Name: a generalized method for determining free soluble phenolic acid composition and antioxidant capacity of cereals and legumes
Uploaded: 2022-06-10T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Generalized Method for Determining Free Soluble Phenolic Acid Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Cereals and Legumes at JoVE.com

The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical support of Ms. Alison Ser and Ms. Hannah Oduro-Obeng, as well as the video editing support by Ms. Janice Fajardo and Mr. Miguel del Rosario.

1. Type of samples
<ol>
	<li>Use five whole grain samples, comprising two cereals (e.g., durum wheat and yellow corn) and three legumes (e.g., Blackeye cowpea bean, soybean, and red kidney bean) for this study.</li>
	<li>Mill 50 g of each grain in triplicates into flour, using a coffee grinder, and pass them through a 500 &#181;m sieve.</li>
	<li>Store them at -20 &#176;C.</li>
</ol>
2. Sample preparation
<ol>
	<li>Determination of dry matter content a...

<ol>
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L., Motarjemi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Encyclopedia of Food Safety. 3, 309-314 (2014).</li><li>FAO. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Food+Outlook+-+Biannual+report+on+global+food+markets.">Food Outlook - Biannual report on global food markets.</a> Food and Agriculture Organization. , (2020).</li><li>Erbersdobler, H. F., Barth, C. A., Jahreis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Legumes+in+human+nutrition.+Nutrient+content+and+protein+quality+of+pulses.">Legumes in human nutrition. Nutrient content and protein quality of pulses.</a> Ernahrungs Umschau. 64 (9), 134-139 (2017).</li><li>Due&#241;as, M., Hern&#225;ndez, T., Estrella, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+in+vitro+antioxidant+capacity+of+the+seed+coat+and+the+cotyledon+of+legumes+in+relation+to+their+phenolic+contents.">Assessment of in vitro antioxidant capacity of the seed coat and the cotyledon of legumes in relation to their phenolic contents.</a> Food Chemistry. 98 (1), 95-103 (2006).</li><li>Khang, D. T., Dung, T. N., Elzaawely, A. A., Xuan, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenolic+profiles+and+antioxidant+activity+of+germinated+legumes.">Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of germinated legumes.</a> Foods. 5 (2), 27 (2016).</li><li>Hefni, M. E., Amann, L. S., Witth&#246;ft, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+HPLC-UV+method+for+the+quantification+of+phenolic+acids+in+cereals.">A HPLC-UV method for the quantification of phenolic acids in cereals.</a> Food Analytical Methods. 12 (12), 2802-2812 (2019).</li><li>AOAC. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Official Methods of Analysis. 17th edn. , (2000).</li><li>Apea-Bah, F. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sorghum-cowpea+composite+porridge+as+a+functional+food,+Part+II:+Antioxidant+properties+as+affected+by+simulated+in+vitro+gastrointestinal+digestion.">Sorghum-cowpea composite porridge as a functional food, Part II: Antioxidant properties as affected by simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.</a> Food Chemistry. 197, 307-315 (2016).</li><li>Robbins, R. J., Bean, S. 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L., Wu, X., Schaich, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardized+methods+for+the+determination+of+antioxidant+capacity+and+phenolics+in+foods+and+dietary+supplements.">Standardized methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in foods and dietary supplements.</a> Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53 (10), 4290-4302 (2005).</li><li>Ainsworth, E. A., Gillespie, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimation+of+total+phenolic+content+and+other+oxidation+substrates+in+plant+tissues+using+Folin-Ciocalteu+reagent.">Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent.</a> Nature Protocols. 2 (4), 875-877 (2007).</li><li>Waterhouse, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+total+phenolics.">Determination of total phenolics.</a> Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry. 1, 1-8 (2002).</li><li>Huang, D., Ou, B., Prior, R. 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The whole grains were selected as representative cereal grains and legumes that find wide food applications worldwide. While variations may exist among cultivars of each grain, the focus of this study was to demonstrate a generalized method for free phenolic acid extraction and analysis for whole grains. The extraction method was modified by substantially reducing the amounts of samples and solvents, in order to reduce the amount of chemicals that would be released into the environment when such experiments are conducted...

Phenolic acids are among the most important phytochemicals studied in plants due to the vital role they play in plant defense against herbivory and fungal infection, as well as maintaining structural support and integrity in plant tissues1,2. They are abundant in the bran of cereals and seed coat of legumes3. Structurally, they are divided into two groups: the hydroxybenzoic acids (Figure 1) and hydroxycinnamic acids (Figure 2). The common hydroxybenzoic acids in cereals and legumes include gallic, p-hydroxybenzoic, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, vanillic, and syringic acids, while the common hydroxycinnamic acids include caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids3. Phenolic acids also possess antioxidant properties since they are able to scavenge free radicals, which cause oxidative rancidity in fats, and initiate and propagate radical-induced oxidative stress in physiological systems4,5. Due to this vital physiological role as antioxidants, they are the subject of recent research. This is because when consumed as components of plant foods, they can exert antioxidant protection.
Cereals and cereal products are major carbohydrate food sources for humans and animals worldwide6. Cereals include wheat, rice, corn (maize), barley, triticale, millets, and sorghum. Among them, corn is the most utilized, with an estimated global utilization of 1,135.7 million tonnes in 2019/2020, followed by wheat with an estimated global utilization of 757.5 million tonnes during the same period7. Cereal foods are great sources of energy to consumers since they are rich sources of carbohydrates. They also provide some protein, fat, fiber, vitamins and minerals6. In addition to their nutritional value, cereals are good sources of phytochemical antioxidants, particularly phenolic acids, which have the potential to protect the physiological system from radical-induced oxidative damage3. Legumes are also good sources of nutrients and are generally higher in protein than cereals. They also contain vitamins and minerals and are used in the preparation of various foods8. Additionally, legumes are good sources of a variety of phytochemical antioxidants, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins9,10. Different varieties of cereals and legumes may have a different phenolic acid composition. There is therefore the need to study the phenolic acid composition of cereals and legumes and their varieties, in order to know their potential health benefits with respect to phenolic antioxidants.
A number of assays have been reported for measuring the quantity of phenolic acids in cereal and legume grains, and determining their antioxidant activities. The most common methods of analysis for whole grain phenolic acids are spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography11. The aim of this work was to demonstrate a generalized high pressure liquid chromatographic method for determining free soluble phenolic acid composition, and spectrophotometric methods for determining total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of some whole grain cereals and legumes.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL Falcon conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-527-90</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL Amber glass ID Surestop vial</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>C5000-2W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL Amber microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>20170-084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,2&#8242;-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>440914-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,2&#39;-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) (C18H18N4O6S4) &#8805;98%,</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A1888-2G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,2-Diphenyl-1pikrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (C18H12N5O6)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D913-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) (C14H18O4), &#8805;98%</td>
			<td>Fluka Chemika</td>
			<td>56510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9 mm Autosampler Vial Screw Thread Caps</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>60180-670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well flat bottom plates</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12565501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent BioTek ELx800 microplate reader</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BT-ELX800NB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent BioTek Precision 2000 96/384 Automated Microplate Pipetting System</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent BioTek FLx800 Microplate Fluorescence Reader</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analytical balance SI-114</td>
			<td>Denver Instrument</td>
			<td>SI-114.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autosampler, Waters 717 Plus</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>WAT078900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD 3 mL syringe Luer-Lok Tip</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bransonic ultrasonic cleaner, Branson 5510</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>Z245143</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning LSE Vortex Mixer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>6775</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Durapore Filter (0.45 &#181;m PVDF Membrane)</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore Ltd</td>
			<td>HVLP04700&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Durapore Membrane Filters (0.45 &#181;m HV)</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore Ltd</td>
			<td>HVHP04700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Research&#160;plus, 0.5-10 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3123000020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Research&#160;plus, 0.5-5 mL</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3123000071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Research&#160;plus, 100-1000 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3123000063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Research&#160;plus, 10-100 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3123000047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl acetate, HPLC grade</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>E195-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ferulic acid standard</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>128708-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescein</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC119245000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folin &#38; Ciocalteu phenol reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F9252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formic acid, 99%</td>
			<td>Acros Organics, Janssen Pharmaceuticalaan 3a</td>
			<td>27048-0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gallic acid standard</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G7384</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC), Waters 2695</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>960402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol, HPLC grade</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>A452-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro pipet tips, 0.5-10 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>21-197-2F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge Sorvall Legend Micro 21 centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>75002435</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel micropipette, Proline Plus, 30-300 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td>728240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photodiode array detector, Waters 2996</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>720000350EN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet tips, 1000 &#181;L</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>83007-382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet tips, 1-5 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82018-840</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), &#8805;99.0%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>216224-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate dibasic anhydrous (K2HPO4)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P288-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P285-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PYREX 250 mL Short Neck Boiling Flask, Round Bottom</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4321-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reversed phase C18 Analytical Column (100 x 3 mm) Accucore aQ</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>17326-103030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roto evaporator, IKA RV 10</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>&#160;0010005185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium carbonate (NaCO3) anhydrous</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>S263-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt AR&#174;</td>
			<td>7581</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous (Na2HPO4)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP332-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate monobasic anhydrous (NaH2PO4)</td>
			<td>Fisher bioreagents</td>
			<td>BP329-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standardization pipet tips 0-200&#181;L</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>02-681-134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Driven Filter unit (0.22 &#181;m)</td>
			<td>&#160;Millex&#174;-GV</td>
			<td>SLGVR04NL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Target micro-serts vial insert (400 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>C4011-631</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrapure water (Direct Q-3 UV system with pump)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>ZRQSVP030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a generalized method for determining free soluble phenolic acid composition and antioxidant capacity of cereals and legumes

Phenolic acids are a class of organic compounds that bear both a phenolic group, and a carboxylic group. They are found in grains and concentrate in the bran of cereals or seed coat of legumes. They possess antioxidant properties that have generated much research interest in recent years, about their potential antioxidant protective health functions. This work presents a generalized method for the extraction of free soluble phenolic acids from whole grains and analysis of their antioxidant capacity. Five whole grain samples comprising two cereals (wheat and yellow corn) and three legumes (cowpea bean, kidney bean, and soybean), were used. The grains were milled into flour and their free soluble phenolic acids extracted using aqueous methanol. The compounds were then identified using a high-pressure liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine their total phenolic content while their antioxidant capacities were determined using the DPPH radical scavenging capacity, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. The phenolic acids identified included vanillic, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids. Vanillic acid was identified only in cowpea while caffeic acid was identified only in kidney bean. p-Coumaric acid was identified in yellow corn, cowpea, and soybean, while ferulic acid was identified in all the samples. Ferulic acid was the predominant phenolic acid identified. The total concentration of phenolic acids in the samples decreased in the following order: soybean &gt; cowpea bean &gt; yellow corn = kidney bean &gt; wheat. The total antioxidant capacity (sum of values of DPPH, TEAC and ORAC assays) decreased as follows: soybean &gt; kidney bean &gt; yellow corn = cowpea bean &gt; wheat. This study concluded that HPLC analysis as well as DPPH, TEAC, and ORAC assays provide useful information about the phenolic acid composition and antioxidant properties of whole grains.

Table 2 shows the phenolic acids that were identified in the cereal and legume grains. Based on available authentic standards, four phenolic acids were identified in the samples and they are: vanillic, caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids. Vanillic acid is a hydroxybenzoic acid while the other three are hydroxycinnamic acids. Vanillic acid was identified only in Blackeye cowpea bean while caffeic acid was identified only in kidney bean. p-Coumaric acid was identified in yellow corn, c...

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A Generalized Method for Determining Free Soluble Phenolic Acid Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Cereals and Legumes

Phenolic acids are important phytochemicals that are present in whole grains. They possess bioactive properties such as antioxidant protective functions. This work aimed at reporting on a generalized method for the HPLC identification, total phenolic content estimation, and determination of the antioxidant capacity of phenolic acids in cereals and legumes.

Phenolic acids are a class of organic compounds that bear both a phenolic group, and a carboxylic group. They are found in grains and concentrate in the ...

A generalized method for determining free soluble phenolic acid composition and antioxidant capacity of cereals and legumes. Whole grains, including cereals and legumes, form a substantial part of human diets. Their nutritional relevance to humans has long been recognized.However, more recently, their antioxidant protective health benefits have been reported. Phenolic acids found in the outer grain layers of cereals and the seed coat of legumes contribute to the antioxidant properties of whole grains. They scavenge free radicals that cause oxidative damage to biomolecules.The two classes of phenolic acids found in whole grains are hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids. This study provides a simple method for extracting whole grain phenolic acids and determining their in vitro antioxidant capacity. Use five whole grain samples for this study, durum wheat, yellow corn, black-eye cowpea bean, soybean, and red kidney bean.Accurately weigh 100 milligrams of the whole grain flour sample directly into an amber-colored, two milliliter capacity micro centrifuge tube. The dark color of the tube helps to prevent exposure of the mixture to light. Add one milliliter of 80%aqueous methanol to each of the tubes containing examples.Vortex briefly to mix the methanol solution and sample. Sonicate the samples for 60 minutes to extract the free soluble phenolic compounds. Put a cover over the samples for the duration of sonication for added protection from light.After sonication, centrifuge the mixtures at 20, 000 times G for five minutes to sediment the solid residues, leaving the supernatant on top. Free phenolic compounds will be present in the supernatant after centrifugation. The supernatant needs to be filtered prior to injecting into the HPLC instrument.To filter the supernatant, remove the plunger of a 3 mL syringe and attach a syringe filter. The filter should have a pore size no larger than 0.22 micrometers. Pipette approximately 0.4 milliliters of the supernatant into the top of the syringe.Reinsert the plunger and push the liquid through the filter into an HPLC vial containing a vial insert. Once the instrument has been set up to run the method outlined in the manuscript for HPLC analysis, load the vials into the carousel to correspond with the sample list. Obtain HPLC chromatograms at 320 nanometers and 280 nanometers, showing distinct peaks representing different phenolic compounds.Using appropriate standard curves, quantify hydroxycinnamic acids at 320 nanometers since they have a maximum absorbance at this wavelength. By the same principle, quantify hydroxybenzoic acids at 280 nanometers. Use Trolox, a water soluble analog of vitamin E, as a standard to estimate the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the whole grain extracts.Accurately weigh one milligram of Trolox into a Falcon tube. Dissolve with four milliliters of 50%aqueous methanol to prepare a stock solution of one millimole per liter, which is the same as 1000 micromole per liter. Prepare six concentrations of Trolox that is 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, and 800 micromole per liter to plot standard curves for the estimation of DPPH radical scavenging capacity and Trolox'equivalent antioxidant capacity, TEAC.Similarly, prepare 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 micromole per liter Trolox concentrations for estimating oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC. Make up the total volume of each concentration to 500 microliters, as shown in table one. Dilute the sample extracts with methanol prior to analysis.Here, yellow corn and cowpea extracts were diluted two times. The wheat and kidney bean extracts were diluted five times, while the soybean extract was diluted 10 times with methanol. Weigh 8.23 milligrams of ABTS into a clean, two milliliter capacity, amber micro centrifuge tube.Next, weigh 1.62 milligrams of potassium persulfate into a clean, two milliliter capacity, amber micro centrifuge tube. Dissolve each of the weighed chemicals in one milliliter distilled water by vortexing. This results in a 16 millimolar ABTS solution and a six millimolar potassium persulfate solution.Prepare the ABTS stock solution by mixing the ABTS and potassium persulfate solutions in equal volumes. The solution will immediately change to a dark color. Allow this mixture to incubate in darkness for 12 to 16 hours.Dilute the ABTS stock solution 30 times with 200 millimolar phosphate-buffered saline to form the ABTS working solution. To do this, add 58 milliliters of 200 millimolar PBS to two milliliters of the ABTS working solution. The working solution will contain 0.27 millimolar ABTS and 0.1 millimolar potassium persulfate.For the analysis, place 10 microliters of each diluted extract in a 96 well microplate. Add 190 microliters of ABTS working solution to each well and incubate for 60 minutes. Measure the absorbance of the reaction mixtures at 750 nanometers in a microplate reader.Use the Trolox standards in concentrations ranging from 100 to 800 micromole per liter to plot a calibration curve. The DPPH antioxidant assay requires a radical-generating compound, DPPH. Weigh out 1.2 milligrams of DPPH into an empty 15 milliliter capacity centrifuge tube.Dissolve the DPPH in methanol to prepare a 60 micromolar solution. The DPPH assay tests the ability of the sample extracts to scavenge free radicals produced by DPPH. Add five microliters of sample extract into the microplate wells.Next, add 195 microliters of 60 micromolar DPPH methanolic solution and incubate for 60 minutes. Measure the absorbance at 515 nanometers. Use the Trolox standards to plot a calibration curve.Figure one shows the structure of hydroxybenzoic acids found in the whole grains. In this current study, vanillic acid was the only hydroxybenzoic acid identified. Figure two shows the structure of hydroxycinnamic acids found in whole grains.In the current study, p-coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids were identified in the samples. Table two shows the phenolic acids identified in the samples. As mentioned earlier, vanillic acid was the only hydroxybenzoic acid identified in the samples.It was identified in the cowpea extract only. The hydroxycinnamic acid caffeic acid was identified only in kidney bean, while p-coumeric acid was identified in yellow corn, cowpea, and soybean. Ferulic acid was identified in all of the samples and was the predominant phenolic acid in the samples.The total concentration of the phenolic acids in order from greatest to least was in the order soybean, cowpea, yellow corn, and kidney bean or equivalent, followed by wheat. Table three showed the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the samples. The antioxidant capacity comprised DPPH radical scavenging capacity, TEAC, ORAC, and total antioxidant capacity of the samples.The total antioxidant capacity is the sum of the DPPH, TEAC, and ORAC values. Similar to table two, soybean had the highest total antioxidant capacity. However, instead of cowpea, it was rather kidney bean that had the second highest total antioxidant capacity, although cowpea had the second highest total phenolic acid content.This anomaly is related to the structures of the individual phenolic acids and the possible antagonistic effect of the hydroxybenzoic acid vanillic acid on the antioxidant effects of the hydroxycinnamic acids in cowpea. This study concluded that whole grains differ in their phenolic acid compositions. Among the whole grains studied, soybean has the highest total amount of phenolic acids and, correspondingly, the highest antioxidant capacity.

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