Imaging Analysis of Neuron to Glia Interaction in Microfluidic Culture Platform (MCP)-based Neuronal Axon and Glia Co-culture System

Podsumowanie

This study describes the procedures of setting up a novel neuronal axon and (astro)glia co-culture platform. In this co-culture system, manipulation of direct interaction between a single axon (and single glial cell) becomes feasible, allowing mechanistic analysis of the mutual neuron to glial signaling.

Streszczenie

Proper neuron to glia interaction is critical to physiological function of the central nervous system (CNS). This bidirectional communication is sophisticatedly mediated by specific signaling pathways between neuron and glia^1,2 . Identification and characterization of these signaling pathways is essential to the understanding of how neuron to glia interaction shapes CNS physiology. Previously, neuron and glia mixed cultures have been widely utilized for testing and characterizing signaling pathways between neuron and glia. What we have learned from these preparations and other in vivo tools, however, has suggested that mutual signaling between neuron and glia often occurred in specific compartments within neurons (i.e., axon, dendrite, or soma)³. This makes it important to develop a new culture system that allows separation of neuronal compartments and specifically examines the interaction between glia and neuronal axons/dendrites. In addition, the conventional mixed culture system is not capable of differentiating the soluble factors and direct membrane contact signals between neuron and glia. Furthermore, the large quantity of neurons and glial cells in the conventional co-culture system lacks the resolution necessary to observe the interaction between a single axon and a glial cell.

In this study, we describe a novel axon and glia co-culture system with the use of a microfluidic culture platform (MCP). In this co-culture system, neurons and glial cells are cultured in two separate chambers that are connected through multiple central channels. In this microfluidic culture platform, only neuronal processes (especially axons) can enter the glial side through the central channels. In combination with powerful fluorescent protein labeling, this system allows direct examination of signaling pathways between axonal/dendritic and glial interactions, such as axon-mediated transcriptional regulation in glia, glia-mediated receptor trafficking in neuronal terminals, and glia-mediated axon growth. The narrow diameter of the chamber also significantly prohibits the flow of the neuron-enriched medium into the glial chamber, facilitating probing of the direct membrane-protein interaction between axons/dendrites and glial surfaces.

Protokół

1. Assembly of the Microfluidic Culture Chamber (MCP)

1. MCP (Figure 1) are open chambers designed for compartmented cultures of different types of cells ⁴. It typically has two compartments that are connected through the central channels (3 μm in diameter). Assembly of MCP with glass-bottomed dishes is necessary for preparing cultures and subsequent imaging analysis.
2. First, coat sterile glass-bottomed dishes with Polyornithine (Sigma-Aldrich, 1 mg/ml) dissolved in sodium tetraborate (Sigma-Aldrich, 10 mM pH 8.5) and were incubated overnight at 37 °C.
3. On the following day, the coated glass-bottomed dishes were washed three times with ddH₂O and dried under the sterile fume hood. The glass-bottomed dishes were then further coated with laminin (Sigma-Aldrich, 1 mg/ml) and dried under UV light for 1 hour. Coated dishes are ready to use or can be stored at -20 °C until use. These coating are necessary for plating neurons and astrocytes in the co-culture.
4. To assemble the culture platform, microfluidic culture platforms were placed on top of the coated glass-bottomed dishes with central connecting channels on its bottom side to form a tight seal. Regular neuron or astrocyte culture mediums were added (from the cell plating areas) on both sides (Figure 1) into the assembled MCP and incubated for 2-4 hours at 37 °C, to ensure there is no leakage between MCP and the glass-bottomed dish. We have tested with medium before plating cells to ensure there is no leak. The assembly of MCP on the glass-bottomed dish should be freshly prepared before use.

2. Preparation of Neuronal Culture and Induction of Neuronal Axons in Assembled MCP

1. Cortical neuronal cell cultures were freshly prepared from embryonic 14-16 day-old mouse brains. The neuron culture medium is composed of neurobasal medium, 2% B27 neurobasal supplement, 2 mM glutamine by adding 1% of 100x GlutaMAX, and 1% Penicillin-streptomysin. Following dissection of the mouse brain, the meninges was removed from the cortex under the dissecting microscope. The tissue was then minced with a razor blade to make small tissue blocks in order to increase the surface area exposed to trypsin. Tissue blocks were trypsinized (Sigma-Aldrich, 0.05% Trypsin) for 10 min in a 37 °C water bath, and then dissociated gently by trituration with a fire-polished Pasteur pipette. Dissociated cells were filtered through a 70 μm strainer to collect clear neuronal cell suspension.
2. Neurons (2-3 x 10⁶/ml, 150 μl) were plated on the cell plating areas on right side (Figure 1) of the assembled MCP so that neurons can attach in the cell retention area (Figure 1). Freshly prepared neurons were plated with neuron plating medium which is supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone) into the regular neuron culture medium. Because only the neurons that attach in the cell retention area are able to grow axons into the other side of the assembled MCP through central channels, it is important to plate high density of neurons in the cell plating area to ensure enough neurons are attached to the cell retention area. A representative image of high density of neuronal axons is shown in Figure 2A.
3. On the following day, the neuron plating medium was replaced by the regular neuron culture medium. Changing medium was accomplished by carefully aspirating the medium from the cell plating area of the chamber, but not from the cell retention area of the assembled MCP, in order to avoid air bubbles in the cell retention area and the central connecting channels. Air bubbles will severely inhibit the axon outgrowth and subsequent entry into the central channels in the MCP. Glial-cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF, 10-20 ng/ml) was also added on the other (left) side of the chamber on the same day to facilitate the induction of axon outgrowth⁵ from the neuronal side and cross through central channels of the assembled MCP (Figure 2A). Fair amount of spontaneous neurite outgrowth without GDNF is also observed from the neuronal side and cross through central channels of the assembled MCP. Axons that enter into the central channel are often observed 2-3 days after plating. Once the axons enter into the central channel, they usually enter the other side within one day. Axons are normally intact for at least one week after entering the other side.

3. Addition of Cultured Astrocytes to MCP to Establish a Compartmentalized Co-culture System

Primary astrocyte cultures were prepared from the P1-3 mouse pup brain. The brain dissociation procedure is similar to the neuronal cell isolation procedure described above. Astrocytes were first plated into 10 cm dish that were pre-coated with Polyornithine (Sigma-Aldrich, 1 mg/ml). The astrocyte culture medium (DMEM, 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% Penicillin-streptomysin) was changed every day for the next two days to remove the debris. After that, the medium was changed every three days.

1. Astrocytes become 90% confluent and form a monolayer after 7 days. Confluent astrocytes were trypsinized and 150 μl of re-suspended astrocytes (1x10⁶ /ml) were re-plated into the cell plating area of the left side of the assembled MCP when axons are about to enter or have just entered into the left side of the assembled MCP. Astrocytes were usually plated 4-5 days after the neurons were plated. GDNF was first removed before the re-plating of the astrocytes into the left side of the MCP. Re-plated astrocytes were attached in the cell retention area, as shown by the GFAP immunostaining (Figure 1). Only minimal flow of medium between both sides of the chambers (determined by fluorescence dyes) was found in the MCP, as previously shown^4,6 .
2. Astrocytes become 90% confluent and form a monolayer after 7 days. Confluent astrocytes were trypsinized and 150 μl of re-suspended astrocytes (1 x 10⁶ / ml) were re-plated into the cell plating area of the left side of the assembled MCP when axons are about to enter or have just entered into the left side of the assembled MCP. Astrocytes were usually plated 4-5 days after the neurons were plated. GDNF was first removed before the re-plating of the astrocytes into the left side of the MCP. Re-plated astrocytes were attached in the cell retention area, as shown by the GFAP immunostaining (Figure 1). Only minimal flow of medium between both sides of the chambers (determined by fluorescence dyes) was found in the MCP, as previously shown^4,6 .
3. After the re-plating of the astrocytes, axons that entered the left side of the assembled MCP directly interact with the astrocytes by either direct axonal contact or release of soluble factors. Immunostaining of astroglial plasma membrane glutamate transporter GLT1 and neuronal βIII-tubulin was performed to visualize the interaction between the axons and the astrocytes, as shown in Figure 2D-F.

Wyniki

Time-lapse imaging analysis of axon-induced GLT1 promoter activation in astrocytes

The compartmented neuron and astrocyte co-culture system allows only the neuronal processes, especially the axons, to selectively interact with astrocytes. Following the successful establishment of axon and astrocyte (or other glial cells) co-culture in the assembled MCP, different types of axon-glia interactions can be studied such as; axon-induced activation of astroglial gene promoter activation, astrocyte-induc...

Dyskusje

The MCP based neuron and astrocytes co-culture system allows dissection of detailed neuron to astroglia signaling pathways by allowing only the axons pass the central channels and interacting with the astroglial cells. This co-culture system can be conveniently set up with conventional neuron and astrocyte culture procedures. We also described a practical application of this co-culture system by employing an eGFP based reporter for demonstrating axon-dependent GLT1 promoter activation in astrocytes.

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Fetal bovine serum	Hyclone	SH30070.03	for plating neuron for neuron cutlure medium
Fetal bovine serum	Sigma-Aldrich	F4135	for astrocyte culture medium
Glial derived nerve factor	R&D Systems	212-GD	Apply 10-20 ng/ml to neuron side of chamber
Dulbecco modified eagle medium high glucose	Sigma-Aldrich	11995
70 mm cell strainer	BD Falcon	352350
Sterile glass bottom dish	MatTek Corporation
Microfluidic culture platforms	Xona Microfluidics LLC	SND150
6 wells of the culture plate	Cellstar	657 160
Neuron culture medium Neurobasal medium 2% B27 Neurobasal supplement 2 mM glutamate by adding 1% 100x GlutaMAX 1% Penicillin-streptomysin
Neuron culture medium for plating cell Neurobasal medium 2% B27 Neurobasal supplement 2 mM glutamate by adding 1% 100x GlutaMAX 1% Penicillin-streptomysin 5% Fetal bovine serum SH30070.03
Astrocyte culture medium Dulbecco modified eagle medium high glucose 10% Fetal bovine serum F4135 1% Penicillin-streptomysin
Table 1. Materials used in the microfluidic culture platform-based neuronal axon and glia co-culture system.