A Rat Orthotopic Renal Transplantation Model for Renal Allograft Rejection

Podsumowanie

The rat orthotopic renal transplantation model contributes to investigating the mechanism of renal allograft rejection. The current model increases the recipients' survival without interference with blood supply and venous reflux of the lower body using an end-to-end anastomosis of kidney implantation and an end-to-side "tunnel" method of ureter-bladder anastomosis.

Streszczenie

Renal allograft rejection limits the long-term survival of patients after renal transplantation. Rat orthotopic renal transplantation is an essential model to investigate the mechanism of renal allograft rejection in pre-clinical studies and could aid in the development of novel approaches to improve the long-term survival of renal allografts. Donor kidney implantation in rat orthotopic renal transplantation is commonly performed by end-to-side anastomosis to recipients' aorta and inferior vena cava. In this model, the donor's kidney was implanted using end-to-end anastomosis to the recipients' renal artery and renal vein. The donor's ureter was anastomosed to the recipient's bladder in an end-to-side 'tunnel' method. This model contributes to better healing of ureter-bladder anastomosis and increases the recipients' survival by avoiding interference with blood supply and venous reflux of the lower body. This model can be used to investigate the mechanisms of acute and chronic immune and pathologic rejection of renal allografts. Here, the study describes the detailed protocols of this orthotopic renal transplantation between rats.

Wprowadzenie

Renal transplantation has become the most effective therapeutic approach for patients with end-stage renal function failure. However, T cell-mediated acute rejection and alloantibody-mediated humoral immune rejection result in the pathologic injury of renal allografts and limit the short-term and long-term survival of patients after kidney transplantation^1,2,3. Unfortunately, the effective pharmaceuticals that prevent the rejection of renal allografts are still lacking, because the exact mechanisms of immune and pathologic rejection of renal allografts are not clear. Consequently, the preclinical studies that elucidate the mechanisms of immune and pathologic rejection of renal allografts contribute to finding novel targets and developing relevant effective pharmaceuticals to prevent the rejection of renal allografts and eventually prolong the survival of patients.

Many potential immunological and pathophysiological mechanisms of renal allograft rejection have been proposed recently in rat model studies of orthotopic renal transplantation^4,5,6,7,8. These findings propose several novel targets and relevant interfering approaches as promising therapeutics to suppress renal allograft rejection, such as complement regulatory factors and anti-CD59 antibodies⁶, immunoproteasome, and epoxyketone inhibitors^7,8. Thus, rat orthotopic renal transplantation is an ideal preclinical model to investigate the mechanisms of immune rejection and pathologic injury of renal allografts after kidney transplantation.

Rat kidney transplantation has gradually shifted from heterotopic implantation of donor's kidneys⁹ to orthotopic renal implantation using end-to-side anastomosis of vessels or using end-to-end anastomosis of the ureter using a cuff method^10,11,12. The present study describes detailed protocols of the orthotopic renal transplantation between rats using end-to-end anastomosis to recipients' renal artery and renal vein, and an end-to-side "tunnel" method of ureter-bladder anastomosis, which avoids the ischemia of the lower body and the thrombosis of inferior vena cava and reduces postoperative urine leakage and the twist of the ureter.

Protokół

Inbred 8-10 weeks old male F344 and Lewis rats (200 g to 250 g) were commercially obtained. Allogeneic left kidney transplantation was performed between male F344 and Lewis rats. F344 rats were used as donors and syngeneic recipients, and Lewis rats served as allogeneic recipients. All animal handling procedures were conducted in compliance with guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by NIH, and all animal experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Chongqing University Cancer Hospital. All supplies used during surgery, including surgical instruments and solutions, are sterile. A schematic of the protocol is shown in Figure 1.

1. Donor procedure

1. Induce general anesthesia in the rat by 5% isoflurane inhalation using an induction chamber. Then, subcutaneously inject buprenorphine at 0.1 mg/kg to perform concurrent preemptive analgesia.
2. Place the rat on its back and maintain anesthesia with 2% isoflurane inhalation using a facemask over its nose and mouth. Apply eye lubricant onto the eyes to avoid drying of the cornea. Slow respiratory rate and rhythm, the disappearance of corneal reflex, and lack of response to the toe pinch indicate the effectiveness of anesthesia.
3. Shave the abdominal hair with an electric razor and sterilize the skin using 0.5% iodine and 70% alcohol.
4. Subcutaneously inject 0.5% lidocaine along the midline from the symphysis pubis to subxiphoid for local analgesics, and then incise the abdomen and pull open the incision using a retractor.
5. Take out the intestines from the right side of the incision and wrap them up with moistened gauze to prevent them from drying out. Then, expose the left kidney.
6. Segregate fat tissues from the left kidney and ureter using cotton swabs, and then dissociate the left renal artery and vein using the micro-forceps under an operating microscope with 20x magnification. Coagulate any bleeding using electrocoagulation, if necessary.
7. Perform ligation of the aorta approximately 5 mm above the left renal artery with a 4-0 polyamide monofilament suture. Then, transect the left renal vein distal to the conjunction of the left genital vein and adrenal vein.
8. Flush the kidney with ice-cold UW solution supplemented with heparin (100 U/mL) using a 24 G scalp needle from the aorta below the left renal artery until blood fades in color. Warm ischemia time is 5 min on average.
9. After transecting the left renal artery approximately 2 mm next to the aorta, dissociate the kidney and ureter with the help of micro-forceps (preserve the peripheral connective tissues to ensure blood supply to the ureter). Then, transect the ureter next to the bladder and preserve the donor left kidney in ice-cold UW solution.
10. Sacrifice the donor rat with loss of blood by transecting the aorta and subsequently placing it into a CO₂ box to ensure death.

2. Recipient procedure

1. Repeat the procedure described in steps 1.1-1.5 for the recipient rat.
2. Dissociate the left kidney and ureter as well as the left renal artery and renal vein of the recipient rat using cotton swabs and micro-forceps under an operating microscope with 20x magnification.
3. Clip the left renal artery and renal vein at the root by noninvasive micro-vascular clamps. Ligate the left ureter approximately 2-3 cm below the kidney with an 8-0 polyamide monofilament suture and transect it at ligation.
4. Resect the recipient's native left kidney by transecting the left renal artery 2 mm away from the micro-vascular clamp, and transecting the renal vein proximal to the conjunction of the left genital vein and adrenal vein. Coagulate the adrenal vein using electrocoagulation, if necessary.
5. Implant the donor kidney into the left renal fossa of the recipient rat and put ice around the implanted donor kidney. Anastomose the donor's renal artery and renal vein to the recipient's renal artery and renal vein in an end-to-end pattern using 10-0 polyamide monofilament sutures under an operating microscope with 45x magnification, as follows.
6. Anastomose the renal artery with interrupted sutures.
   1. Place the stay sutures at 12 and 6 o'clock positions of anastomosis, respectively. Equidistantly suture one side of the anastomosis between the two stay sutures with 2-3 stitches using a 10-0 Polyamide Monofilament suture.
   2. Turn over the stay sutures and similarly suture the other side of the anastomosis between the two stay sutures with 2-3 stitches.
7. Anastomose the renal vein with continuous sutures.
   1. Place the stay sutures at 6 and 12 o'clock positions of anastomosis, respectively. Suture one side of the anastomosis from the 12 o'clock position with 4-5 stitches using the running sutures, and then tie the running suture to the stay suture at the 6 o'clock position with a 10-0 polyamide monofilament suture.
   2. Turn over the stay sutures and similarly suture the other side of the anastomosis from the 6 o'clock position, and finally tie the running suture to the stay suture at the 12 o'clock position.
8. Re-perfuse the donor kidney by releasing the noninvasive micro-vascular clamp of the renal vein first; then, identify the bleeding sites and make additional stitches.
9. Release the noninvasive micro-vascular clamp of the renal artery, identify the bleeding sites and make additional stitches. Cold ischemia time is 45 min on average.
10. Stitch the end of the donor ureter with a 4-0 polyamide monofilament suture as a tow to drag the end through the "tunnel" of the recipient's bladder under an operating microscope with 20x magnification. Afterward, transect the end of the donor ureter with the suture outside the recipient's bladder. Let the donor ureter shrink back into the recipient's bladder.
11. Fix the donor ureter with the recipient's bladder by stitching the adventitia of the donor ureter with the muscle layer of the recipient's bladder outside at four equidistant positions using an 8-0 polyamide monofilament suture under an operating microscope with 45x magnification.
12. Place the intestines back into the abdominal cavity and close the abdominal incision with continuous sutures in the muscle layer first and then the skin layer with a 4-0 polyamide monofilament suture.
13. Place the recipient rat on a 37°C heating pad in a dry and clean cage. Wait until the rat recovers from anesthesia.
14. Subcutaneously inject buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg) into the recipient rat every 6 h for 48 h for post-operative analgesia. Intramuscularly inject penicillin (50,000 U/kg) into the recipient rat once a day for 3 days for prevention of infection. The recipient rat is sacrificed by placing it into a CO₂ box to observe the chronic rejection of renal allograft after 10 weeks of transplantation.

Wyniki

In this rat orthotopic renal transplantation model, the recipient rats move normally after operation. To observe the chronic rejection of renal allograft, recipient rats are raised for 10 weeks after transplantation, and the total survival rate of recipient rats at this time point is approximately 90%. The major causes of death are bleeding and leakage of urine post-operation. The other major complications include bleeding during the operation, thrombosis in renal vessels, and hydronephrosis, whose respective incidence i...

Dyskusje

Renal transplantation in the rat is a challenging work requiring a high level of micro-surgery techniques and the operation techniques have been optimized several times. From the beginning, Gonzalez et al. implanted the donor kidney into the neck of the recipient and anastomosed the donor ureter to the skin⁹. However, because of the high incidence of urinary infection and stenosis of the donor ureter, the operation was abandoned in a short time. Subsequently, the implant operation of the donor'...

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10-0 Polyamide Monofilament suture	B.Braun Medical Inc.	G0090781
4-0 Polyamide Monofilament suture	B.Braun Medical Inc.	C1048451
8-0 Polyamide Monofilament suture	B.Braun Medical Inc.	C2090880
Buprenorphine	US Biological life Sciences	352004
Electrocoagulator	Electrocoagulator	ZJ1099
F344 and Lewis rats	Center of Experimental Animals (Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China)	NA
Gauze	Henan piaoan group Co., LTD	10210402
Heating pad	Guangzhou Dewei Biological Technology Co., LTD	DK0032
Heparin	North China Pharmaceutical Co., LTD	2101131-2
Injection syringe (1 ml and 10 ml)	Shandong weigao group medical polymer Co., LTD	20211001
Isoflurane	RWD Life Science Co., LTD	21070201
Penicillin G Sodium	Wuhan HongDe Yuexin pharmatech co.,Ltd	69-57-8
Scalp needle (24 G)	Hongyu Medical Group	20183150210
Shaver	Beyotime	FS600
Small animal anesthesia machine	RWD Life Science	R500
Small Animal Surgery Kit	Beyotime	FS500
Sodium chloride injection	Southwest pharmaceutical Co., LTD	H50021610
Surgical operation microscope	Tiannuoxiang Scientific Instrument Co. , Ltd, Beijing, China	SZX-6745
Swab	Yubei Medical Materials Co., LTD	21080274
Tape	Minnesota Mining Manufacturing Medical Equipment (Shanghai) Co., LTD	1911N68
UW solution	Bristol-Myers Squibb Company	17HB0002