Research supported by FWO postdoctoral fellowship to AVdJ. The authors would like to thank Leen Van Aerschot and Ilse Bloemen for their technical support.

All protocols have been reviewed and approved by the animal experiments committee of the University of Leuven, Belgium, and were carried out in accordance with the European Community Council Directive (86/609/EEC).
1. Equipment, Apparatus, and Room Set Up:
<ol>
	<li>Prepare a Crawley&#39;s three-chamber box23 which consists of three chambers (19 x 45 cm, height 30 cm) with transparent dividing walls allowing free access to each chamber.</li>
	<li>Utilize two food cups made from transparent plastic (diameter of 3.8 cm, height of 3.2 cm) and place them inside fitting food cup holders consisting of a metal ramp (10x10 cm, height 7 cm), with a center hole fitting the food cups.</li>
	<li>Use a wire cup-like container large enough to hold a mouse (diameter of 12 cm, height 10 cm). Place it in the middle chamber for the demonstrator in phase 6.</li>
	<li>Clean the apparatus after each trial with 70% ethanol to prevent olfactory traces between mice and let it dry out. 
	NOTE: Behavioral testing is preferably done between 9:00 am and 6:00 pm. General room lighting in the apparatus and experimental room is 650 lux. Use a video-tracking software program to record mouse activity.</li>
</ol>
2. Flavored Food Preparation:
<ol>
	<li>Take regular food chow pellets and add 2% of celery or paprika. Mix the food well and put it in food containers for further use.</li>
</ol>
3. Motivational Phase (day 1-2):
<ol>
	<li>Put all rodents on a 23-h, food-deprivation schedule, receiving their regular chow for 1 h/day for two consecutive days in a room with a 12 h light/dark cycle with ad libitum access to water. Turn the light on 8 am. 
	NOTE: In the original protocol, during the priming phase, each demonstrator was provided, for 1 h, with food containing a novel flavor. We gave the demonstrators the flavored-food already during their 1 h feeding time, so in total 2 h instead of the original 1 h is used.</li>
	<li>For the demonstrator mouse, use a mouse of the same background, age, gender and weight, without any prior contact (not littermates) with the subject / observer mouse. 
	NOTE: The same demonstrator mice may be used between social transmission trials.</li>
</ol>
4. Buried Cookie Test (day 3):
<ol>
	<li>Before starting the STFP procedure, evaluate the olfactory function of the subjects using the buried cookie test20. Bury a chocolate chip cookie approximately 1 cm beneath the surface in a random corner of a clean individual housing cage.</li>
	<li>Next, place the observer mouse into the cage and record the latency to find the cookie with a 15 min cut-off. Do not let the mouse eat the cookie. 
	NOTE: This simple test can rule out olfaction detection deficits and prevent time-consuming unnecessary STFP testing.</li>
</ol>
5. Habituation Phase (day 3):
<ol>
	<li>Separate the right and left compartments by lowering the walls.</li>
	<li>Put two food containers, filled with food pellets (regular food chow) in each corner of the three-chamber-apparatus.</li>
	<li>Gently place the observer mouse in the center chamber.</li>
	<li>Let the subject mouse habituate to the apparatus for 10 min.</li>
	<li>After 10 min, open the sliding doors and let the subject mouse freely explore the whole apparatus for 10 min. 
	NOTE: Mice should remain on a food-deprived schedule during this phase.</li>
</ol>
6. Social Transmission Phase (day 4):
<ol>
	<li>Separate the right and left compartments by lowering the walls.</li>
	<li>Put a demonstrator mouse inside a wire containment cup, and place it in the center chamber. On the lid of the wire cup facing the mounted camera, write the abbreviation of the food which the demonstrator has been cued with.</li>
	<li>Gently put the subject mouse in the center chamber and let it freely explore the demonstrator for 30 min, while recording the duration (s) and number of contacts between the subject mouse and the containment cup housing the demonstrator mouse (within an area of 5 cm around the cup).</li>
</ol>
7. Food Preference Test Phase:
<ol>
	<li>Prepare two food pots for each mouse. Weigh each mouse and label it with observer ID and flavor.</li>
	<li>Remove the wall dividers and place the two food containers, filled with either chow containing the cued or a novel (uncued) food, in each corner of the three-chamber- apparatus (Figure 2).</li>
	<li>Gently place the subject mouse in the middle chamber and let it freely explore the whole arena for 120 min, while recording the duration (s) and number of contacts between the subject mouse and both the food cups (within an area of 5 cm around the cups).</li>
	<li>Measure the food preference by weighing the remaining food (g).</li>
	<li>If spillage occurs, put all food back into the food cup and weigh it together with the remaining food in the food cup. Spillage inside the middle chamber should be disregarded.</li>
</ol>
8. Statistical Analysis:
<ol>
	<li>Use a video-tracking program to evaluate the mouse behavior including the number of approaches, duration of approaches between subject and demonstrator mouse during phase 6 and the time that the observer mouse spent with both food cups during phase 7.</li>
	<li>Calculate the percentage of time spent within the proximity of the cued and uncued food, and the percentage of the eaten cued and uncued food.</li>
	<li>Analyze the data by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Nordin, S., Murphy, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odor+memory+in+normal+aging+and+Alzheimer's+disease.">Odor memory in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease.</a> Ann Ny Acad Sci. 855, 686-693 (1998).</li><li>Devanand, D. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+deficits+in+patients+with+mild+cognitive+impairment+predict+Alzheimer's+disease+at+follow-up.">Olfactory deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment predict Alzheimer's disease at follow-up.</a> Am J Psychiat. 157 (9), 1399-1405 (2000).</li><li>Peters, J. M., Hummel, T., Kratzsch, T., L&#246;tsch, J., Skarke, C., Fr&#246;lich, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+function+in+mild+cognitive+impairment+and+Alzheimer's+disease:+an+investigation+using+psychophysical+and+electrophysiological+techniques.">Olfactory function in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: an investigation using psychophysical and electrophysiological techniques.</a> Am J Psychiat. 160 (11), 1995-2002 (2003).</li><li>Bahar-Fuchs, A., Moss, S., Rowe, C., Savage, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Awareness+of+olfactory+deficits+in+healthy+aging,+amnestic+mild+cognitive+impairment+and+Alzheimer's+disease.">Awareness of olfactory deficits in healthy aging, amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.</a> Int Psychogeriatr. 23 (7), 1097-1106 (2011).</li><li>Serby, M., Larson, P., Kalkstein, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nature+and+course+of+olfactory+deficits+in+Alzheimer's+disease.">The nature and course of olfactory deficits in Alzheimer's disease.</a> Am J Psychiat. 148 (3), 357-360 (1991).</li><li>Hidalgo, J., Chopard, G., Galmiche, J., Jacquot, L., Brand, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Just+noticeable+difference+in+olfaction:+discriminative+tool+between+healthy+elderly+andpatients+with+cognitive+disorders+associated+with+dementia.">Just noticeable difference in olfaction: discriminative tool between healthy elderly andpatients with cognitive disorders associated with dementia.</a> Rhinology. 49 (5), 513-518 (2011).</li><li>S&#225;nchez-Andrade, G., James, B. M., Kendrick, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+encoding+of+olfactory+recognition+memory.">Neural encoding of olfactory recognition memory.</a> J Reprod Develop. 51 (5), 547-558 (2005).</li><li>Galef, B. G., Wigmore, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transfer+of+information+concerning+distant+foods:+A+laboratory+investigation+of+the+'information-centre'+hypothesis.">Transfer of information concerning distant foods: A laboratory investigation of the 'information-centre' hypothesis.</a> Anim Behav. 31, 748-758 (1983).</li><li>Galef, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+interaction+modifies+learned+aversions,+sodium+appetite,+and+both+palatability+and+handling-time+induced+dietary+preference+in+rats+(Rattus+norvegicus).">Social interaction modifies learned aversions, sodium appetite, and both palatability and handling-time induced dietary preference in rats (Rattus norvegicus).</a> J Comp Psychol. 100 (4), 432-439 (1986).</li><li>Galef, B. G., Kennett, D. J., Stein, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Demonstrator+influence+on+observer+diet+preference:+Effects+of+simple+exposure+and+the+presence+of+a+demonstrator.">Demonstrator influence on observer diet preference: Effects of simple exposure and the presence of a demonstrator.</a> Anim Learn Behav. 13, 25-30 (1985).</li><li>Galef, B. G., Kennett, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+mechanisms+for+social+transmission+of+diet+preference+in+rat+pups+of+different+ages.">Different mechanisms for social transmission of diet preference in rat pups of different ages.</a> Dev Psychobiol. 20 (2), 209-215 (1987).</li><li>Galef, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enduring+social+enhancement+of+rats'+preferences+for+the+palatable+and+the+piquant.">Enduring social enhancement of rats' preferences for the palatable and the piquant.</a> Appetite. 13, 81-92 (1989).</li><li>Bunsey, M., Eichenbaum, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+damage+to+the+hippocampal+region+blocks+long-term+retention+of+a+natural+and+nonspatial+stimulus-stimulus+association.">Selective damage to the hippocampal region blocks long-term retention of a natural and nonspatial stimulus-stimulus association.</a> Hippocampus. 5 (6), 546-556 (1995).</li><li>Mayeux-Portas, V., File, S. E., Stewart, C. L., Morris, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mice+lacking+the+cell+adhesion+molecule+Thy-1+fail+to+use+socially+transmitted+cues+to+direct+their+choice+of+food.">Mice lacking the cell adhesion molecule Thy-1 fail to use socially transmitted cues to direct their choice of food.</a> Curr Biol. 10 (2), 68-75 (2000).</li><li>McFarlane, H. G., Kusek, G. K., Yang, M., Phoenix, J. L., Bolivar, V. J., Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autism-like+behavioral+phenotypes+in+BTBR+T+tf/J+mice.">Autism-like behavioral phenotypes in BTBR T+tf/J mice.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 7 (2), 152-163 (2008).</li><li>Van der Jeugd, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+tauopathy+in+tau+transgenic+mice+coincides+with+impaired+hippocampus-dependent+learning+and+memory,+and+attenuated+late-phase+long-term+depression+of+synaptic+transmission.">Hippocampal tauopathy in tau transgenic mice coincides with impaired hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, and attenuated late-phase long-term depression of synaptic transmission.</a> Neurobiol Learn Mem. 95 (3), 296-304 (2011).</li><li>Koss, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutant+Tau+knock-in+mice+display+frontotemporal+dementia+relevant+behaviour+and+histopathology.">Mutant Tau knock-in mice display frontotemporal dementia relevant behaviour and histopathology.</a> Neurobiol Dis. 91, 105-123 (2016).</li><li>Vale-Mart&#237;nez, A., Baxter, M. G., Eichenbaum, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+lesions+of+basal+forebrain+cholinergic+neurons+produce+anterograde+and+retrograde+deficits+in+a+social+transmission+of+food+preference+task+in+rats.">Selective lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons produce anterograde and retrograde deficits in a social transmission of food preference task in rats.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 16 (6), 983-998 (2002).</li><li>Ross, R. S., McGaughy, J., Eichenbaum, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acetylcholine+in+the+orbitofrontal+cortex+is+necessary+for+the+acquisition+of+a+socially+transmittedfood+preference.">Acetylcholine in the orbitofrontal cortex is necessary for the acquisition of a socially transmittedfood preference.</a> Learn Memory. 12 (3), 302-306 (2005).</li><li>Mu, Y., Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+Behavioral+Assessment+of+Mouse+Olfaction.">Simple Behavioral Assessment of Mouse Olfaction.</a> Curr Protoc Neurosci. 8, 24-34 (2009).</li><li>Hardy, J. A., Higgins, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alzheimer's+disease:+the+amyloid+cascade+hypothesis.">Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis.</a> Science. 256 (5054), 184-185 (1992).</li><li>Radde, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ABeta42+driven+cerebral+amyloidosis+in+transgenic+mice+reveals+early+and+robust+pathology.">ABeta42 driven cerebral amyloidosis in transgenic mice reveals early and robust pathology.</a> EMBO Rep. 7 (9), 940-946 (2006).</li><li>Nadler, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+apparatus+for+quantification+of+social+behaviors+in+mice.">Automated apparatus for quantification of social behaviors in mice.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 3 (5), 303-314 (2004).</li><li>Galef, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imitation+in+animals:+history,+definition,+and+interpretation+of+data+from+the+psychological+laboratory.">Imitation in animals: history, definition, and interpretation of data from the psychological laboratory.</a> Social learning: psychological and biological perspectives. , (1988).</li><li>Pulliam, H. R., Melgren, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+theory+of+gene-culture+co-evolution+in+a+variable+environment.">On the theory of gene-culture co-evolution in a variable environment.</a> Animal cognition and behavior. , 427-443 (1983).</li><li>Wrenn, C. C., Harris, A. P., Saavedra, M. C., Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+transmission+of+food+preference+in+mice:+Methodology+and+application+to+galanin-overexpressing+transgenic+mice.">Social transmission of food preference in mice: Methodology and application to galanin-overexpressing transgenic mice.</a> Behav Neurosci. 117 (1), 21-31 (2003).</li><li>Singh, A., Kumar, S., Singh, V. P., Das, A., Balaji, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flavor+Dependent+Retention+of+Remote+Food+Preference+Memory.">Flavor Dependent Retention of Remote Food Preference Memory.</a> Front Behav Neurosci. 2 (11), 7-17 (2017).</li><li>Kazdoba, T. M., Leach, P. T., Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotypes+of+genetic+mouse+models+of+autism.">Behavioral phenotypes of genetic mouse models of autism.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 15 (1), 7-26 (2006).</li><li>Riedel, G., Kang, S. H., Choi, D. Y., Platt, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scopolamine-induced+deficits+in+social+memory+in+mice:+reversal+by+donepezil.">Scopolamine-induced deficits in social memory in mice: reversal by donepezil.</a> Behav Brain Res. 204 (1), 217-225 (2009).</li><li>Naert, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioural+alterations+relevant+to+developmental+brain+disorders+in+mice+with+neonatallyinduced+ventral+hippocampal+lesions.">Behavioural alterations relevant to developmental brain disorders in mice with neonatallyinduced ventral hippocampal lesions.</a> Brain Res Bull. 94, 71-81 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

An animal behavioral repertoire can be broadly tracked back to four basic reasons, locating food and water, avoiding predators, socially interacting, and reproducing. Implementation of a behavioral pattern produced by one individual of a social group that directly promotes adoption and exhibition by another is coined social transmission24. This kind of behavior can profoundly impact a species&#39; ecology because behavior initiated by (some) individual(s) may quickly extend out to others in the so...

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from normal aging groups1,2,3,4. A range of neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by disturbances in olfactory recognition and memory, including AD and Parkinson&#39;s5,6. Several behavioral tests and protocols have been established to assess olfactory recognition and discrimination in animal models7. As such, translational research using appropriate and validated animal models and tests for olfactory memory may advance better diagnosis and treatment for neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, the social transmission of food preference (STFP) test that was originally invented in the early 80&#39;s8 was adapted. In this task, animals are evaluated on their innate ability to learn about food safety from their conspecifics. Underlying select-reject decision, processes involve assessment of the sensory characteristics of the food and an animal must be able to review and ingrate different features (i.e., taste and odor).
The STFP test consists of a rather simple phenomenon: after interaction of the naive &#39;observer&#39; rodent with a &#39;demonstrator&#39; that previously consumed a food, the observer normally demonstrates a greater preference for this food8,9,10. Analyzing necessary conditions resulting in this preference, showed that direct subject &#8211; demonstrator exposure (eaten or dusted with a food) is enough to boost the observer&#39;s preference. However, purely smelling nor eating a food are not sufficient to induce this type of preference11,12.
The STFP protocol consists of four steps over five days. The first step consists of increasing the motivation of the animals to make them eat a novel food. To do so, all rodents are put on a 23-h, food-deprivation schedule, receiving regular chow for 1 h/day for two consecutive days. In the second step, the priming phase, each demonstrator is provided for 1 h with food containing a novel flavor (chow mixed with either cocoa or cinnamon in the original experiments). In the third step, the social interaction phase, each demonstrator is placed into the cage of a subject observer rodent for 30 min. In the fourth step, 24 h after the social interaction, each subject is offered the choice of both flavored diets. The observer&#39;s intake of both foods and preference percentages of both diets eaten by the subject are assessed.
Selective neurotoxic lesions of hippocampus-subiculum are shown to impair performance on this task13. Also, mutations affecting hippocampal function in mice have been reported to prevent food preferences14,15,16,17. Importantly, STFP performance does not exclusively rely on proper hippocampal functioning. It was reported in several pharmacological, genetic manipulations, and lesion studies that other brain structures beside hippocampus may play a role in mediating different aspects of socially-induced diet choice learning and memory. For instance, cholinergic neurons of the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band or nucleus basalis magnocellularis/substantia innominata are suggested to possess different roles in acquiring and retrieving non-spatial social memory of olfactory cues18. Furthermore, orbitofrontal cortex has been implicated in odor-guided learning, and cholinergic depletion of the entire neocortex resulted in STFP deficits, indicating that these brain regions are essential for this type of associative learning19.
Possible confounding factors were avoided as much as possible, such as spreading of the odors or dragging of the food outside the cups. An additional habituation step to the apparatus and a supplementary test before the actual STFP task were added, to assess if the rodents can actually smell and are willing to eat novel foods, the buried cookie test20. Also, by including automated video-tracking, the time spent exploring both the demonstrator during the social interaction as well as the food during the test phase could also be measured. The exploration of the path for each subject is recorded using a camera connected to a video tracking-software equipped computer. As such, different aspects of exploration performance, such as time in each zone, and number of zone visits can be calculated. This gives more detailed information about the animals&#39; activity during the test phase, besides the amount of consumed food as in the original STFP protocol.
In previous experiments with an AD mouse model, the THY-Tau22 model, it was found that impairment in this STFP memory from the age of 9-10 months could be picked up, and these co-occurred with deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and tau pathology in the hippocampus16. Since tau pathology occurs late in disease progression, according to the amyloid cascade hypothesis after the disposition of amyloidal plaques21, it was hypothesized that STFP deficits could be detected at an earlier age in amyloid transgenic mice. Therefore, the STFP test was applied in 3 months old APP/PS1 mice22, the most common used model of AD. This type of socially-induced food choice was indeed found to be impaired in the APP/PS1 mice. It is important that these mice, at least at this age, were devoid of general olfactory, locomotor, or social exploration impairments. To conclude, olfactory recognition dysfunction could be an important early screening method for AD in humans and mice alike. This reliable, cheap and easy screening for early AD could be useful for therapeutic research. If we could screen for early AD more effectively, we could interfere earlier on in the disease process.

<table><tbody><tr><td>3-chamber apparatus</td><td>custom made</td><td></td><td>19 x 45 cm, height 30 cm</td></tr><tr><td>wire cages to hold mouse</td><td>custom made</td><td></td><td>diameter of 12 cm, height 10 cm</td></tr><tr><td>ramp to hold food cup</td><td>custom made</td><td></td><td>10 x 10 cm, height 7 cm</td></tr><tr><td>food cups</td><td>sunlessbody via ebay</td><td>http://www.ebay.com.au/itm/Plastic-Sample-Jars-Pots-Cups-Containers-with-Hinged-Lid-x-200-Small-25ml-/251708415240</td><td>diameter of 3.8 cm, height 3.2 cm</td></tr><tr><td>lux meter</td><td>Volcraft</td><td>BL-10 L 0 - 40000 lx</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paprika herb</td><td>Delhaize</td><td>ID:716703</td><td>Gemalen paprika,| 40 g</td></tr><tr><td>celery herb</td><td>Delhaize</td><td>ID:716301</td><td>Selderzout, 57 g</td></tr><tr><td>vide-tracking software</td><td>Ethovision (Noldus)</td><td>http://www.noldus.com/animal-behavior-research/products/ethovision-xt</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>ANYmaze (Stoelting)</td><td>https://www.stoeltingco.com/any-maze-video-tracking-software-1218.html</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

assessment of social transmission of food preferences behaviors

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy aging groups. For example, olfactory dysfunction in AD can present as impairment in olfactory recognition, emerging during early stages of the disease and worsening while the disease progresses. The social transmission of food preferences (STFP) task is based on a rudimentary form of communication between rodents concerning distant foods dependent on the transmission of olfactory cues. Healthy wild-type mice would prefer to eat a novel, flavored food that was previously cued by a conspecific, and this food preference would be hampered in transgenic AD mice, such as the APP/PS1 model. Indeed, a strong preference for the cued food in C57Bl6/J mice of 3 months of age was found, and this was reduced in 3 months old transgenic APP/PS1 mice. In summary, STFP task could be a powerful measure to be integrated in present subclinical detection assays of AD.

An example of the social exploration phase is shown in Figure 1A-B. This phase allows estimation of social exploration of the subject mouse with the demonstrator mouse that just consumed a flavored food. In the original protocol, mice were allowed to explore each other freely. In the protocol described in this paper, the demonstrator mouse was contained in a wire cup allowing nose and ano-genital contact. Also, the arena where the mice encoun...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors at JoVE.com

Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

This paper presents a protocol for the investigation of social transmission of food preference in mice. The advantages and possible applications for this procedure, for instance, in detecting early changes in AD mouse models, are highlighted. To conclude, interpretation of the results in light of critical details are discussed.

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy ...

assessment-of-social-transmission-of-food-preferences-behaviors

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Behavior

Unit 1

DNA Replication and Repair

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

7.9K Views.  KU Leuven. Dit document stelt een protocol voor het onderzoek naar sociale transmissie van voedsel voorkeur in muizen. De voordelen en mogelijke toepassingen voor deze procedure bijvoorbeeld worden bij de opsporing van vroege wijzigingen in AD muismodellen, gemarkeerd. Tot slot, de interpretatie van de resultaten in het licht van kritische details worden besproken.

Video: Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors

Social interactions are a fundamental and adaptive component of the biology of numerous species. Social recognition is critical for the structure and stability of the networks and relationships that define societies. For animals, such as mice, recognition of conspecifics may be important for maintaining social hierarchy and for mate choice 1.
A variety of neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by disruptions in social behavior and social recognition, including depression, autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and schizophrenia. Studies of humans as well as animal models (e.g., Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus) have identified genes involved in the regulation of social behavior 2. To assess sociability in animal models, several behavioral tests have been developed (reviewed in 3). Integrative research using animal models and appropriate tests for social behavior may lead to the development of improved treatments for social psychopathologies.
The three-chamber paradigm test known as Crawley's sociability and preference for social novelty protocol has been successfully employed to study social affiliation and social memory in several inbred and mutant mouse lines (e.g. 4-7). The main principle of this test is based on the free choice by a subject mouse to spend time in any of three box's compartments during two experimental sessions, including indirect contact with one or two mice with which it is unfamiliar. To quantitate social tendencies of the experimental mouse, the main tasks are to measure a) the time spent with a novel conspecific and b) preference for a novel vs. a familiar conspecific. Thus, the experimental design of this test allows evaluation of two critical but distinguishable aspects of social behavior, such as social affiliation/motivation, as well as social memory and novelty. "Sociability" in this case is defined as propensity to spend time with another mouse, as compared to time spent alone in an identical but empty chamber 7. "Preference for social novelty" is defined as propensity to spend time with a previously unencountered mouse rather than with a familiar mouse 7. This test provides robust results, which then must be carefully analyzed, interpreted and supported/confirmed by alternative sociability tests. In addition to specific applications, Crawley's sociability test can be included as an important component of general behavioral screen of mutant mice.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for examination of sociability in mice by using Crawley's sociability and preference for social novelty test. We describe the advantages and possible applications for this procedure, including critical details important for correct interpretation of the results.

Social interactions are a fundamental and adaptive component of the biology of numerous species. Social recognition is critical for the structure and ...

Neuroscience

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including autism. Behavior analytic interventions for the treatment of feeding difficulties oftentimes include escape extinction as a primary component of treatment. The use of escape extinction, while effective, may be problematic as it is also associated with the emergence of challenging behavior (e.g., extinction burst). Such challenging behavior may be an acceptable side effect in treatment cases where feeding problems are severe and chronic (e.g., failure to thrive). However, in more acute cases (e.g., selective eating), the negative side effect may be unwarranted and undesired. More recent research on the behavioral treatment of food selectivity has begun to evaluate treatments for feeding difficulties that do not include escape extinction (e.g., demand fading, behavioral momentum), with some success. However, research to date reveals individual differences in responsiveness to such treatments and no clear preferable treatment has emerged. This manuscript describes a multi-component treatment package that includes shaping, sequential presentation and simultaneous presentation, for the treatment of food selectivity in four young children with developmental delays. This treatment package extends the literature on the behavioral treatment for food selectivity and offers a multi-component treatment protocol that may be clinically applicable across a range of treatment scenarios and settings.

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

Hyponeophagia: A Measure of Anxiety in the Mouse

Before the present day, when fast-acting and potent rodenticides such as alpha-chloralose were not yet in use, the work of pest controllers was often hampered by a phenomenon known as "bait shyness". Mice and rats cannot vomit, due to the tightness of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach, so to overcome the problem of potential food toxicity they have evolved a strategy of first ingesting only very small amounts of novel substances. The amounts ingested then gradually increase until the animal has determined whether the substance is safe and nutritious. So the old rat-catchers would first put a palatable substance such as oatmeal, which was to be the vehicle for the toxin, in the infested area. Only when large amounts were being readily consumed would they then add the poison, in amounts calculated not to affect the taste of the vehicle. The poisoned bait, which the animals were now readily eating in large amounts, would then swiftly perform its function.
Bait shyness is now used in the behavioural laboratory as a way of measuring anxiety. A highly palatable but novel substance, such as sweet corn, nuts or sweetened condensed milk, is offered to the mice (or rats) in a novel situation, such as a new cage. The latency to consume a defined amount of the new food is then measured.
Robert M.J. Deacon can be reach at <a href="mailto:robert.deacon@psy.ox.ac.uk">robert.deacon@psy.ox.ac.uk</a>

Mice and rats, due to their innate cautiousness, are initially slow in consuming a novel food, particularly in a novel place. This hyponeophagia can readily be measured in the laboratory, even though laboratory animals are much less anxious than their wild counterparts

Before the present day, when fast-acting and potent rodenticides such as alpha-chloralose were not yet in use, the work of pest controllers was often ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to adulthood. The method, which is identical for children, adolescents, and adults, is of short duration (&#60; 15 min), does not rely on sustained attention or place demands on memory (which would yield spurious age differences), and minimizes the impact of language development, making this method amenable to the cognitive limitations of pediatric populations. In this whole-mouth tasting method, subjects are asked to taste (without swallowing) pairs of solutions of different sucrose concentrations and to point to the solution they prefer. Each subsequent pair contains the participant&#39;s preceding preferred concentration and an adjacent stimulus concentration. The procedure continues until the subject chooses either a given concentration of sucrose when paired with both a higher and a lower concentration, or the highest or lowest concentration two consecutive times. Subjects are prevented from reaching response criteria on the basis of first or second position bias by the two-series design of the method, which counterbalances the order of solution presentation within each pair between the series (the weaker concentration is presented first in Series 1, second in Series 2). The geometric mean of the two sucrose concentrations chosen in Series 1 and 2 is an estimate of the participant&#39;s most preferred level of sucrose. Sucrose preference as determined with this laboratory-based measure has been shown to be associated with preference for sugars in foods and beverages and with taste receptor genotype, family history of alcoholism, and race/ethnicity, as well as depressive symptomatology among pediatric populations. The method has real-world relevance and has been applied to determine most preferred level of other tastes (e.g., salt), making it a valuable psychophysical tool.

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

A System for Tracking the Dynamics of Social Preference Behavior in Small Rodents

Exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior requires behavioral tests that can be applied to animal models in an unbiased and observer-independent manner. Since the beginning of the millennium, the three-chamber test has been widely used as a standard paradigm to evaluate sociability (social preference) and social novelty preference in small rodents. However, this test suffers from multiple limitations, including its dependence on spatial navigation and negligence of behavioral dynamics. Presented and validated here is a novel experimental system that offers an alternative to the three-chamber test, while also solving some of its caveats. The system requires a simple and affordable experimental apparatus and publicly available open-source analysis system, which automatically measures and analyzes multiple behavioral parameters at individual and population levels. It allows detailed analysis of the behavioral dynamics of small rodents during any social discrimination test. We demonstrate the efficiency of the system in analyzing the dynamics of social behavior during the social preference and social novelty preference tests as performed by adult male mice and rats. Moreover, we validate the ability of the system to reveal modified dynamics of social behavior in rodents following manipulations such as whisker trimming. Thus, the system allows for rigorous investigation of social behavior and dynamics in small rodent models and supports more accurate comparisons between strains, conditions, and treatments.

Described here is a novel automated experimental system that offers an alternative to the three-chamber test and also solves several caveats. This system supplies multiple behavioral parameters that enable rigorous analysis of small rodent behavioral dynamics during the social preference and social novelty preference tests.

Exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior requires behavioral tests that can be applied to animal models in an unbiased and ...

Concept Development and Use of an Automated Food Intake and Eating Behavior Assessment Method

The vast majority of dietary and eating behavior assessment methods are based on self-reports. They are burdensome and also prone to measurement errors. Recent technological innovations allow for the development of more accurate and precise dietary and eating behavior assessment tools that require less effort for both the user and the researcher. Therefore, a new sensor-based device to assess food intake and eating behavior was developed. The device is a regular dining tray equipped with a video camera and three separate built-in weighing stations. The weighing stations measure the weight of the bowl, plate, and drinking cup continuously over the course of a meal. The video camera positioned to the face records eating behavior characteristics (chews, bites), which are analyzed using artificial intelligence (AI)-based automatic facial expression software. The tray weight and the video data are transported at real-time to a personal computer (PC) using a wireless receiver. The outcomes of interest, such as the amount eaten, eating rate and bite size, can be calculated by subtracting the data of these measures at the timepoints of interest. The information obtained by the current version of the tray can be used for research purposes, an upgraded version of the device would also facilitate the provision of more personalized advice on dietary intake and eating behavior. Contrary to the conventional dietary assessment methods, this dietary assessment device measures food intake directly within a meal and is not dependent on memory or the portion size estimation. Ultimately, this device is therefore suited for daily main meal food intake and eating behavior measures. In the future, this technology based dietary assessment method can be linked to health applications or smart watches to obtain a complete overview of exercise, energy intake, and eating behavior.

This protocol shows and explains a new technology-based dietary assessment method. The method consists of a dining tray with multiple built-in weighing scales and a video camera. The device is unique in the sense that it incorporates automated measures of food and drink intake and eating behavior over the course of a meal.

The vast majority of dietary and eating behavior assessment methods are based on self-reports. They are burdensome and also prone to measurement errors. ...

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival. The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to distinguish good food sources from potentially dangerous food sources. Gustation requires physical contact with a chemical compound which is able to signal through taste receptors that are expressed on the surface of neurons. In insects, these gustatory neurons can be located across the animal's body allowing taste to play an important role in many different behaviors. Insects typically prefer compounds containing sugars, while compounds that are considered bitter tasting are avoided. Given the basic biological importance of taste, there is intense interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this sensory modality. We describe an adult Drosophila taste assay which reflects the preference of the animals for a given tastant compound. This assay may be applied to animals of any genetic background to examine the taste preference for a desired soluble compound.

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Taste is an important sensory process which facilitates attraction to beneficial substances and avoidance of toxic substances. This protocol describes a simple ingestion assay for determining Drosophila gustatory preference for a given chemical compound.

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival.  The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to ...

A Rapid Food-Preference Assay in Drosophila

To select food with nutritional value while avoiding the consumption of harmful agents, animals need a sophisticated and robust taste system to evaluate their food environment. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a genetically tractable model organism that is widely used to decipher the molecular, cellular, and neural underpinnings of food preference. To analyze fly food preference, a robust feeding method is needed. Described here is a two-choice feeding assay, which is rigorous, cost-saving, and fast. The assay is Petri-dish-based and involves the addition of two different foods supplemented with blue or red dye to the two halves of the dish. Then, ~70 prestarved, 2-4-day-old flies are placed in the dish and&#160;allowed to choose between blue and red foods in the dark for about 90 min. Examination of the abdomen of each fly is followed by the calculation of the preference index. In contrast to multiwell plates, each Petri dish takes only ~20 s to fill and saves time and effort. This feeding assay can be employed to quickly determine whether flies like or dislike a particular food.

A Rapid Food-Preference Assay in Drosophila

We present a protocol for a two-choice feeding assay for flies. This feeding assay is fast and easy to run and is suitable not only for small-scale laboratory research, but also for high-throughput behavioral screens in flies.

To select food with nutritional value while avoiding the consumption of harmful agents, animals need a sophisticated and robust taste system to evaluate ...

Feeding Test: Assessment of Feeding Preferences in Drosophila melanogaster

Source: Bovier, T. F., et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/59535/" target="_blank">Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).
This video describes a feeding assay for fruit flies in which colored food is used to monitor feeding and the effect added compounds may have on feeding activity. The example protocol tests the effects of several endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC).

Source: Bovier, T. F., et al. Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).
This video describes a feeding assay ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Biology

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)

Adult

Taste Preference Assay: A Method for Measuring Feeding Behavior in Drosophila

Source: Bantel, A. P. and Tessier, C. R. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/54403/" target="_blank">Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).
This video describes the taste preference assay, a behavioral method used to measure attraction or avoidance towards colored solutions that taste differently by assessing the fly&#39;s abdominal coloration after ingestion of the preferred substance. The featured protocol demonstrates the procedure used to measure flies&#39; preference towards solutions of varying sucrose concentrations.

Source: Bantel, A. P. and Tessier, C. R. Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).
This video describes the taste preference ...

Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

Samenvatting

Meer video's verkennen