Agradecemos o apoio de HB através de um Grant Descoberta, bem como um instrumentos de pesquisa e Grant Instrumento das Ciências Naturais e Engenharia pesquisas Council of Canada (NSERC). Reconhecemos também H. Oda eo Bloomington Drosophila ações Centro para a prestação de estoques genéticos que foram usadas no exemplo sequências de imagens ao vivo.

Preparação <ol><li> Coletar embriões em placas padrão suco de uva-agar 4. É conveniente usar um sistema automatizado de Drosophila Egg Collector (Flymax Scientific Equipment Ltd.). Usando síncrona encenado coleções embrião irá reduzir o número de dechorionations que devem ser executadas de modo a obter um número suficiente de embriões no estágio de desenvolvimento desejado. </li><li> Prepare um slide dechorionation anexando um pedaço de fita dupla face a uma lâmina de microscópio; remover a proteção da fita adesiva. </li><li> Prepare a câmara de imagens ao vivo, cortando um pedaço de tecido para caber no poço da câmara. Coloque o tecido no bem e molhe-a com água destilada. </li><li> Mix halocarbono óleo (Halocarbon Products Corp) série 700 viscosidade e série 56 na proporção de 1:1. A mistura pode ser armazenada e usada indefinidamente. </li><li> Coloque várias pequenas gotas de óleo de halocarbonos na superfície de uma lamela (22 X 40 mm, n º 2). O volume não é crítica mas deve ser da ordem de mL 20-40. </li></ol> Procedimento <ol><li> Com o auxílio de um estereomicroscópio, coletar embriões a partir do suco de uva-ágar placas usando um par de fórceps joalheiro (n º 5) ou um pincel muito fino. Embriões tendem a ficar uns aos outros e às pontas do fórceps &quot;, pois eles são facilmente reunidas em grupos. </li><li> Com o auxílio de um estereomicroscópio, delicadamente abaixar a aglomerados de embriões que tenham aderido às pontas do fórceps na superfície da fita sobre o slide dechorionation. </li><li> Novamente usando o estereomicroscópio, delicadamente nudge ou acidente vascular cerebral os embriões com o lado da pinça, a fim de romper o córion exterior waxy sem ruptura da membrana vitelina interna (o embrião vai estourar se a membrana vitelina é rompido). </li><li> Uma vez que o córion exterior foi rompido, burlar o embrião a partir do córion; o embrião dechorionated tende a aderir à superfície do fórceps. Tome cuidado para evitar tocar o embrião dechorionated para a superfície da fita. </li><li> Assim que um embrião é dechorionated, rapidamente transferi-lo para a queda previamente preparado de óleo de halocarbonos na lamela. Toque a ponta da pinça carregando o embrião dechorionated à superfície da gota de óleo halocarbono - este desaloja o embrião do fórceps no óleo. </li><li> Confirmar a transferência do embrião para a queda do petróleo. Isto pode ser feito a olho nu, desde que você trabalha sobre um fundo preto e usar uma fonte de iluminação de fibra óptica fixado em um ângulo oblíquo. </li><li> Antes de tentar dechorionate outro embrião, limpar todo o óleo do fórceps. Fórceps revestido em óleo têm menos compra na superfície córion, tornando dechorionation mais difícil. </li><li> Embriões são Dechorionated flutuante no óleo halocarbonos. Utilizando uma pinça ou um pincel e durante a visualização através de um microscópio estereoscópico, empurre o embrião para o fundo da gota de óleo e organizá-lo na posição desejada. </li><li> Rapidamente inverter a lamínula sobre o poço da câmara de imagens ao vivo. Confirmar que os embriões estão descansando contra a lamínula na orientação desejada. Devido à sua flutuabilidade no óleo, os embriões serão agora flutuar contra a superfície inferior da lamela. Fixar a lamínula para a câmara de imagens ao vivo com fita adesiva. Ventilar a câmara cortando buracos na fita na área onde a fita mede o intervalo entre a extremidade da lamela eo fim do poço da câmara de imagens ao vivo. </li><li> Um microscópio de fluorescência na vertical ou um estereomicroscópio fluorescência agora pode ser usado para a imagem dos embriões. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kiehart, D. P., Galbraith, C. G., Edwards, K. A., Rickoll, W. L., Montague, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+forces+contribute+to+cell+sheet+morphogenesis+for+dorsal+closure+in+Drosophila.">Multiple forces contribute to cell sheet morphogenesis for dorsal closure in Drosophila.</a> J. Cell Biol. 149, 471-490 (2000).</li><li>Schock, F., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+processes+associated+with+germ+band+retraction+in.">Cellular processes associated with germ band retraction in.</a> , 248-2429 (2002).</li><li>Reed, B. H., Wilk, R., Schock, F., Lipshitz, H. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrin-dependent+apposition+of+Drosophila+extraembryonic+membranes+promotes+morphogenesis+and+prevents+anoikis.">Integrin-dependent apposition of Drosophila extraembryonic membranes promotes morphogenesis and prevents anoikis.</a> Curr. Biol. 14, 372-380 (2004).</li><li>Wieschaus, E. p., Nusslein-Volhard, C., Roberts, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila: a practical approach. , 199-227 (1986).</li></ol>

Descrevemos um novo método de preparação de embriões Drosophila para análise de imagens ao vivo, que chamamos de protocolo de gota em suspensão. Infelizmente, não é possível usar o protocolo de gota em suspensão se trabalhar com um microscópio invertido. Neste caso, a técnica de sanduíche (como descrito acima no abstract) deve ser utilizado e compressão dos embriões permanece uma preocupação. Em experimentos onde a forma da célula e tamanho são medidos para calcular força...

Equipamento de série e materiais necessários para preparar embriões para live-imaging usando o protocolo gotas de suspensão incluem os seguintes itens: lâminas de microscópio, lamínulas (22 x 40 mm, n º 2), fita dupla face, fórceps joalheiro (estilo Dumont No. 5 ), óleo de halocarbonos série 56 e série 700 (Halocarbon Products Corp), uma faca ou lâmina de barbear única borda, papel de seda, tesoura, água destilada, fita de propósito geral, e uma pipeta adequada para a entrega mL 20-40. O protocolo de imagens ao vivo também requer uma custom-made câmara de imagens ao vivo. Esta é preparada através do corte de 5 mm acho policarbonato folha de plástico com as dimensões de uma lâmina de microscópio padrão (75 X 25 mm) e usando um rotor para criar uma depressão profunda 3 milímetros no slide (20 X 55 mm). Acesso a um microscópio estereoscópico (microscópio de dissecação) e uma fonte de iluminação de fibra óptica também é necessária.

the preparation of drosophila embryos for live-imaging using the hanging drop protocol

Proteína fluorescente verde (GFP) baseado em timelapse ao vivo de imagens é uma técnica poderosa para estudar a regulação genética de processos dinâmicos como a morfogênese do tecido, célula-adesão, ou morte celular. Embriões Drosophila expressando GFP são prontamente fotografada usando um microscópio estereoscópico ou confocal. A meta de qualquer protocolo de live-imaging é minimizar efeitos negativos como a desidratação e hipóxia. Protocolos anteriores para preparar os embriões de Drosophila live-imaging análise envolveram a colocação de embriões dechorionated em óleo halocarbonos e imprensando-los entre um halocarbono gás-permeáveis ​​membrana e uma lamela<sup&gt; 03/01</sup&gt;. A introdução de compressão através de embriões de montagem desta forma representa uma complicação indesejável para qualquer análise biomecânica da morfogênese baseado. Nosso método, que chamamos de o protocolo gotas de suspensão, resulta em excelente viabilidade de embriões durante a imagens ao vivo e não exige que os embriões ser compactado. Resumidamente, o protocolo de gota em suspensão envolve a colocação de embriões em uma gota de óleo halocarbono que está suspensa a partir de uma lamela, que é, por sua vez, fixados em posição através de uma câmara úmida. Além de proporcionar a troca gasosa e impedindo a desidratação, esse arranjo aproveita o empuxo de embriões em óleo halocarbono para impedi-los de drifting fora de posição durante a aquisição timelapse. Este vídeo descreve em detalhes como coletar e preparar Drosophila embriões para geração de imagens ao vivo usando o protocolo de gota em suspensão. Este protocolo é adequado para embriões de imagem dechorionated usando estereomicroscopia ou qualquer microscópio de fluorescência vertical composto.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol at JoVE.com

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

Um método simples, barato e eficaz de preparação de embriões de Drosophila live-imaging análise é apresentada. Nosso protocolo fornece umidade e as trocas gasosas e não comprimir o embrião de Drosophila. Este método é adequado para GFP baseada em imagens ao vivo de embriões Drosophila usando um estereomicroscópio ou microscópio composto vertical.

Elaboração de Drosophila Os embriões para Live-Imaging Usando o protocolo gota suspensa

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

15.0K visualizações.  University of Waterloo. Um método simples, barato e eficaz de preparação de embriões de Drosophila live-imaging análise é apresentada. Nosso protocolo fornece umidade e as trocas gasosas e não comprimir o embrião de Drosophila. Este método é adequado para GFP baseada em imagens ao vivo de embriões Drosophila usando um estereomicroscópio ou microscópio composto vertical.

Vídeo: The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos and their dechorionation using bleach are demonstrated. Using a glass pipet attached to a mouth suction tube, we illustrate the removal of all cells from single embryos. The method for dispersing cells from each embyro into a small (5 l) drop of medium on an uncoated glass coverslip is demonstrated. A view through the microscope at 1 hour after plating illustrates the preferred cell density. Most of the cells that survive when grown in defined medium are neuroblasts that divide one or more times in culture before extending neuritic processes by 12-24 hours. A view through the microscope illustrates the level of neurite outgrowth and branching expected in a healthy culture at 2 days in vitro. The cultures are grown in a simple bicarbonate based defined medium, in a 5% CO2 incubator at 22-24&deg;C. Neuritic processes continue to elaborate over the first week in culture and when they make contact with neurites from neighboring cells they often form functional synaptic connections. Neurons in these cultures express voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels and are electrically excitable. This culture system is useful for studying molecular genetic and environmental factors that regulate neuronal differentiation, excitability, and synapse formation/function.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. Views of live cultures show cells 1 hour after plating and differentiated neurons after 2 days of growth in a bicarbonate-based defined medium. The neurons are electrically excitable and form synaptic connections.

Preparação de culturas de neurônios a partir de embriões Midgastrula Stage Drosophila

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

Biologia

In vitro Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem (mES) Cells Using the Hanging Drop Method

Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, This promising of science is leading scientists to investigate the possibility of cell-based therapies to treat disease.

When culture in suspension without antidifferentiation factors, embryonic stem cells spontaneously differentiate and form three-dimensional multicellular aggregates. These cell aggregates are called embryoid bodies(EB). Hanging drop culture is a widely used EB formation induction method. The rounded bottom of hanging drop allows the aggregation of ES cells which can provide mES cells a good environment for forming EBs. The number of ES cells aggregatied in a hanging drop can be controlled by varying the number of cells in the initial cell suspension to be hung as a drop from the lid of Petri dish. Using this method we can reproducibly form homogeneous EBs from a predetermined number of ES cells. 

In vitro Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem mES Cells Using the Hanging Drop Method

This video demonstrates how to conduct in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells to embryoid bodies using the hanging drop method.

Na diferenciação in vitro de rato-tronco embrionárias (MES) células usando o método da gota de suspensão

Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either ...

Live Imaging of Glial Cell Migration in the Drosophila Eye Imaginal Disc

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons. While recent progress has been made to describe the live migration of glial cells in the developing pupal wing (1), studies of Drosophila glial cell migration have typically involved the examination of fixed tissue. Live microscopic analysis of motile cells offers the ability to examine cellular behavior throughout the migratory process, including determining the rate of and changes in direction of growth. Paired with use of genetic tools, live imaging can be used to determine more precise roles for specific genes in the process of development. Previous work by Silies et al. (2) has described the migration of glia originating from the optic stalk, a structure that connects the developing eye and brain, into the eye imaginal disc in fixed tissue. Here we outline a protocol for examining the live migration of glial cells into the Drosophila eye imaginal disc. We take advantage of a Drosophila line that expresses GFP in developing glia to follow glial cell progression in wild type and in mutant animals.

Here we describe a protocol to examine the migration of glial cells into the developing Drosophila eye using live microscopic analysis paired with GFP tagged glial cells.

Imagens ao vivo da migração das células da glia no Disco Drosophila Eye Imaginal

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons.  While ...

Live Imaging of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain by Confocal Microscopy

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the developing zebrafish brain (Gutzman et al, 2008). Such analysis affords a new understanding of the underlying cell biology required for development of the 3D structure of the vertebrate brain, and significantly increases our ability to study neural tube morphogenesis. The embryonic zebrafish brain is shaped beginning at 18 hours post fertilization (hpf) as the ventricles within the neuroepithelium inflate. By 24 hpf, the initial steps of neural tube morphogenesis are complete. Using the method described here, embryos at the one cell stage are injected with mRNA encoding membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein (memGFP). After injection and incubation, the embryo, now between 18 and 24 hpf, is mounted, inverted, in agarose and imaged by confocal microscopy. Notably, the zebrafish embryo is transparent making it an ideal system for fluorescent imaging. While our analyses have focused on the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and the hindbrain, this method could be extended for analysis of any region in the zebrafish to a depth of 
80-100 &mu;m.

In this video, we demonstrate a method by which to analyze the developing vertebrate brain in live zebrafish embryos at single cell resolution by confocal microscopy. This includes the method by which we inject the single-cell zebrafish embryo and subsequently mount and image the developing brain.

Vivem de imagem do cérebro Zebrafish embrionárias por microscopia confocal

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the ...

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell shape changes during embryonic development. One of the challenges faced in studying this structure is that the lumen of the heart tube, as well as the membrane features that are crucial to heart tube formation, are difficult to visualize in whole mount embryos, due to the small size of the heart tube and intra-lumenal space relative to the embryo. The use of transmission electron microscopy allows for higher magnification of these structures and gives the advantage of examining the embryos in cross section, which easily reveals the size and shape of the lumen. In this video, we detail the process for reliable fixation, embedding, and sectioning of late stage Drosophila embryos in order to visualize the heart tube lumen as well as important cellular structures including cell-cell junctions and the basement membrane.

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

We describe a process for fixation, embedding, sectioning, and imaging of late stage Drosophila embryos for Trasmission Electron Microscopy of the embryonic heart tube. This technique allows for the visualization of the heart tube lumen as well as the basement membrane, which lines the lumen of the heart.

Preparação de embriões de Microscopia Eletrônica do Drosophila Tubo cardíaco embrionário

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

Imagens ao vivo de Drosophila melanogaster Embrionárias Migrações hemócitos

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging

The Drosophila brain and visual system are widely utilized model systems to study neuronal development, function and degeneration. Here we show three preparations of the brain and visual system that cover the range from the developing eye disc-brain complex in the developing pupae to individual eye and brain dissection from adult flies. All protocols are optimized for the live culture of the preparations. However, we also present the conditions for fixed tissue immunohistochemistry where applicable. Finally, we show live imaging conditions for these preparations using conventional and resonant 4D confocal live imaging in a perfusion chamber. Together, these protocols provide a basis for live imaging on different time scales ranging from functional intracellular assays on the scale of minutes to developmental or degenerative processes on the scale of many hours.

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging

This protocol describes three Drosophila preparations: 1) adult brain dissection, 2) adult retina dissection and 3) developing eye disc- brain complexes dissection. Emphasis is laid on special preparation techniques and conditions for live imaging, although all preparations can be used for fixed tissue immunohistochemistry.

Preparação de Desenvolvimento e Adultos Drosophila Brains e retina de imagens ao vivo

The Drosophila brain and visual system are widely utilized model systems to study neuronal development, function and degeneration. Here we show three ...

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, cell differentiation and organogenesis 1. Correct preparation of the experimental samples is a crucial, often neglected, step. The goal of preparation is to ensure physiological relevance and to establish optimal imaging conditions. To maintain tissue viability, it is critical to avoid dehydration, hypoxia, overheating or medium deterioration 2. 
 The Drosophila egg chamber is a well established system for examining questions relating, but not limited, to body patterning, mRNA localization and cytoskeletal organization 3,4. For early- and mid-stage egg chambers, mounting in halocarbon oil is good for survival in that it allows free diffusion of oxygen, prevents dehydration and hypoxia and has superb optical properties for microscopy. Imaging of fluorescent proteins is possible through the introduction of transgenes into the egg chamber or physical injection of labeled RNA, protein or antibodies 5-7. For example, addition of MS2 constructs to the genome of animals enables real time observation of mRNAs in the oocyte 8. These constructs allow for in vivo labeling of mRNA through utilization of the MS2 bacteriophage RNA stem loop interaction with its coat protein 9. 
 Here, we present a protocol for the extraction of ovaries as well as isolating individual ovarioles and egg chambers from the female Drosophila. For a detailed description of Drosophila oogenesis see Allan C. Spradling (1993, reprinted 2009) 10.

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

The Drosophila egg chamber is an excellent model for studying the mechanisms of mRNA localization. In order to capture the dynamic events that underpin the processes of localization, rapid high resolution imaging of live tissue is required. Here, we present a protocol for dissection and imaging of live samples with minimal disruption.

Preparação Individual Drosophila Ovos Câmaras de imagens ao vivo

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Here we describe an effective method for studying dynamics of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo. This method employs live Drosophila embryos as a powerful model for monitoring phagocytosis of apoptotic cells using specific labeling of apoptotic cells and phagocytes.

Imagens ao vivo de Apuramento celular por apoptose durante<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriogênese

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT Method for Live Imaging of Mosaic Adult Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells

The Drosophila eye is widely used as a model for studies of development and neuronal degeneration. With the powerful mitotic recombination technique, elegant genetic screens based on clonal analysis have led to the identification of signaling pathways involved in eye development and photoreceptor (PR) differentiation at larval stages. We describe here the Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT method, which can be used for rapid clonal analysis in the eye of living adult Drosophila. Fluorescent photoreceptor cells are imaged with the cornea neutralization technique, on retinas with mosaic clones generated by flipase-mediated recombination. This method has several major advantages over classical histological sectioning of the retina: it can be used for high-throughput screening and has proved an effective method for identifying the factors regulating PR survival and function. It can be used for kinetic analyses of PR degeneration in the same living animal over several weeks, to demonstrate the requirement for specific genes for PR survival or function in the adult fly. This method is also useful for addressing cell autonomy issues in developmental mutants, such as those in which the establishment of planar cell polarity is affected.

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT Method for Live Imaging of Mosaic Adult Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT method involves visualizing mosaic photoreceptor cells in living Drosophila. It can be used to follow individual photoreceptor cell fates in the retina for days or weeks. This method is ideal for studies of retinal degeneration and neurodegenerative diseases or photoreceptor cell development.

O tomate / GFP-FLP / FRT Method for Imaging ao vivo de Mosaico Adulto<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; As células fotorreceptoras

The Drosophila eye is widely used as a model  for studies of development and neuronal degeneration. With the powerful mitotic  recombination technique, ...