<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>iPSC 유래 오가노이드를 이용한 흉선 미세환경 재현

<ol>
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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Projection+of+an+immunological+self+shadow+within+the+thymus+by+the+aire+protein.">Projection of an immunological self shadow within the thymus by the aire protein.</a> Science. 298 (5597), 1395-1401 (2002).</li><li>Sharma, H., Moroni, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advancements+in+regenerative+approaches+for+thymus+rejuvenation.">Recent advancements in regenerative approaches for thymus rejuvenation.</a> Adv Sci. 8 (14), 2100543 (2021).</li><li>Alenghat, F. J., Ingber, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanotransduction:+all+signals+point+to+cytoskeleton,+matrix,+and+integrins.">Mechanotransduction: all signals point to cytoskeleton, matrix, and integrins.</a> Sci STKE. 2002 (119), 6 (2002).</li><li>Pinto, S., Schmidt, K., Egle, S., Stark, H. -. J., Boukamp, P., Kyewski, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+organotypic+coculture+model+supporting+proliferation+and+differentiation+of+medullary+thymic+epithelial+cells+and+promiscuous+gene+expression.">An organotypic coculture model supporting proliferation and differentiation of medullary thymic epithelial cells and promiscuous gene expression.</a> J Immunol. 190 (3), 1085-1093 (2013).</li><li>Hun, M., Barsanti, M., Wong, K., Ramshaw, J., Werkmeister, J., Chidgey, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Native+thymic+extracellular+matrix+improves+in+vivo+thymic+organoid+T+cell+output,+and+drives+in+vitro+thymic+epithelial+cell+differentiation.">Native thymic extracellular matrix improves in vivo thymic organoid T cell output, and drives in vitro thymic epithelial cell differentiation.</a> Biomaterials. 118, 1-15 (2017).</li><li>Asnaghi, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thymus+extracellular+matrix-derived+scaffolds+support+graft-resident+thymopoiesis+and+long-term+in+vitro+culture+of+adult+thymic+epithelial+cells.">Thymus extracellular matrix-derived scaffolds support graft-resident thymopoiesis and long-term in vitro culture of adult thymic epithelial cells.</a> Adv Funct Mater. 31 (20), 2010747 (2021).</li><li>Villegas, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cultured+human+thymic-derived+cells+display+medullary+thymic+epithelial+cell+phenotype+and+functionality.">Cultured human thymic-derived cells display medullary thymic epithelial cell phenotype and functionality.</a> Front Immunol. 9, 1663 (2018).</li><li>Hauri-Hohl, M., Zuklys, S., Holl&#228;nder, G. A., Ziegler, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+regulatory+role+for+TGF-&#946;+signaling+in+the+establishment+and+function+of+the+thymic+medulla.">A regulatory role for TGF-&#946; signaling in the establishment and function of the thymic medulla.</a> Nat Immunol. 15 (6), 554-561 (2014).</li><li>Campinoti, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstitution+of+a+functional+human+thymus+by+postnatal+stromal+progenitor+cells+and+natural+whole-organ+scaffolds.">Reconstitution of a functional human thymus by postnatal stromal progenitor cells and natural whole-organ scaffolds.</a> Nat Commun. 11 (1), 6372 (2020).</li><li>Ramos, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+functional+thymic+organoids+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Generation of functional thymic organoids from human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 18 (4), 829-840 (2023).</li><li>Fan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioengineering+thymus+organoids+to+restore+thymic+function+and+induce+donor-specific+immune+tolerance+to+allografts.">Bioengineering thymus organoids to restore thymic function and induce donor-specific immune tolerance to allografts.</a> Mol Ther. 23 (7), 1262-1277 (2015).</li><li>Provin, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combinatory+differentiation+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+generates+thymic+epithelium+that+supports+thymic+crosstalk+and+directs+dendritic-+and+CD4/CD8+T-cell+full+development.">Combinatory differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells generates thymic epithelium that supports thymic crosstalk and directs dendritic- and CD4/CD8 T-cell full development.</a> bioRxiv. 2023, 572664 (2023).</li><li>Parent, A. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+functional+thymic+epithelium+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells+that+supports+host+T+cell+development.">Generation of functional thymic epithelium from human embryonic stem cells that supports host T cell development.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 13 (2), 219-229 (2013).</li><li>Sun, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+differentiation+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells+into+thymic+epithelial+progenitor-like+cells+reconstitutes+the+thymic+microenvironment+in+vivo.">Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into thymic epithelial progenitor-like cells reconstitutes the thymic microenvironment in vivo.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 13 (2), 230-236 (2013).</li><li>Inami, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+to+thymic+epithelial+cells+by+phenotype.">Differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells to thymic epithelial cells by phenotype.</a> Immunol Cell Biol. 89 (2), 314-321 (2011).</li><li>Gras-Pena, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+stem+cell-derived+thymic+epithelial+cells+enhance+human+T+cell+development+in+a+xenogeneic+thymus.">Human stem cell-derived thymic epithelial cells enhance human T cell development in a xenogeneic thymus.</a> J Allergy Clin Immunol. 149 (5), 1755-1771 (2022).</li><li>Lai, L., Jin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+thymic+epithelial+cell+progenitors+by+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">Generation of thymic epithelial cell progenitors by mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Stem Cells. 27 (12), 3012-3020 (2009).</li><li>Ramos, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+functional+human+thymic+cells+from+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Generation of functional human thymic cells from induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> J Allergy Clin Immunol. 149 (2), 767-781 (2022).</li><li>Provin, N., Giraud, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+pluripotent+stem+cells+into+thymic+epithelial+cells+and+generation+of+thymic+organoids:+Applications+for+therapeutic+strategies+against+APECED.">Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into thymic epithelial cells and generation of thymic organoids: Applications for therapeutic strategies against APECED.</a> Front Immunol. 13, 930963 (2022).</li><li>Montel-Hagen, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+recapitulation+of+murine+thymopoiesis+from+single+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">In vitro recapitulation of murine thymopoiesis from single hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Cell Rep. 33 (4), 108320 (2020).</li><li>Park, J. -. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cell+atlas+of+human+thymic+development+defines+T+cell+repertoire+formation.">A cell atlas of human thymic development defines T cell repertoire formation.</a> Science. 367 (6480), 3224 (2020).</li><li>Flippe, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+reproducible+differentiation+of+hematopoietic+and+T+cell+progenitors+from+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Rapid and reproducible differentiation of hematopoietic and T cell progenitors from pluripotent stem cells.</a> Front Cell Dev Biol. 8, 577464 (2020).</li><li>Padonou, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aire-dependent+transcripts+escape+Raver2-induced+splice-event+inclusion+in+the+thymic+epithelium.">Aire-dependent transcripts escape Raver2-induced splice-event inclusion in the thymic epithelium.</a> EMBO Rep. 23 (3), e53576 (2022).</li><li>Han, J., Z&#250;&#241;iga-Pfl&#252;cker, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-oxygen+submersion+fetal+thymus+organ+cultures+enable+FOXN1-dependent+and+-independent+support+of+T+lymphopoiesis.">High-oxygen submersion fetal thymus organ cultures enable FOXN1-dependent and -independent support of T lymphopoiesis.</a> Front Immunol. 12, 652665 (2021).</li></ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Aprotinin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>616370</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMP4</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-111-165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCR7 (CD197)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>PE</td>
			<td>Clone: 3D12; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD14</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>FITC</td>
			<td>Clone: M5E2; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD19</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>PE</td>
			<td>Clone: HIB19; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD205</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>FITC</td>
			<td>Clone: MG38; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD3</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>PE</td>
			<td>Clone: HIT3a; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD34</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>FITC</td>
			<td>Clone: 8G12; Dilution: 1: 100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>PE</td>
			<td>Clone: RPA-T4; Dilution: 1: 100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>BV711</td>
			<td>Clone: L200; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>PerCP</td>
			<td>Clone: HI30; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD56</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>PE</td>
			<td>Clone: B159; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD62L</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>BV605</td>
			<td>Clone: DREG-56; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD69</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>BV510</td>
			<td>Clone: FN50; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD7</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>APC</td>
			<td>Clone: M-T701; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD8</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>PeCy7</td>
			<td>Clone: RPA-T8; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD8</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>PE</td>
			<td>Clone: HIT8a; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynabeads Pan Mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-097-751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EPCAM (CD326)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>PE</td>
			<td>Clone: HEA-125; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EPCAM (CD326)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>BV711</td>
			<td>Clone: EBA-1; Dilution: 1: 200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF10</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-127-858</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF8</td>
			<td>Biotechne R&#38;D</td>
			<td>423-F8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibrinogen</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>341578</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FLT3 L</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-300-19</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050-61</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IGF1</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-093-886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL7</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-200-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RANK L</td>
			<td>Biotechne R&#38;D</td>
			<td>6449-TEC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red blood cell lysis solution</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-094-183</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI1640</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11875093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-300-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thrombin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>605190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrypLE</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>2605010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XVIVO10</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>LONBE04-380Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

formation of human thymus organoids in three-dimensional fibrin hydrogels

The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ that plays an essential role in the generation of a competent and tolerant immune system1,2,3. Early thymic progenitors (ETPs) migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they expand and differentiate into functional T cells1,2,4,5. Those processes are mediated by a specialized population, the thymic epithelial cells (TECs)2,6,7. TECs derive from thymic epithelial progenitors (TEPs)8,9 and comprise cortical TECs (cTECs) and medullary TECs (mTECs) that play specific roles in creating the specialized 3D microenvironment needed for T cell migration, expansion, and maturation. TECs mediate T cell development mainly by providing growth and differentiation factors1,10,11 and by negatively selecting non-functional and non-tolerant thymocytes through the presentation of self-antigens5,7,12. The complex interactions between developing T cells and TECs also play a central role in the maturation and 3D organization of the TEC populations in a process known as thymic crosstalk1,11. Interactions between the cell populations of the thymus rely deeply on the specific microenvironment shaped by the extracellular matrix (ECM). The thymic ECM is in a state of dynamic reciprocity with thymic cell populations, impacting gene regulation and being constantly reshaped in return by the secretion of enzymes or matrix proteins13. The ECM influences cells through modification of the bioavailability of growth factors and cytokines, direct signalization through membrane-bound receptors such as integrins, and by shaping cytoskeletons through physical forces14. Thymic ECM components, such as collagens and laminin, have been shown to have a high affinity for growth factors TGFb and FGFs, which are crucial for TEC maintenance and to fix&#160;them by forming complexes. Thymic ECM plasticity, elastic modulus, and density also play a crucial role in instructing TEC fate and shaping the compartmentalization of the thymus, which is essential to its functionality. These clues highlight the importance of taking into account the ECM and its 3D structure to mimic the thymus ex vivo. This point is supported by the fact that primary TECs quickly dedifferentiate, lose their functionality, and eventually die when cultivated in classical cell culture setups15,16,17.
Culture models have been developed to expand functional TEC populations from human thymic explants in order to conserve the structure of the ECM and the crucial clues it provides to TECs18,19,20. This culture system was able to successfully expand and maintain a population of functional TECs in vitro but could not be sustained past 7 to 8 days of culture18. Thus, the development of an accessible, practical 3D culture system capable of reproducing the thymic microenvironment and its functionality in vitro and in the long term is a crucial stake in the field. Recently, the development of hydrogel-based 3D culture systems has led to the emergence of several artificial thymic organoid systems, constituting major progress for in vitro thymic modelization15,16,21,22. We developed a human thymic organoid (hTO) co-culture system through the reaggregation of human primary ETPs with human TEPs derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into spheroids and their seeding upon a fibrin hydrogel.
The choice of material and hydrogel setup in this study aimed to reproduce the native structure of the thymic ECM while maintaining practicality and the ability to scale up the process to obtain an affordable and abundant material source for experiments15. This hTO system shows multilineage differentiation potential and can support a productive thymopoiesis from ETPs23. This organoid system constitutes a reliable tool for the study of intrathymic cellular interactions and the modeling of normal and pathological human lymphopoiesis. The use of iPS cells also introduces gene-editing capabilities into the model. Effective differentiation of iPSC into functional thymic tissue has been a longstanding goal of the field for the last 15 years, and significant progress has been made with deciphering TEC lineage fate signalling21,24,25,26,27.To answer the need for such an in vitro 3D thymic model, this technical note describes the methods and technical details for the step-by-step generation of iPSC-derived human thymus organoids, focusing on hydrogel scaffold formation, cell micromass reaggregation and seeding, and organoid culture and harvest.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저자 스포트라이트: 인간 흉선 오가노이드를 활용한 흉선 상피세포 및 T세포 연구의 발전

3차원 피브린 하이드로겔에서 인간 흉선 오가노이드의 형성

We are trying to study the mechanisms responsible for self-tolerance, autoimmunity, especially the role played by air in the expression of self-antigens presented by thymic epithelial cells to developing thymocytes. Our research has applications for cell therapy in the context of autoimmune diseases, organ transplants, and cancer. Our system produces thymic organoids, which are formed and seeded in a way that reproduces crucial biological and mechanical cues, which are essential for the maintenance and maturation of thymic epithelial cells.The mTECs, which in turn are essential to support thymopoiesis, can be maintained for up to six weeks in the system. Our findings contribute to developing better techniques for in vitro cell lymphocyte production with many potential applications for research and cell therapy. As our research progresses, we have to contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying self-tolerance and autoimmunity.We are currently focusing on characterizing our organoids further in terms of cellular composition and organization. And our goal is to explore the role played by the engine in regulating self-antigen expression in the thymus, and to establish a study model for the autoimmune disease episode.

Generation of a functional and self-tolerant T cell repertoire is a complex process dependent on the thymic microenvironment and, primarily, on the ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Formation of Human Thymus Organoids in Three-Dimensional Fibrin Hydrogels

954 조회수.  Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064. 우리는 자기 내성, 자가 면역, 특히 흉선 상피 세포가 발달 중인 흉선 세포에 제시하는 자기 항원의 발현에서 공기가 수행하는 역할을 담당하는 메커니즘을 연구하려고 합니다. 우리의 연구는 자가면역 질환, 장기 이식 및 암의 맥락에서 세포 치료에 응용되고 있습니다. 우리의 시스템은 흉선 상피 세포의 유지 및 성숙에 필수적인 중요한 생물학적, ?...