Chapter 13
Carboxylic Acids
Nomenklatura kwasów karboksylowych IUPAC
IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest ...
Właściwości fizyczne kwasów karboksylowych
Carboxylic acids with lower molecular weight exhibit a sharp and unpleasant odor. They also have higher boiling and melting points than analogous ...
Kwasowość kwasów karboksylowych
Carboxylic acids are the strongest organic acids. However, their acidic strength is much less than mineral acids like HCl. Carboxylic acids ionize in ...
Podstawniowy wpływ kwasów karboksylowych na kwasowość
The acidity of carboxylic acids is influenced by the nature of the substituents bounded to the functional group. The acid strength is determined by the ...
Spektroskopia IR i UV-VIS kwasów karboksylowych
In IR spectroscopy of carboxylic acids, the C=O bond shows a characteristic band between 1710 and 1760 cm⁻¹, and the O–H bond exhibits a ...
NMR i spektroskopia mas kwasów karboksylowych
In ¹H NMR spectroscopy, acidic protons (–COOH) of carboxylic acids are highly deshielded and absorb far downfield, at around 9–12 ppm. ...
Przygotowanie kwasów karboksylowych: przegląd
There are various methods for the preparation of carboxylic acids. For example, oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes using strong oxidizing agents ...
Otrzymywanie kwasów karboksylowych: hydroliza nitryli
Nitriles (R–CN) can be converted into carboxylic acids (R–COOH) upon treatment with aqueous acids, i.e., upon hydrolysis of nitriles. Under ...
Otrzymywanie kwasów karboksylowych: karboksylacja odczynników Grignarda
Carboxylic acids can be prepared by the carboxylation of Grignard reagents (RMgX). This method is convenient for converting alkyl (primary, secondary ...
Reakcje kwasów karboksylowych: wprowadzenie
Carboxylic acids possess an acidic –COOH functional group. The acidity can be attributed to the resonance stabilization of their conjugate ...
Kwasy karboksylowe do estrów: przegląd estryfikacji katalizowanej kwasem (Fischera)
The Fischer esterification reaction was developed by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1895. It is a condensation reaction between carboxylic acids ...
Kwasy karboksylowe do estrów: mechanizm estryfikacji katalizowany kwasem (Fischera)
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to yield esters via an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction called Fischer esterification. This is a ...
Kwasy karboksylowe do metylestrów: alkilowanie przy użyciu diazometanu
Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the ...
Kwasy karboksylowe do chlorków kwasowych
Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and ...
Kwasy karboksylowe do alkoholi pierwszorzędowych: redukcja wodorków
Carboxylic acids, upon reaction with strong reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride followed by hydrolysis, undergo reduction to form primary ...
Utrata grupy karboksylowej jako CO2: Dekarboksylacja β-ketokwasów
Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation ...
Utrata grupy karboksylowej jako CO2: Dekarboksylacja pochodnych kwasu malonowego
Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate ...
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