior</td>
			<td>640010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ni-NTA superflow&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>30410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrocellulose&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>732-3197</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omega Lum G Gel Imaging System</td>
			<td>Aplegen Life Science</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS 1X</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P0781-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PerfeCTa SYBR Green FastMix</td>
			<td>Quantabio</td>
			<td>95072-012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>158127-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primers&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>See Table 1 in Supplementary Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pSB100X (250 ng/&#181;L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>M&#225;t&#233;s et al., 2009. Provide by Prof. Zsuzsanna Izsvak</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pT2-CMV-GMCSF-His plasmid DNA (250 ng/&#181;L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Constructed using the existing pT2-CMV-PEDF-EGFP plasmid reported in Johnen, S. et al. (2012) IOVS, 53 (8), 4787-4796.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pT2-CMV-PEDF-His plasmid DNA (250 ng/&#181;L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Constructed using the existing pT2-CMV-PEDF-EGFP plasmid reported in Johnen, S. et al. (2012) IOVS, 53 (8), 4787-4796.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAamp DNA Mini Kit</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>51304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>recombinant hGM-CSF&#160;</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>recombinant hPEDF&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>BioProductsMD</td>
			<td>004-096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ReliaPrep RNA Cell Miniprep System</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>Z6011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA buffer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>89901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase-free DNase Set</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>79254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Mini Kit</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>74204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A2572</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Semi-dry transfer system for WB&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperMix qScript</td>
			<td>Quantabio</td>
			<td>95048-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-buffered saline (TBS)&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15504020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>AppliChem</td>
			<td>A4975</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T4174</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween</td>
			<td>AppliChem&#160;</td>
			<td>A1390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>29700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WesternBright ECL HRP substrate</td>
			<td>Advansta</td>
			<td>K-12045-D50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whatman nitrocellulose membrane</td>
			<td>Chemie Brunschwig</td>
			<td>MNSC04530301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

induction and analysis of oxidative stress in sleeping beauty transposon-transfected human retinal pigment epithelial cells

산화 스트레스는 전 세계적으로 3천만 명의 환자에게 영향을 미치는 병리학인 노화 관련 황반 변성(AMD)을 포함한 여러 퇴행성 질환에서 중요한 역할을 합니다. 망막 색소 상피(RPE)-합성 신경보호인자, 예를 들어, 안료 상피 유래 인자(PEDF) 및 과립세포-대식세포 콜로니-자극인자(GM-CSF)의 감소로 이어지며, 결국 광수용체 및 망막 갱셀(RGC)의 손실로 이어진다. 우리는 PEDF와 GM-CSF를 과발현하는 과발뇌형 RPE 세포의 감속 이식에 의한 신경보호 및 신경성 망막 환경의 재구성이 산화 스트레스의 효과를 완화하고 염증을 억제하며 세포 생존을 지원함으로써 망막 변성을 예방할 수 있는 잠재력을 가지고 있다고 가설합니다. 수면미트랜스포손 시스템(SB100X)을이용하여 인간 RPE 세포는 PEDF 및 GM-CSF 유전자에 감염되어 qPCR, 서부 블롯, ELISA 및 면역불률을 이용한 안정적인 유전자 통합, 장기 유전자 발현 및 단백질 분비를 보였다. 전감염된 RPE 세포에 의해 분비된 PEDF 및 GM-CSF의 기능성 및 효능을 확인하기 위해, 배양시 RPE 세포에 대한H2O2-유도산화 스트레스의 감소를 정량화하기 위한 시험관 내 분석서를 개발하였다. 세포 보호는 세포 형태학, 밀도, 글루타티온의 세포 내 수준, UCP2 유전자 발현 및 세포 생존가능성을 분석하여 평가하였다. 둘 다, PEDF 및/또는 GM-CSF 및 세포를 과도하게 발현하는 전감염된 RPE 세포는 비감염되었지만 PEDF 및/또는 GM-CSF(소판 또는 전감염된 세포로부터 정수)로 전처리된 비처리 대조군과 비교하여 상당한 항산화 세포 보호를 보였다. 본H2O2-모델은AMD 또는 이와 유사한 신경퇴행성 질환을 치료하는 데 효과적일 수 있는 요인의 항산화 효과를 평가하는 간단하고 효과적인 접근법이다.

인간 망막 안료 상피 세포에서 산화 스트레스유도 ARPE-19 및 1차 hRPE 세포는 24시간 동안H2 O2의다양한 농도로 처리되었고 항산화 글루타티온의 세포내 수준을 정량화하였다(도2A,B). H2O2 앳 50 μM 및 100 μM은 글루타티온 생산에 영향을 미치지 않았지만 350 μM에서는 ARPE-19 및 1차 hRPE 세포에서 글?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Sleeping Beauty Transposon-Transfected Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

Induction and Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Sleeping Beauty Transposon-Transfected Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

우리는 H 2O2로망막 색소 상피 세포를 치료하여 세포 형태, 생존가능성, 밀도, 글루타티온 및 UCP-2 수준의 개발 및 사용을 위한 프로토콜을 제시합니다. 신경망 변성을 치료하기 위해 트랜스포슨-감염된 세포에 의해 분비되는 단백질의 항산화 효과를 조사하는 데 유용한 모델이다.

수면 의 아름다움 트랜스포슨 - 전염 인간 망막 안료 상피 세포에서 산화 스트레스의 유도 및 분석

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in several degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a pathology that affects ~30 ...

induction-analysis-oxidative-stress-sleeping-beauty-transposon

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Induction and Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Sleeping Beauty Transposon-Transfected Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

2.5K 조회수.  University of Geneva. 우리는 H 2O2로망막 색소 상피 세포를 치료하여 세포 형태, 생존가능성, 밀도, 글루타티온 및 UCP-2 수준의 개발 및 사용을 위한 프로토콜을 제시합니다. 신경망 변성을 치료하기 위해 트랜스포슨-감염된 세포에 의해 분비되는 단백질의 항산화 효과를 조사하는 데 유용한 모델이다.

비디오: Induction and Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Sleeping Beauty Transposon-Transfected Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Identification of Sleeping Beauty Transposon Insertions in Solid Tumors using Linker-mediated PCR

Genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic analyses of human tumors indicate that there are thousands of anomalies within each cancer genome compared to matched normal tissue. Based on these analyses it is evident that there are many undiscovered genetic drivers of cancer1. Unfortunately these drivers are hidden within a much larger number of passenger anomalies in the genome that do not directly contribute to tumor formation. Another aspect of the cancer genome is that there is considerable genetic heterogeneity within similar tumor types. Each tumor can harbor different mutations that provide a selective advantage for tumor formation2. Performing an unbiased forward genetic screen in mice provides the tools to generate tumors and analyze their genetic composition, while reducing the background of passenger mutations. The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system is one such method3. The SB system utilizes mobile vectors (transposons) that can be inserted throughout the genome by the transposase enzyme. Mutations are limited to a specific cell type through the use of a conditional transposase allele that is activated by Cre Recombinase. Many mouse lines exist that express Cre Recombinase in specific tissues. By crossing one of these lines to the conditional transposase allele (e.g. Lox-stop-Lox-SB11), the SB system is activated only in cells that express Cre Recombinase. The Cre Recombinase will excise a stop cassette that blocks expression of the transposase allele, thereby activating transposon mutagenesis within the designated cell type. An SB screen is initiated by breeding three strains of transgenic mice so that the experimental mice carry a conditional transposase allele, a concatamer of transposons, and a tissue-specific Cre Recombinase allele. These mice are allowed to age until tumors form and they become moribund. The mice are then necropsied and genomic DNA is isolated from the tumors. Next, the genomic DNA is subjected to linker-mediated-PCR (LM-PCR) that results in amplification of genomic loci containing an SB transposon. LM-PCR performed on a single tumor will result in hundreds of distinct amplicons representing the hundreds of genomic loci containing transposon insertions in a single tumor4. The transposon insertions in all tumors are analyzed and common insertion sites (CISs) are identified using an appropriate statistical method5. Genes within the CIS are highly likely to be oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, and are considered candidate cancer genes. The advantages of using the SB system to identify candidate cancer genes are: 1) the transposon can easily be located in the genome because its sequence is known, 2) transposition can be directed to almost any cell type and 3) the transposon is capable of introducing both gain- and loss-of-function mutations6. The following protocol describes how to devise and execute a forward genetic screen using the SB transposon system to identify candidate cancer genes (Figure 1).

Identification of Sleeping Beauty Transposon Insertions in Solid Tumors using Linker-mediated PCR

A method of identifying unknown drivers of carcinogenesis using an unbiased approach is described. The method uses the Sleeping Beauty transposon as a random mutagen directed to specific tissues. Genomic mapping of transposon insertions that drive tumor formation identifies novel oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

의 식별<em&gt; 잠자는 숲속의 미녀</em링커로 인한 PCR을 사용하여 고체 종양의&gt; Transposon의 삽입

Genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic analyses of human tumors indicate that there are thousands of anomalies within each cancer genome ...

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Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl

Retinal detachment (RD) describes a separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). The RPE is essential for normal function of the light sensitive neurons, the photoreceptors. Detachment of the retina from the RPE creates a physical gap that is filled with extracellular fluid. RD initiates cellular and molecular adverse events that affect both the neurosensory retina and the RPE since the physiological exchange of ions and metabolites is severely perturbed. The consequence for vision is related to the duration of the detachment since a rapid reapposition of the two tissues results in the restoration of vision 1. The treatment of RD is exclusively surgical. Removal of vitreous gel (vitrectomy) is followed by the removal non essential part of the retina around the detached area to favor retinal detachment. The removed retinal specimens are res nullius (nothing) and consequently normally discarded. To recover RNA from these surgical specimens, we developed the procedure jouRNAl that allows RNA conservation during the transfer from the surgical block to the laboratory. We also standardized a protocol to purify RNA by cesium chloride ultracentrifugation to assure that the purified RNAs are suitable for global gene expression analysis. The quality of the RNA was validated both by RT-PCR and microarray analysis. Analysis of the data shows a simultaneous involvement of inflammation and photoreceptor degeneration during RD.

We used retinal samples from retinectomy for a transcriptomic analysis of retinal detachment. We developed a procedure that allows RNA conservation between the surgical blocks and the laboratory. We standardized a protocol to purify RNA by cesium chloride ultracentrifugation to assure that the purified RNAs are suitable for microarray analysis.

저널을 사용하여 인간의 망막 수술 표본의 Transcriptomic 분석

Retinal detachment (RD) describes a separation of the neurosensory retina  from the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). The RPE is essential for normal  ...

Isolation, Cryopreservation and Culture of Human Amnion Epithelial Cells for Clinical Applications

Human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) derived from term or pre-term amnion membranes have attracted attention from researchers and clinicians as a potential source of cells for regenerative medicine. The reason for this interest is evidence that these cells have highly multipotent differentiation ability, low immunogenicity, and anti-inflammatory functions. These properties have prompted researchers to investigate the potential of hAECs to be used to treat a variety of diseases and disorders in pre-clinical animal studies with much success.
hAECs have found widespread application for the treatment of a range of diseases and disorders. Potential clinical applications of hAECs include the treatment of stroke, multiple sclerosis, liver disease, diabetes and chronic and acute lung diseases. Progressing from pre-clinical animal studies into clinical trials requires a higher standard of quality control and safety for cell therapy products. For safety and quality control considerations, it is preferred that cell isolation protocols use animal product-free reagents. 
We have developed protocols to allow researchers to isolate, cryopreserve and culture hAECs using animal product-free reagents. The advantage of this method is that these cells can be isolated, characterized, cryopreserved and cultured without the risk of delivering potentially harmful animal pathogens to humans, while maintaining suitable cell yields, viabilities and growth potential. For researchers moving from pre-clinical animal studies to clinical trials, these methodologies will greatly accelerate regulatory approval, decrease risks and improve the quality of their therapeutic cell population.

We describe a protocol to isolate and culture human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) using animal product-free reagents in accordance with current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) guidelines.

분리, 냉동 보존 및 문화 임상 응용 프로그램에 대한 인간 양막 상피 세포

Human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) derived from term or pre-term amnion membranes have attracted attention from researchers and clinicians as a ...

Performing Subretinal Injections in Rodents to Deliver Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells in Suspension

The conversion of light into electrical impulses occurs in the outer retina and is accomplished largely by rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. RPE provide critical support for photoreceptors and death or dysfunction of RPE cells is characteristic of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of permanent vision loss in people age 55 and older. While no cure for AMD has been identified, implantation of healthy RPE in diseased eyes may prove to be an effective treatment, and large numbers of RPE cells can be readily generated from pluripotent stem cells. Several interesting questions regarding the safety and efficacy of RPE cell delivery can still be examined in animal models, and well-accepted protocols used to inject RPE have been developed. The technique described here has been used by multiple groups in various studies and involves first creating a hole in the eye with a sharp needle. Then a syringe with a blunt needle loaded with cells is inserted through the hole and passed through the vitreous until it gently touches the RPE. Using this injection method, which is relatively simple and requires minimal equipment, we achieve consistent and efficient integration of stem cell-derived RPE cells in between the host RPE that prevents significant amount of photoreceptor degeneration in animal models. While not part of the actual protocol, we also describe how to determine the extent of the trauma induced by the injection, and how to verify that the cells were injected into the subretinal space using in vivo imaging modalities. Finally, the use of this protocol is not limited to RPE cells; it may be used to inject any compound or cell into the subretinal space.

Here we present a community accepted protocol in multimedia format for subretinally injecting a bolus of RPE cells in rats and mice. This approach can be used for determining rescue potentials, safety profiles, and survival capacities of grafted RPE cells upon implantation in animal models of retinal degeneration.

서스펜션에 망막 색소 상피 세포를 제공하기 위해 설치류에서 망막 주사를 수행

The conversion of light into electrical impulses occurs in the outer retina and is accomplished largely by rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

췌장암 새로운 치료 전략을 개발하기위한 전지 특성 줄기 공부

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

A Step by Step Protocol for Subretinal Surgery in Rabbits

Age related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and other RPE related diseases are the most common causes for irreversible loss of vision in adults in industrially developed countries. RPE transplantation appears to be a promising therapy, as it may replace dysfunctional RPE, restore its function, and thereby vision.
Here we describe a method for transplanting a cultured RPE monolayer on a scaffold into the subretinal space (SRS) of rabbits. After vitrectomy xenotransplants were delivered into the SRS using a custom made shooter consisting of a 20-gauge metallic nozzle with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated plunger. The current technique evolved in over 150 rabbit surgeries over 6 years. Post-operative follow-up can be obtained using non-invasive and repetitive in vivo imaging such as spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) followed by perfusion-fixed histology.
The method has well-defined steps for easy learning and high success rate. Rabbits are considered a large eye animal model useful in preclinical studies for clinical translation. In this context rabbits are a cost-efficient and perhaps convenient alternative to other large eye animal models.

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) replacement strategies and gene-based therapy are considered for several retinal degenerative conditions. For clinical translation, large eye animal models are required to study surgical techniques applicable in patients. Here we present a rabbit model for subretinal surgery geared towards RPE transplantation, which is versatile and cost-efficient.

토끼의 망막 수술에 대한 단계 프로토콜에 의해 단계

Age related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and other RPE related diseases are the most common causes for irreversible loss of vision in ...

Depletion of Mouse Cells from Human Tumor Xenografts Significantly Improves Downstream Analysis of Target Cells

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic patient tumors in different assays1. Human tumor xenografts represent the gold standard with respect to tumor biology, drug discovery, and metastasis research 2-4. Tumor xenografts can be derived from different types of material like tumor cell lines, tumor tissue from primary patient tumors4 or serially transplanted tumors. When propagated in vivo, xenografted tissue is infiltrated and vascularized by cells of mouse origin. Multiple factors such as the tumor entity, the origin of xenografted material, growth rate and region of transplantation influence the composition and the amount of mouse cells present in tumor xenografts. However, even when these factors are kept constant, the degree of mouse cell contamination is highly variable.
Contaminating mouse cells significantly impair downstream analyses of human tumor xenografts. As mouse fibroblasts show high plating efficacies and proliferation rates, they tend to overgrow cultures of human tumor cells, especially slowly proliferating subpopulations. Mouse cell derived DNA, mRNA, and protein components can bias downstream gene expression analysis, next-generation sequencing, as well as proteome analysis 5. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a fast and easy method to isolate untouched human tumor cells from xenografted tumor tissue. This procedure is based on the comprehensive depletion of cells of mouse origin by combining automated tissue dissociation with the benchtop tissue dissociator and magnetic cell sorting. Here, we demonstrate that human target cells can be can be obtained with purities higher than 96% within less than 20 min independent of the tumor type.

Human tumor xenografts are vascularized and infiltrated by cells of mouse origin during the growth phase in vivo. To circumvent the bias caused by these contaminating cells during downstream analysis, we developed a method allowing for comprehensive depletion of all mouse cells by magnetic cell sorting.

인간 종양 이종 이식에서 마우스 세포의 고갈은 크게 대상 세포의 다운 스트림 분석을 향상

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

마우스에서 가속 죽상 경화증의 유도: "와이어 부상" 모델

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, which is critically important in health and disease, can be measured in vivo and noninvasively in humans via phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31PMRS). However, the approach has not been widely adopted in translational and clinical research, with variations in methodology and limited guidance from the literature. Increased optimization, standardization, and dissemination of methods for in vivo 31PMRS would facilitate the development of targeted therapies to improve OXPHOS capacity and could ultimately favorably impact cardiovascular health. 31PMRS produces a noninvasive, in vivo measure of OXPHOS capacity in human skeletal muscle, as opposed to alternative measures obtained from explanted and potentially altered mitochondria via muscle biopsy. It relies upon only modest additional instrumentation beyond what is already in place on magnetic resonance scanners available for clinical and translational research at most institutions. In this work, we outline a method to measure in vivo skeletal muscle OXPHOS. The technique is demonstrated using a 1.5 Tesla whole-body MR scanner equipped with the suitable hardware and software for 31PMRS, and we explain a simple and robust protocol for in-magnet resistive exercise to rapidly fatigue the quadriceps muscle. Reproducibility and feasibility are demonstrated in volunteers as well as subjects over a wide range of functional capacities.

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

This work demonstrates the feasibility of an in vivo phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31PMRS) technique to quantify mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity in human skeletal muscle.

인-31 자기 공명 분광학 : 측정을위한 도구<em&gt; 생체</em인간의 골격 근육에&gt; 미토콘드리아 산화 적 인산화 능력

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, which is critically important in health and disease, can be measured in vivo ...

Electroporation-Based Genetic Modification of Primary Human Pigment Epithelial Cells Using the Sleeping Beauty Transposon System

Our increasingly aging society leads to a growing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. So far, the pathological mechanisms are inadequately understood, thus impeding the establishment of defined treatments. Cell-based additive gene therapies for the increased expression of a protective factor are considered as a promising option to medicate neurodegenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We have developed a method for the stable expression of the gene encoding pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), which is characterized as a neuroprotective and anti-angiogenic protein in the nervous system, into the genome of primary human pigment epithelial (PE) cells using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system. Primary PE cells were isolated from human donor eyes and maintained in culture. After reaching confluence, 1 x 104 cells were suspended in 11 &#181;L of resuspension buffer and combined with 2 &#181;L of a purified solution containing 30 ng of hyperactive SB (SB100X) transposase plasmid and 470 ng of PEDF transposon plasmid. Genetic modification was carried out with a capillary electroporation system using the following parameters: two pulses with a voltage of 1,100 V and a width of 20 ms. Transfected cells were transferred into culture plates containing medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum; antibiotics and antimycotics were added with the first medium exchange. Successful transfection was demonstrated in independently performed experiments. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed the increased expression of the PEDF transgene. PEDF secretion was significantly elevated and remained stable, as evaluated by immunoblotting, and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SB100X-mediated transfer allowed for a stable PEDF gene integration into the genome of PE cells and ensured the continuous secretion of PEDF, which is critical for the development of a cell-based gene addition therapy to treat AMD or other retinal degenerative diseases. Moreover, analysis of the integration profile of the PEDF transposon into human PE cells indicated an almost random genomic distribution.

We have developed a protocol to transfect primary human pigment epithelial cells by electroporation with the gene encoding pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system. Successful transfection was demonstrated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

수면 의 아름다움 트랜스포슨 - 전염 인간 망막 안료 상피 세포에서 산화 스트레스의 유도 및 분석

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