우리는 도움이 토론 Katharina Cosker과 스테파니 코세인 감사하고 싶습니다.

시약의 준비 <ol><li> 콜라겐 코팅 : 콜라겐 코트 P35 조직 문화 접시 37 오븐에 장소 ° 디바이더를 기름 치는 것 이전 2 일간 C. 콜라겐의 최종 농도는 0.71 MG / 0.001 N HCL에 희석 ML에서해야합니다. 그런 다음, 접시 당 혼합물의 1 ML를 추가합니다. </li><li> 그리스 로더 : 그리스 로더를 작성하기 위해, 60mL 주사기가 처음 코닝 진공 기름으로 가득해야합니다. 45 분 동안 압력솥 후, 그리스 로더를 작성 호일에 포장하고 주사기를 사용합니다. </li><li> 테플론 디바이더 : 디바이더는 각 실험 후 다시 사용할 수 있지만 먼저 제대로 청소해야합니다. 접시에서 분배기를 제거 2 일 황산에 남아있는 기름과 장소를 모두 닦아. 산성에서 제거한 후, 물 3 배, 종기와 린스 20 분, 건조 20 분 유리 p100 페트리 접시와 압력솥의 자리를 수 있습니다. </li><li> N2 - 메틸 셀룰로오스 : 메틸 셀룰로오스의 1.5g을 올리고 돛을 500mL 병에 넣습니다. 저어 표시줄을 추가하고 건조에 20 분 동안 그것을 압력솥 (이 시점에서 모든 작업을 살균해야합니다.) 다음 혈청 무료 미디어 (N 2) 500 MLS를 추가하고, 그것이 해소 때까지 차가운 방에 저어. -20 ° C. 50 ML conicals 및 동결로 나누어지는 -20 ° C.에서 일하는 주식, 1mL 튜브에 50 ML conicals 중 하나 나누어지는 및 동결에 대한 </li><li> DRG 미디어 : DMEM, 5 % 히트 inactivated 말 혈청,, 1 %의 페니실린 스트렙토 마이신. </li><li> 100ng/mL DRGN 미디어 : 모두 신경 성장 인자 (NGF)와 두뇌 파생 neurotrophic 요인 (BDNF)의 주식 농도는 1mg/mL입니다. DRG 미디어에 neurotrophins 1:10,000 각 희석. 문화는 NGF 혼자 재배 수 있으며, 이것이 문화에서 살아남기 뉴런의 보완을 바꿀지도 모르겠어. 참고 : 필요한 경우, (사이 토신 arabinoside) AraC의 농도가 1uM 및 0.3uM의 최종 농도에 사용됩니다. 이것은 Schwann 세포와 다른 glia의 성장을 억제합니다. </li><li> 10ng/mL DRGN 미디어 : DRG 미디어 100ng/mL DRGN 미디어 (1시 10분)을 희석. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/951_2008_10_27_6/951_Figure-01.png" alt="그림 1" width="392" height="294" /> 설정에 필요한 그림 1. 도구 </li></ol> (해부하기 전에 1-2일이 과정을 시작합니다) compartmented 회의소 설정 <ol><li> 밖으로 운동과 함께 콜라겐 코팅 P35 접시의 중앙에 흠집을 만듭니다. </li><li> 처음의 중간에 N2 - 메틸 셀룰로오스의 플레이스 30ul. 분할기가 기름칠 때까지 따로 요리를 설정합니다. </li><li> 그리스 로더에 23 게이지 luer 스텁 어댑터를 연결합니다. 그립 테플론 90 ° 각도 hemostats 한 쌍의로 구분선하고 현미경 아래에 직면하고있는 분할기와 함께 그것이 평평하다. 그리스는 그리스의 연속 라인 (그림 참조)가 너무 때마다 어댑터는 어댑터가 이전 단계에서 그리스에 삽입하는 새로운 출발점에 배치되었는지 확인하고있는 분배기를 추적. 그리스가 전체 구분선에 적용되면 N2 - 메틸 셀룰로오스는 중간 구획 이상하므로, 거꾸로 준비 P35 요리 중 하나를 설정하고 그것을 놓으십시오. 핀셋 한 쌍의와 접시의 바닥에 아래 버튼을 누르십시오. 네 모퉁이 ( &quot;X&quot;로 다이어그램에 표시된 왼쪽 상단, 오른쪽 아래, 오른쪽, 왼쪽 아래)에있는 구분선의 안쪽에 언론에 있는지 확인하십시오. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/951_2008_10_9_2/951_Figure-02.png" alt="그림 2" width="171" height="183" /> 그림 2 : 구분선을 기름 치는 것 단계 참고 : 그것을 그리스의 음식과 완벽한 도장을 만드는 있도록 단단히 정도로 언론에 중요하지만, 너무 많은 압력이 추가 경우, axons는 측면 구획에 교차하지 않습니다. , hemostats를 들고 그것을 뒤집 및 구분선을 unclamp. 마지막으로, 단단히 중간 구역의 하단에 초점 현미경 첨부 분할기와 함께 요리를 놓으십시오. 그리스 로더로 세포가 중간 구획에 배치되면 그들이 누설 수 있도록 작은 장벽 (0.25 cm)를 확인하십시오. </li><li> 여러 문화, 측면 구획의 각 장소 DRG 미디어와 전지가 유지됩니다되는 배양기에서 위치를 설정하는 데 후. 문화가 몇 시간 동안 앉아 후 누출을 확인할 수 있습니다. 미디어가 중간 구획으로 유출있다면, 다음 문화 사용할 수 없습니다. 참고 : 여러가 새는되므로 먼저 기술을 배우고, 그것이, 실험에 필요한 이상의 문화를 설정하는 것이 중요합니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/951_2008_10_9_3/951_Figure-03.png" alt="그림 3" width="254" height="191" /> 그림 3 : &quot;좋은 VS 새서 &#39;문화 </li></ol> compartmented 문화의 유지 DRG 뉴런 <ol><li> 1 일 : 100ng/mL DRGN 미디어 + AraC과 측면 구획에서 미디어를 DRG 교체합니다. 절개를 수행하고 중심 구획 (100000 셀)에 세포를 추가합니다. </li><li> 일 2 : 미디어 센터 구획과 그리스의 장벽과 교류를 통해 흐르는 유체 때까지 테플론 분할기의 외부 10ng/mL 미디어 + AraC를 추가합니다. </li><li> 3 일 : 10ng/mL DRGN는 AraC를 생략로 AraC와 서라운드를 생략 100ng/mL DRGN하는 측면 구획에서 미디어를 교체하십시오. </li><li> 일 6 : 1ng/mL + AraC 및 DRG 미디어 + AraC으로 둘러싸고있는 측면 구획에서 미디어를 교체하십시오. </li><li> 일 9 : 실험에 사용. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/951_2008_10_9_5/951_Figure-04.png" alt="그림 4" width="267" height="148" /> 그림 4 : 세포 기관과 말초 axons의 IHC 이미지 참고 : 미디어를 변경하면, 그것은 각각의 측면 구역의 상단에서 액체를 대기음하는 것이 중요합니다. 또한, 오직 서라운드에서 중간 구획 자체에서 미디어를 변경할 수없고, 그것이 중심에 그리스의 장벽을 통해 흘러가게 마십시오. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Campenot, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Independent+Control+of+the+Local+Environment+of+Somas+and+Neurites.">Independent Control of the Local Environment of Somas and Neurites.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 58, 302-307 (1979).</li><li>Watson, F. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurotrophins+use+the+Erk5+pathway+to+mediate+a+retrograde+survival+response.">Neurotrophins use the Erk5 pathway to mediate a retrograde survival response.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 4, 981-988 (2001).</li><li>Heerssen, H. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynein+motors+transport+activated+Trks+to+promote+survival+of+target-dependent+neurons.">Dynein motors transport activated Trks to promote survival of target-dependent neurons.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 7, 596-603 (2004).</li><li>Taylor, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microfluidic+culture+platform+for+CNS+axonal+injury,+regeneration+and+transport.">A microfluidic culture platform for CNS axonal injury, regeneration and transport.</a> Nature Methods. 2, 599-605 (2006).</li><li>Park, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+culture+platform+for+neuroscience+research.">Microfluidic culture platform for neuroscience research.</a> Nat Protoc. 4, 2128-2136 (2006).</li><li>Ure, D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retrograde+transport+and+steady-state+distribution+of+125I-nerve+growth+factor+in+rat+sympathetic+neurons+in+compartmented+cultures.">Retrograde transport and steady-state distribution of 125I-nerve growth factor in rat sympathetic neurons in compartmented cultures.</a> J Neuroscience. 4, 1282-1290 (1997).</li></ol>

이 비디오에서는, 우리는 culturing의 DRG의 뉴런에 사용하기 위해 compartmented 회의소를 준비하고 유지하는 방법을 증명하고있다. 제대로 완료,이 시스템은 neurotrophins 오래 axons에 걸쳐 신호를하는 메커니즘을 연구하기 위해 축삭에서 세포 기관의 분리 수 있습니다. 구획 사이에 유체 절연이 있기 때문에, 그것은 다른 구획에 영향을받지 않고 한 구역의 선택적 자극이나 치료 수 있습니다. Compartmented 챔버 문화는 우수...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>collagen</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>BD Biosciences</td>
<td>354249</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>N2-methylcellulose 400CPS</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sel-Win Chemicals</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Teflon divider</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>Tyler Research</td>
<td>CAMP10</td>
<td>many other types of dividers are available</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pin rake</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Tyler Research</td>
<td>Camp-PR</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Grease loader</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Tyler Research</td>
<td>Camp-GLSS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DMEM</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>MT10017CV</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NGF</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Peprotech</td>
<td>450-01</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BDNF</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Peprotech</td>
<td>450-02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>High vacuum grease</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>14-635-5D</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>AraC</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>C-1768</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>23 gauge luer stub adapter</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>427565</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>90&deg; angle hemostats</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Roboz</td>
<td>RS-7035</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

preparation and maintenance of dorsal root ganglia neurons in compartmented cultures

뉴런은 멀리 대상 - 파생 성장 요소의 연결을 생존과 기능에 필요한 대상 조직을 신경을 분포시키다하는 세포 본체에서 제거됩니다 axonal 프로세스를 확장합니다. Neurotrophins은 특히 감각 뉴런을 innervating의 생존과 분화를 유지하기 위해 필요하지만, 이러한 목표 - 파생 neurotrophins은 innervating 뉴런의 세포 기관에 의사 소통 방법의 문제는 30 년 넘게 적극적인 연구 영역을했습니다. neurotrophin 신호가 세포 신체에 도달하는 방법 중 가장 일반적으로 인정 모델은 신호가 축삭을 따라 retrogradely이 신호를 운반 endosomes 것을 제안합니다. 역행 수송을 연구하기 위해, 문화 시스템은 원래 세포 시신은 axons으로부터 격리하는 로버트 Campenot에 의해 고안되었다. culturing 감각 뉴런의 recapitulates 대상 - 파생 neurotrophins의 생체내 다음 릴리스에서 발생하는 신경 세포 단말기의 선택적 자극에 대해 이러한 compartmented 회의소 준​​비의 기술. 장거리 미세 소관에 의존 역행 수송을 필요로 역행 신호 이벤트가 neurodegenerative 장애의 치료에 중요한 의미를했습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Maintenance of Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons in Compartmented Cultures at JoVE.com

Preparation and Maintenance of Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons in Compartmented Cultures

여기서 우리는 지느러미 루트 신경의 culturing 감각 뉴런에 compartmented 회의소 준​​비 및 유지 관리의 기법을 설명합니다.

Compartmented 문화의 도설 루트 신경의 뉴런의 준비 및 유지 관리

Neurons extend axonal processes that are far removed from the cell body to innervate target tissues, where target-derived growth factors are required for ...

preparation-maintenance-dorsal-root-ganglia-neurons-compartmented

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JoVE Journal

Biology

22.3K 조회수.  Dana Farber Cancer Institute. 여기서 우리는 지느러미 루트 신경의 culturing 감각 뉴런에 compartmented 회의소 준​​비 및 유지 관리의 기법을 설명합니다.

비디오: Preparation and Maintenance of Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons in Compartmented Cultures

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos and their dechorionation using bleach are demonstrated. Using a glass pipet attached to a mouth suction tube, we illustrate the removal of all cells from single embryos. The method for dispersing cells from each embyro into a small (5 l) drop of medium on an uncoated glass coverslip is demonstrated. A view through the microscope at 1 hour after plating illustrates the preferred cell density. Most of the cells that survive when grown in defined medium are neuroblasts that divide one or more times in culture before extending neuritic processes by 12-24 hours. A view through the microscope illustrates the level of neurite outgrowth and branching expected in a healthy culture at 2 days in vitro. The cultures are grown in a simple bicarbonate based defined medium, in a 5% CO2 incubator at 22-24&deg;C. Neuritic processes continue to elaborate over the first week in culture and when they make contact with neurites from neighboring cells they often form functional synaptic connections. Neurons in these cultures express voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels and are electrically excitable. This culture system is useful for studying molecular genetic and environmental factors that regulate neuronal differentiation, excitability, and synapse formation/function.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. Views of live cultures show cells 1 hour after plating and differentiated neurons after 2 days of growth in a bicarbonate-based defined medium. The neurons are electrically excitable and form synaptic connections.

Midgastrula 스테이지 Drosophila의 태아에서 문화의 연결 준비

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

연구

생물학

Preparation of Dissociated Mouse Cortical Neuron Cultures

This video will guide you through the process for generating cortical neuronal cultures from late embryo and early postnatal mouse brain. These cultures can be used for a variety of applications including immunocytochemistry, biochemistry, electrophysiology, calcium and sodium imaging, protein and/or RNA isolation. These cultures also provide a platform to study the neuronal development of transgenic animals that carry a late embryonic or postnatal lethal gene mutation. The procedure is relatively straight forward, requires some experience in tissue culture technique and should not take longer than two to three hours if you are properly prepared. Careful separation of the cortical rind from the thalamo-cortical fiber tract will reduce the number of unwanted non-neuronal cells. To increase yields of neuronal cells triturate the pieces of the cortical tissue gently after the enzyme incubation step. This is imperative as it prevents unnecessary injury to cells and premature neuronal cell death. Since these cultures are maintained in the absence of glia feeder cells, they also offer an added advantage of growing cultures enriched in neurons.

This video shows a procedure for generating neuronal cultures from late embryo and early postnatal mouse cortex. These cultures can be used for immunocytochemistry, biochemistry, electrophysiology, calcium and sodium imaging and provide a platform to study the neuronal development of transgenic animals that carry a postnatal lethal gene mutation.

Dissociated 마우스 두피 신경 세포 배양의 준비

This video will guide you through the process for generating cortical neuronal cultures from late embryo and early postnatal mouse brain. These cultures ...

Preparation of Gene Gun Bullets and Biolistic Transfection of Neurons in Slice Culture

Biolistic transfection is a physical means of transfecting cells by bombarding tissue with high velocity DNA coated particles. We provide a detailed protocol for biolistic transfection of rat hippocampal slices, from the initial preparation of DNA coated bullets to the final shooting of the organotypic slice cultures using a gene gun. Gene gun transfection is an efficient and easy means of transfecting neurons and is especially useful for fluorescently labeling a small subset of cells in tissue slice. In this video, we first outline the steps required to coat gold particles with DNA. We next demonstrate how to line the inside of plastic tubing with the gold/DNA bullets, and how to cut this tubing to obtain the plastic cartridges for loading into the gene gun. Finally, we perform biolistic transfection of rat hippocampal slice cultures, demonstrating handling of the Bio-Rad Helios gene gun, and offering trouble shooting advice to obtain healthy and optimally transfected tissue slices.  

We describe a method for preparing DNA coated gold bullets and demonstrate the use of such bullets to biolistically transfect neurons in cultured hippocampal slices.

진 건 글머리 기호 및 슬라이스 문화 뉴런의 Biolistic Transfection의 준비

Biolistic transfection is a physical means of transfecting cells by bombarding tissue with high velocity DNA coated particles. We provide a detailed ...

Preparation of 2-dGuo-Treated Thymus Organ Cultures

In the thymus, interactions between developing T-cell precursors and stromal cells that include cortical and medullary epithelial cells are known to play a key role in the development of a functionally competent T-cell pool. However, the complexity of T-cell development in the thymus in vivo can limit analysis of individual cellular components and particular stages of development. In vitro culture systems provide a readily accessible means to study multiple complex cellular processes. Thymus organ culture systems represent a widely used approach to study intrathymic development of T-cells under defined conditions in vitro. Here we describe a system in which mouse embryonic thymus lobes can be depleted of endogenous haemopoeitic elements by prior organ culture in 2-deoxyguanosine, a compound that is selectively toxic to haemopoeitic cells. As well as providing a readily accessible source of thymic stromal cells to investigate the role of thymic microenvironments in the development and selection of T-cells, this technique also underpins further experimental approaches that include the reconstitution of alymphoid thymus lobes in vitro with defined haemopoietic elements, the transplantation of alymphoid thymuses into recipient mice, and the formation of reaggregate thymus organ cultures. (This article is based on work first reported Methods in Molecular Biology 2007, Vol. 380 pages 185-196).

This video demonstrates the dissection and removal of the fetal thymus as well the preparation of ex vivo cultures of 2-dGuo-treated thymus.

2 dGuo - 치료 Thymus 오르간 문화의 준비

In the thymus, interactions between developing T-cell precursors and stromal cells that include cortical and medullary epithelial cells are known to play ...

Protocol for Culturing Sympathetic Neurons from Rat Superior Cervical Ganglia (SCG)

The superior cervical ganglia (SCG) in rats are small, glossy, almond-shaped structures that contain sympathetic neurons.  These neurons provide sympathetic innervations for the head and neck regions and they constitute a well-characterized and relatively homogeneous population (4).  Sympathetic neurons are dependent on nerve growth factor (NGF) for survival, differentiation and axonal growth and the wide-spread availability of NGF facilitates their culture and experimental manipulation (2, 3, 6).  For these reasons, cultured sympathetic neurons have been used in a wide variety of studies including neuronal development and differentiation, mechanisms of programmed and pathological cell death, and signal transduction (1, 2, 5, and 6).  Dissecting out the SCG from newborn rats and culturing sympathetic neurons is not very complicated and can be mastered fairly quickly.  In this article, we will describe in detail how to dissect out the SCG from newborn rat pups and to use them to establish cultures of sympathetic neurons.  The article will also describe the preparatory steps and the various reagents and equipment that are needed to achieve this.

Protocol for Culturing Sympathetic Neurons from Rat Superior Cervical Ganglia SCG

This is a protocol describing how to isolate and culture primary sympathetic neurons from superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of newborn rat pups.

쥐 우수한 자궁암 신경 (SCG)에서 Culturing 교감 신경에 대한 프로토콜

The superior cervical ganglia (SCG) in rats are small, glossy, almond-shaped structures that contain sympathetic neurons.  These neurons provide ...

Preparation of Aplysia Sensory-motor Neuronal Cell Cultures

The nervous system of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica is relatively simple, consisting of approximately 20,000 neurons. The neurons are large (up to 1 mm in diameter) and identifiable, with distinct sizes, shapes, positions and pigmentations, and the cell bodies are externally exposed in five paired ganglia distributed throughout the body of the animal. These properties have allowed investigators to delineate the circuitry underlying specific behaviors in the animal1. The monosynaptic connection between sensory and motor neurons is a central component of the gill-withdrawal reflex in the animal, a simple defensive reflex in which the animal withdraws its gill in response to tactile stimulation of the siphon. This reflex undergoes forms of non-associative and associative learning, including sensitization, habituation and classical conditioning. Of particular benefit to the study of synaptic plasticity, the sensory-motor synapse can be reconstituted in culture, where well-characterized stimuli elicit forms of plasticity that have direct correlates in the behavior of the animal2,3. Specifically, application of serotonin produces a synaptic strengthening that, depending on the application protocol, lasts for minutes (short-term facilitation), hours (intermediate-term facilitation) or days (long-term facilitation). In contrast, application of the peptide transmitter FMRFamide produces a synaptic weakening or depression that, depending on the application protocol, can last from minutes to days (long-term depression). The large size of the neurons allows for repeated sharp electrode recording of synaptic strength over periods of days together with microinjection of expression vectors, siRNAs and other compounds to target specific signaling cascades and molecules and thereby identify the molecular and cell biological steps that underlie the changes in synaptic efficacy.
An additional advantage of the Aplysia culture system comes from the fact that the neurons demonstrate synapse-specificity in culture4,5. Thus, sensory neurons do not form synapses with themselves (autapses) or with other sensory neurons, nor do they form synapses with non-target identified motor neurons in culture. The varicosities, sites of synaptic contact between sensory and motor neurons, are large enough (2-7 microns in diameter) to allow synapse formation (as well as changes in synaptic morphology) with target motor neurons to be studied at the light microscopic level.
In this video, we demonstrate each step of preparing sensory-motor neuron cultures, including anesthetizing adult and juvenile Aplysia, dissecting their ganglia, protease digestion of the ganglia, removal of the connective tissue by microdissection, identification of both sensory and motor neurons and removal of each cell type by microdissection, plating of the motor neuron, addition of the sensory neuron and manipulation of the sensory neurite to form contact with the cultured motor neuron.

Preparation of Aplysia Sensory-motor Neuronal Cell Cultures

Primary cultures of Aplysia sensory-motor neurons provide a model preparation for studying synapse formation and synaptic plasticity in vitro. This video demonstrates the identification and microdissection of sensory and motor neurons from Aplysia ganglia as well as the methods for establishing and maintaining sensory-motor neurons in culture.

의 준비 Aplysia 감각 - 모터의 연결을 셀 문화

The nervous system of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica is relatively simple, consisting of approximately 20,000 neurons.  The neurons are large (up ...

Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine and biopharmaceutical applications. Currently, optimal culture and efficient expansion of large amounts of clinical-grade hPSCs are critical issues in hPSC-based therapies. Conventionally, hPSCs are propagated as colonies on both feeder and feeder-free culture systems. However, these methods have several major limitations, including low cell yields and generation of heterogeneously differentiated cells. To improve current hPSC culture methods, we have recently developed a new method, which is based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) culture of dissociated single cells. Here, we present detailed NCM protocols based on the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632. We also provide new information regarding NCM culture with different small molecules such as Y-39983 (ROCK I inhibitor), phenylbenzodioxane (ROCK II inhibitor), and thiazovivin (a novel ROCK inhibitor). We further extend our basic protocol to cultivate hPSCs on defined extracellular proteins such as the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521) without the use of ROCK inhibitors. Moreover, based on NCM, we have demonstrated efficient transfection or transduction of plasmid DNAs, lentiviral particles, and oligonucleotide-based microRNAs into hPSCs in order to genetically modify these cells for molecular analyses and drug discovery. The NCM-based methods overcome the major shortcomings of colony-type culture, and thus may be suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs for future clinical therapies, stem cell research, and drug discovery.

Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) growth of dissociated single cells. This new method, utilizing Rho-associated kinase inhibitors or the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521), is suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs, genetic manipulation, and drug discovery.

인간 다 능성에 대한 대안 문화는 전지 생산, 유지 보수 및 유전 분석을 줄기

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine and biopharmaceutical applications. Currently, optimal culture and ...

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Lateral root development contributes significantly to the root system, and hence is crucial for plant growth. The study of lateral root initiation is however tedious, because it occurs only in a few cells inside the root and in an unpredictable manner. To circumvent this problem, a Lateral Root Inducible System (LRIS) has been developed. By treating seedlings consecutively with an auxin transport inhibitor and a synthetic auxin, highly controlled lateral root initiation occurs synchronously in the primary root, allowing abundant sampling of a desired developmental stage. The LRIS has first been developed for Arabidopsis thaliana, but can be applied to other plants as well. Accordingly, it has been adapted for use in maize (Zea mays). A detailed overview of the different steps of the LRIS in both plants is given. The combination of this system with comparative transcriptomics made it possible to identify functional homologs of Arabidopsis lateral root initiation genes in other species as illustrated here for the CYCLIN B1;1 (CYCB1;1) cell cycle gene in maize. Finally, the principles that need to be taken into account when an LRIS is developed for other plant species are discussed.

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

The Lateral Root Inducible System (LRIS) allows for synchronous induction of lateral roots and is presented for Arabidopsis thaliana and maize.

의 측면 루트 유도 성 시스템<em&gt; 애기 장대</em&gt;과 옥수수

Lateral root development contributes significantly to the root system, and hence is crucial for plant growth. The study of lateral root initiation is ...

Divergence of Root Microbiota in Different Habitats based on Weighted Correlation Networks

The root microbiome plays an important role in plant growth and environmental adaptation. Network analysis is an important tool for studying communities, which can effectively explore the interaction relationship or co-occurrence model of different microbial species in different environments. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide details on how to use the weighted correlation network algorithm to analyze different co-occurrence networks that may occur in microbial communities due to different ecological environments. All analysis of the experiment is performed in the WGCNA package. WGCNA is an R package for weighted correlation network analysis. The experimental data used to demonstrate these methods were microbial community data from the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) database for three niches of the rice (Oryza sativa) root system. We used the weighted correlation network algorithm to construct co-abundance networks of microbial community in each of the three niches. Then, differential co-abundance networks among endosphere, rhizoplane and rhizosphere soil were identified. In addition, the core genera in network were obtained by the "WGCNA" package, which plays an important regulated role in network functions. These methods enable researchers to analyze the response of microbial network to environmental disturbance and verify different microbial ecological response theories. The results of these methods show that the significant differential microbial networks identified in the endosphere, rhizoplane and rhizosphere soil of rice.

Network analysis was applied to evaluate the association of various ecological microbial communities, such as soil, water and rhizosphere. Presented here is a protocol on how to use the WGCNA algorithm to analyze different co-occurrence networks that may occur in the microbial communities due to different ecological environments.

가중 상관 관계 네트워크에 따라 다른 서식지에서 루트 미생물의 발산

The root microbiome plays an important role in plant growth and environmental adaptation. Network analysis is an important tool for studying communities, ...

An Improved Chemotaxis Assay for the Rapid Identification of Rhizobacterial Chemoattractants in Root Exudates

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward method to quickly identify the chemoattractants that could induce the chemotactic movement of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria on sterile glass slides via simple steps. Bacteria solution (OD600 = 0.5) and sterile chemoattractant aqueous solution were added dropwise on the glass slide at an interval of 1 cm. An inoculating loop was used to connect the chemoattractant aqueous solution to the bacterial solution. The slide was kept at room temperature for 20 min on the clean bench. Finally, the chemoattractant aqueous solution was collected for bacterial counting and microscopic observation. In this study, through multiple comparisons of experimental results, the method overcame multiple shortcomings of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods. The method reduced the error of plate counting and shortened the experimental cycle. For the identification of chemoattractant substances, this new method can save 2-3 days compared to the traditional method. Additionally, this method allows any researcher to systematically complete a bacterial chemotaxis experiment within 1-2 days. The protocol can be considered a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

Here, we present an improved chemotaxis assay protocol. The goal of this protocol is to reduce the steps and costs of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods and to serve as a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

루트 엑수데이트에서 뿌리 균 화학 물질의 신속 한 식별에 대 한 향상 된 화학 분석

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward ...