Este trabalho foi financiado pela Estação Experimental Agrícola da Universidade de Cornell (CUAES) NYC-125433 escotilha Grant e Cornell Start-Up Grant concedido a OKV

Parte 1. Preparação de meio sólido para o crescimento das plantas. Normalmente, as plantas de cultura concentrada Murasige e Skoog (MS) suplementado com 1% de sacarose e ágar 0,7%. Ele contém todos os ingredientes necessários para manter as plantas saudáveis. Para preparar 1L de MS, pH 5,7 mídia <ol><li> Adicionar 2,15 g de MS pó em 800 ml de água em 1,5 2.0L garrafa autoclavável. </li><li> Colocar uma barra de agitação dentro da garrafa e dissolver o pó MS por meio de agitação médio em uma placa de agitação. </li><li> Agitando, adicione, gota a gota, KOH 1N para ajustar o pH do meio MS para 5,7. </li><li> Adicionar 10 g de sacarose, continue a mexer. </li><li> Adicionar 7 g de ágar *. </li><li> Ajustar o volume final do meio preparado para 1000 ml e esterilizar em autoclave .* </li><li> Lugar autoclavado médio em uma placa de agitação e esfriá-la, agitando, de modo que agar não irá precipitar no fundo da garrafa. Arrefecer médio a ~ 60 ° C. * </li><li> Colocar 100 milímetros placas de Petri. Manter placas a 4 ° C. </li></ol> * Dica 1: Não tente dissolver agar. Ele irá solubilizar durante autoclavagem. * Dica 2: Manter a barra de agitação em uma garrafa durante a autoclavagem, você vai precisar dele mais tarde. * Dica 3: Se você pode manter suas mãos no frasco autoclavado por 10 s, isso significa que o meio esfriou o suficiente e você pode começar a verter placas. Parte 2. Material vegetal e as condições de crescimento. <ol><li> Esterilizar sementes de Arabidopsis thaliana <ol><li> Coloque 100 mg de sementes em tubos de microcentrífuga eppendorf e adicionar 1 ml de etanol 70%. Misturar bem e incubar por 2 min. Spin-baixo sementes, aspirar o sobrenadante. </li><li> Adicionar 1 ml de solução de água sanitária 1,8% * contendo 0,1% Tween-20. Misture por 10 min. Spin down sementes e solução de água sanitária aspirar. </li><li> Este passo tem que ser feito em uma capela de fluxo laminar. Adicionar 1 ml de água estéril para sementes, misture bem. Spin down sementes, aspirar água. Repita este passo 5 vezes. </li></ol></li><li> Espalhar sementes para o preparado na etapa 1 placas (100 sementes / placa). </li><li> Manter placas semeadas por 24-48 horas a 4 ° C no escuro por estratificação. </li><li> Crescer as plantas por 14 dias na câmara de crescimento com 8 h light/16 h escuro fotoperíodo (a uma densidade de fluxo de fótons fotossinteticamente ativos de 250 mmol m -2 s -1) em 23 / ​​19 ° C de temperatura regime de claro / escuro e relativa de 75% umidade. </li></ol> * Dica 1: solução de água sanitária é feita por diluição-up uma casa Clorox, contendo hipoclorito de sódio 6% e adição de Tween-20 a uma concentração final de 0,1%. Parte 3. Isolamento de protoplastos a partir de mudas de Arabidopsis. <ol><li> Slice 2 g de 14 dias de idade, mudas com uma lâmina de barbear fresco em 15 ml de solução esterilizada por filtração, TVL. Nós dividimos o material vegetal em pratos descartáveis ​​estéreis Petri. </li><li> Transferência de tecidos cortados em 200 ml copo, adicione 20 ml de solução enzimática, esterilizada por filtração, redemoinho o copo para que os tecidos se misturam com solução enzimática, cubra com parafilme e papel alumínio. </li><li> Agite tecidos da planta em 35 rpm, no escuro em temperatura ambiente por 16-18 h. </li><li> Recolher os protoplastos liberados em 50 tubos Falcon ml por peneiramento a 8 camadas de pano de queijo, pré-molhada em solução W5. </li><li> Protoplastos peneira do queijo de pano mais uma vez, lavando o pano com 15 ml de solução W5. </li><li> Cuidadosamente protoplastos overlay com 10 ml de solução W5, não perturbem o gradiente de açúcar; centrífuga por 7 min a 100 g. </li><li> Coletar 10 ml de protoplastos na interface da solução enzimática e solução W5 (Figura 1B) e transferir para um novo tubo de 50 ml Falcon. </li><li> Adicionar 15 ml da solução W5, centrifugar por 5 min a 60 g. Remover o sobrenadante. </li><li> Lavar protoplastos livre de solução enzimática pela ressuspensão de protoplastos em 15ml de solução W5 centrífuga, por 5min a 60 g </li><li> Remover o sobrenadante, ressuspender protoplastos peletizada em 1-3ml solução W5. </li><li> Avaliar o rendimento de protoplastos por célula contando com um hemocitômetro. </li></ol> Parte 4. Reagentes: TVL: 0,3 M sorbitol; 50 mM CaCl 2 Filter-esterilizar e armazenar a -20 ° C. Solução da enzima: 0,5 M de sacarose, 10 mM MES-KOH [pH 5,7], 20 mM CaCl 2, 40 mM KCl, celulase 1% (Onozuka R-10), Macerozyme 1% (R10). Filtro de esterilizar e recém-uso. W5 Solução: 0,1% (w / v) de glicose, 0,08% (w / v) KCl, 0,9% (w / v) de NaCl, 1,84% (w / v) CaCl 2, 2 mM MES-KOH pH 5.7. Filtro de esterilizar e armazenar à temperatura ambiente. Parte 5: Resultados Representante: Usando condições de cultura Arabidopsis descrito nas partes 1 e 2 torna mudas sadias, servem para isolar protoplastos (Fig. 1A). Protoplastos são purificados pelo sacarose densidade Gradicentrifugação ent e recolhidos na interface da W5 e soluções de enzimas (Figura 1B). Usando o procedimento de protoplastos de isolamento descritas na Parte 3, tipicamente colheita outubro 05-10 6 de protoplastos intactos (Fig. 1C) de um grama de mudas frescas. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1149/Fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Isolamento de protoplastos a partir de mudas de Arabidopsis. A, tecidos de 14 dias de idade, mudas de Arabidopsis foram coletados e convertidos em protoplastos através de um procedimento modificado de (Chen e Halkier, 2000). B, Protoplastos foram purificadas por centrifugação em gradiente de densidade de sacarose e recolhidos na interface da solução de enzima e W5 uffer (setas brancas). C, Bright microscopia de campo de protoplastos. Microfotografias foram coletados por meio de uma câmera CCD refrigerado interface com o Axioscope Zeiss 2 mais microscópio.

<ol>
	<li>Cocking, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+for+the+Isolation+of+Plant+Protoplasts+and+Vacuoles.">A Method for the Isolation of Plant Protoplasts and Vacuoles.</a> Nature. 187, 962-963 (1960).</li><li>Chen, S., Halkier, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+glucosinolate+uptake+by+leaf+protoplasts+of+Brassica+napus.">Characterization of glucosinolate uptake by leaf protoplasts of Brassica napus.</a> J Biol Chem. 275, 22955-22960 (2000).</li><li>Robert, S., Zouhar, J., Carter, C., Raikhel, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+intact+vacuoles+from+Arabidopsis+rosette+leaf-derived+protoplasts.">Isolation of intact vacuoles from Arabidopsis rosette leaf-derived protoplasts.</a> Nat. Protocols. 2, 259-262 (2007).</li><li>Yoo, S. D., Cho, Y. H., Sheen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arabidopsis+mesophyll+protoplasts:+a+versatile+cell+system+for+transient+gene+expression+analysis.">Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts: a versatile cell system for transient gene expression analysis.</a> Nat Protoc. 2, 1565-1572 (2007).</li><li>Zhai, Z., Sooksa-nguan, T., Vatamaniuk, O. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishing+RNAi+as+a+reverse+genetic+approach+for+gene+functional+analysis+in+protoplasts.">Establishing RNAi as a reverse genetic approach for gene functional analysis in protoplasts.</a> Plant Phys. 149, 642-652 (2009).</li></ol>

A patente provisória que descreve este procedimento para a sua utilização em análises funcionais de genes de plantas foram arquivados com Cornell Centro para a Empresa de Tecnologia e Comercialização (CCTEC), junho de 2008. Docket 50341/015001: Vatamaniuk, OK, e Zhai, Z. Método para rápida análise funcional de genes da planta.

Para garantir o alto rendimento de protoplastos intactos é muito importante para start-up com as plantas saudáveis. Use filtro esterilizar soluções para isolar protoplastos. Lembre-se que protoplastos são frágeis. Portanto, quando você está lidando com protoplastos, não se misturam, pipeta ou vortex-os vigorosamente, uma vez que vai de freio-los. Em vez disso, misture protoplastos girando lentamente ou com fita do tubo de centrifugação. O procedimento descrito rendimento de protoplastos intactos que são viá...

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<td>Murashige and Skoog Basal Salt Mixture (MS)</td>
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isolation of protoplasts from tissues of 14-day-old seedlings of arabidopsis thaliana

Protoplastos são células vegetais que tiveram suas paredes celulares enzimaticamente removido. Isolamento de protoplastos a partir de tecidos diferentes de plantas foi relatada pela primeira vez mais de 40 anos atrás<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; E desde então tem sido adaptado para estudar uma variedade de processos celulares, tais como localização subcelular de proteínas, o isolamento de organelas intactas e orientada inativação de genes por interferência de RNA dupla fita (RNAi)<sup&gt; 05/02</sup&gt;. A maioria dos protocolos de isolamento de protoplastos use tecidos de folhas de Arabidopsis maduros (por exemplo, 35 dias de idade das plantas)<sup&gt; 04/02</sup&gt;. Nós modificamos os protocolos existentes, empregando mudas de 14 dias de idade Arabidopsis. Neste procedimento, um grama de 14 dias de idade mudas rendeu 5 10<sup&gt; 6</sup&gt; -10<sup&gt; 7</sup&gt; Protoplastos que permanecem intactos, pelo menos, 96 horas. O rendimento de protoplastos a partir de mudas é comparável com os preparativos das folhas de Arabidopsis maduro, mas ao invés de 35-36 dias, o isolamento de protoplastos é concluído em 15 dias. Isto permite diminuir o tempo eo espaço câmara de crescimento que são necessários para isolar protoplastos quando as plantas maduras são usadas, e acelera os estudos a jusante que exigem protoplastos intactos.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana at JoVE.com

Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

Este vídeo mostra um procedimento para isolar protoplastos intactos a partir de tecidos de 14 dias de idade, mudas de Arabidopsis. Dado que o protoplastos isolados permanecem intactos por pelo menos 96h e são isoladas de mudas, em vez de um mês de idade plantas maduras, esse procedimento agiliza ensaios exigindo protoplastos intactos.

Isolamento de Protoplastos de tecidos de 14 dias de idade, mudas de Arabidopsis thaliana</em

Protoplasts are plant cells that have had their cell walls enzymatically removed. Isolation of protoplasts  from different plant tissues was first ...

isolation-protoplasts-from-tissues-14-day-old-seedlings-arabidopsis

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

35.9K visualizações.  Cornell University. Este vídeo mostra um procedimento para isolar protoplastos intactos a partir de tecidos de 14 dias de idade, mudas de Arabidopsis. Dado que o protoplastos isolados permanecem intactos por pelo menos 96h e são isoladas de mudas, em vez de um mês de idade plantas maduras, esse procedimento agiliza ensaios exigindo protoplastos intactos.

Vídeo: Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a consequence, the isolation of plant embryos at early stages (1 cell to globular stage) is technically challenging due to their relative inaccessibility. Efficient manual dissection at early stages is strongly impaired by the small size of young Arabidopsis seeds and the adhesiveness of the embryo to the surrounding tissues. Here, we describe a method that allows the efficient isolation of young Arabidopsis embryos, yielding up to 40 embryos in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. Embryos are released into isolation buffer by slightly crushing 250-750 seeds with a plastic pestle in an Eppendorf tube. A glass microcapillary attached to either a standard laboratory pipette (via a rubber tube) or a hydraulically controlled microinjector is used to collect embryos from droplets placed on a multi-well slide on an inverted light microscope. The technical skills required are simple and easily transferable, and the basic setup does not require costly equipment. Collected embryos are suitable for a variety of downstream applications such as RT-PCR, RNA sequencing, DNA methylation analyses, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunostaining, and reporter gene assays.

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

We report an efficient and simple method to isolate embryos at early stages of development from Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Up to 40 embryos can be isolated in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. The procedure is suitable for transcriptome, DNA methylation, reporter gene expression, immunostaining and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses.

Isolamento eficiente e rápida de embriões em início de carreira a partir de<em&gt; Arabidopsis thaliana</em&gt; Sementes

In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a ...

Biologia

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively in the study of secondary cell wall formation. Secondary cell wall deposition occurs after the primary cell wall is laid down, a process carried out exclusively by specialized cells such as those forming vessel and fiber tissues. Most secondary cell walls are composed of cellulose (40&#8211;50%), hemicellulose (25&#8211;30%), and lignin (20&#8211;30%). Several mutations affecting secondary cell wall biosynthesis have been isolated, and the corresponding mutants may or may not exhibit obvious biochemical composition changes or visual phenotypes since these mutations could be masked by compensatory responses. Staining procedures have historically been used to show differences on a cellular basis. These methods are exclusively visual means of analysis; nevertheless their role in rapid and critical analysis is of great importance. Congo red and calcofluor white are stains used to detect polysaccharides, whereas M&#228;ule and phloroglucinol are commonly used to determine differences in lignin, and toluidine blue O is used to differentially stain polysaccharides and lignin. The seemingly simple techniques of sectioning, staining, and imaging can be a challenge for beginners. Starting with sample preparation using the A. thaliana model, this study details the protocols of a variety of staining methodologies that can be easily implemented for observation of cell and tissue organization in secondary cell walls of plants.

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Plant cell wall composition varies between tissue types and can include lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin. Various staining techniques have been developed to visualize differences at the cell-type level. This paper is a compilation of commonly used cell wall staining techniques.

Coloração histoquímica de<em&gt; Arabidopsis thaliana</em&gt; Celular Secundária parede Elements

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively ...

Rapid Analysis of Circadian Phenotypes in Arabidopsis Protoplasts Transfected with a Luminescent Clock Reporter

The plant circadian clock allows the anticipation of daily changes to the environment. This anticipation aids the responses to temporally predictable biotic and abiotic stress. Conversely, disruption of circadian timekeeping severely compromises plant health and reduces agricultural crop yields. It is therefore imperative that we understand the intricate regulation of circadian rhythms in plants, including the factors that affect motion of the transcriptional clockwork itself.
Testing circadian defects in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) traditionally involves crossing specific mutant lines to a line rhythmically expressing firefly luciferase from a circadian clock gene promoter. This approach is laborious, time-consuming, and could be fruitless if a mutant has no circadian phenotype. The methodology presented here allows a rapid initial assessment of circadian phenotypes. Protoplasts derived from mutant and wild-type Arabidopsis are isolated, transfected with a rhythmically expressed luminescent reporter, and imaged under constant light conditions for 5 days. Luminescent traces will directly reveal whether the free-running period of mutant plants is different from wild-type plants. The advantage of the method is that any Arabidopsis line can efficiently be screened, without the need for generating a stably transgenic luminescent clock marker line in that mutant background.

The circadian clock regulates about a third of the Arabidopsis transcriptome, but the percentage of genes that feed back into timekeeping remains unknown. Here we visualize a method to rapidly assess circadian phenotypes in any mutant line of Arabidopsis using luminescent imaging of a circadian reporter transiently expressed in protoplasts.

Rápida análise de fenótipos circadianos em Arabidopsis Protoplastos transfectadas com um relógio Reporter luminescentes

The plant circadian clock allows the anticipation of daily changes to the environment. This anticipation aids the responses to temporally predictable ...

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth Behavior in Different Light Qualities

Plant biologists often need to observe the growth behavior of their chosen species. To this end, the plants need constant environmental and stable light conditions, which are preferably variable in quantity and quality so that studies under different setups can be conducted. These requirements are met by climatic chambers featuring light emitting diodes (LED) lights, which can &#8211; in contrast to fluorescent lights &#8211; be set to different wavelengths. LEDs are energy conserving and emit virtually no heat even at light intensities, which often constitutes a problem with other light sources. The presented protocol provides a step-by-step guidance of how to program a climatic chamber equipped with variable LED lights as well as describing several approaches for in depth analysis of growth phenotypes. Depending on the experimental set-up various characteristics of the growing plants can be observed and analyzed. Here we describe how to determine fresh weight, leaf area, photosynthetic activity, and stomatal density. We demonstrate that in order to obtain reliable data and draw valid conclusions it is mandatory to use a sufficient number of individuals for statistical evaluation. Taking too few plants for this kind of analysis results in high statistical errors and consequently in less clear interpretations of the data.

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth Behavior in Different Light Qualities

Here, we present a protocol for studying plant growth behavior and especially phenotypes in a reproducible manner. We show how to provide variable and at the same time stable light conditions. Proper analyses depend on sufficient sample numbers and valid statistical evaluations.

Análise do comportamento de crescimento de Arabidopsis thaliana em diferentes qualidades de luz

Plant biologists often need to observe the growth behavior of their chosen species. To this end, the plants need constant environmental and stable light ...

Investigação espaço-temporal da dinâmica ERL1 via imagem confocal

Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells

In eukaryotic cells, membrane components, including proteins and lipids, are spatiotemporally transported to their destination within the endomembrane system. This includes the secretory transport of newly synthesized proteins to the cell surface or the outside of the cell, the endocytic transport of extracellular cargoes or plasma membrane components into the cell, and the recycling or shuttling transport of cargoes between the subcellular organelles, etc. Membrane trafficking events are crucial to the development, growth, and environmental adaptation of all eukaryotic cells and, thus, are under stringent regulation. Cell-surface receptor kinases, which perceive ligand signals from the extracellular space, undergo both secretory and endocytic transport. Commonly used approaches to study the membrane trafficking events using a plasma membrane-localized leucine-rich-repeat receptor kinase, ERL1, are described here. The approaches include plant material preparation, pharmacological treatment, and confocal imaging setup. To monitor the spatiotemporal regulation of ERL1, this study describes the co-localization analysis between ERL1 and a multi-vesicular body marker protein, RFP-Ara7, the time series analysis of these two proteins, and the z-stack analysis of ERL1-YFP treated with the membrane trafficking inhibitors brefeldin A and wortmannin.

Autor em destaque: Métodos baseados em imagens para estudar eventos de tráfego de membrana em células de linhagem estomática  

Several commonly used methods are introduced here to study the membrane trafficking events of a plasma membrane receptor kinase. This manuscript describes detailed protocols including the plant material preparation, pharmacological treatment, and confocal imaging setup.

Métodos Baseados em Imagem para Estudo de Eventos de Tráfego de Membranas em Células de Linhagem Estomática

In eukaryotic cells, membrane components, including proteins and lipids, are spatiotemporally transported to their destination within the endomembrane ...

Um método aprimorado para medir os perfis de hidratação do pólen em Arabidopsis thaliana

A High-Resolution, Single-Grain, In Vivo Pollen Hydration Bioassay for Arabidopsis thaliana

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants requires initial interaction between the pollen grain and the stigmatic surface, where a molecular dialog is established between the interacting partners. Studies across a range of species have revealed that a series of molecular checkpoints regulate the pollen-stigma interaction to ensure that only compatible, generally intraspecific pollen is successful in effecting fertilization. In species that possess a 'dry stigma', such as the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the first post-pollination, prezygotic compatibility checkpoint is the establishment of pollen hydration. 
This phase of pollination is tightly regulated, whereby signals from the pollen grain elicit the release of water from the stigma, thus permitting pollen hydration. The ability to accurately measure and track pollen hydration over time is key to the design of experiments directed at understanding the regulation of this critical step in reproduction. Published protocols frequently utilize flowers that have been excised from the parent plant, maintained on liquid or solid media, and bulk pollinated. 
This paper describes a noninvasive, in vivo pollination bioassay that permits minute-by-minute hydration tracking of individual A. thaliana pollen grains at high resolution. The assay is highly reproducible, able to detect very subtle variations of pollen hydration profiles, and thus is suitable for the analysis of mutants that affect pathways regulating pollination. Although the protocol is lengthier than those described for bulk pollinations, the precision and reproducibility it provides, along with its in vivo nature, make it ideal for the detailed dissection of pollination phenotypes.

Autor em destaque: Um bioensaio de hidratação de pólen in vivo de alta resolução, grão único para Arabidopsis thaliana  

An improved method to measure pollen hydration profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana is described here. The new method offers higher resolution, is noninvasive, and is highly reproducible. The protocol represents a new tool for a finer dissection of the processes that regulate the early stages of pollination.

Bioensaio de Hidratação Polínica In Vivo de Grão Único de Alta Resolução para Arabidopsis thaliana

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants requires initial interaction between the pollen grain and the stigmatic surface, where a molecular dialog is ...