Os autores gostariam de agradecer Ikiel Ptito por seu contínuo apoio técnico. NSERC conceder ao MP.

Parte 1: Pré-processamento de tecido <ol><li> Tecido deve ser bem perfundidos com paraformaldeído, glutaraldeído ou formalina. Isto pode ser conseguido através de perfusão transcardial padrão normalmente utilizado para a colheita de outros órgãos. No presente estudo o assunto estava profundamente sedado com cloridrato de cetamina (10 mg / kg, im), sacrificados com uma overdose de pentobarbital sódico (25 mg / kg, iv) e perfundidos transcardially com 0,1 M PBS até que esteja completamente exsanguinated.This é seguido por uma solução de paraformaldeído 4% em PBS por 5 min (~ 1 litro). </li></ol> Parte 2: estereotáxica bloqueio <ol><li> Antes de colocar a cabeça na moldura estereotáxica as coordenadas do zero avião Horsley-Clarke/interaural precisa ser tomada. Este é o ponto médio teórico entre as orelhas. Para medir este plano, as barras de ouvido precisa ser igualmente montado no aparelho, em seguida, coloque uma lâmina de bisturi no braço manipulador estereotáxica e medir o ponto médio entre as barras de ouvido. Isso é importante para determinar onde a bloquear o tecido com base nas necessidades de pesquisa. Quando isso for concluído o crânio deve ser preparado para fixação no aparelho estereotáxico. </li><li> A fim de colocar a cabeça na moldura estereotáxica o maxilar inferior terá que ser removida com fórceps osso e um bisturi. Além disso, a pele, músculo e tecido conjuntivo devem ser removidos, a fim de expor o crânio. Uma vez que o tecido conjuntivo é removido do crânio, expor o cérebro por desbastando a calvária (a parte de tabela do osso occipital, bem como o parietal, ossos ad frontal). Na parte do presente experimento calvária tem tudo pronto foram removidas. Tenha cuidado para não remover completamente os ossos temporais, pois o canal auditivo terá de estar intacto para colocar a cabeça na moldura estereotáxica. A matéria dura restante deve ser removido do cérebro exposto. O crânio está agora pronto para ser colocado na armação estereotáxica. </li><li> Da mesma forma em que se iria realizar uma cirurgia estereotáxica, ajustar o olho, boca, ouvidos e bares de tal forma que a cabeça está bem fixo no aparelho estereotáxico. Coloque o manipulador estereotáxica nas coordenadas predeterminado anterior / posterior (A / P) e mover o manipulador para o aspecto lateral do cérebro. Lentamente abaixe a lâmina para o cérebro, completamente levantar a lâmina do cérebro, então se movem medialmente e inferior a lâmina novamente. Repita essas duas etapas até que a lâmina atingiu o aspecto lateral do hemisfério oposto. Isto completa o primeiro bloco coronal. Para posterior blocos coronal mover o manipulador de um centímetro na A / eixo P e repetir até que todo o cérebro foi bloqueada. </li></ol> Parte 3: Remover o cérebro do crânio <ol><li> Remova a cabeça da armação estereotáxica e mantenha o cérebro exposto na palma da sua mão. Tentar garantir o cérebro levemente colocando coddling o cérebro na palma da sua mão e coloque o dedo mindinho entre os lobos frontais, esse movimento minimiza do cérebro no crânio. A fim de evitar o ressecamento da superfície pial do cérebro, coloque um pedaço de gaze umedecida PBS em todo o cérebro. Segure a cabeça com firmeza pelo crânio e desbastar os ossos restantes occipital e temporal, juntamente com a coluna vertebral. Isso expõe os aspectos básicos e lateral do cérebro. Por fim remover qualquer osso frontal restantes eo osso nasal, o que permitirá o acesso ao bulbos olfatórios. É importante remover o osso frontal último porque como você remover a base do crânio o cérebro se move ligeiramente e os lobos frontais podem ser danificados nas bordas irregulares do osso fontal. Cortar e remover restantes dura-máter. Levante cuidadosamente a parte frontal do cérebro, deslize o bisturi sob o cérebro eo cérebro livre do crânio. </li></ol> Parte 4: Medições <ol><li> Há uma série de medidas úteis que podem ser feitas antes do congelamento. Por exemplo, o A / P eixo do cérebro com um paquímetro. Além disso, a densidade específica pode ser medida pelo peso do cérebro, de medição do volume pelo deslocamento de água em um cilindro graduado, em seguida, dividindo o peso pelo deslocamento de volume (Tabela 1). </li></ol> Parte 5: Concluir o bloqueio do cérebro. <ol><li> Normalmente, quando a lâmina de bisturi é introduzido no cérebro, não é tempo suficiente para atravessar completamente a extensão dorsal-ventral completa do cérebro. Uma vez que o cérebro é removido e medições brutas são obtidas, leve um lenço de papel-slicing blade e terminar o bloqueio do cérebro até o lado ventral do cérebro (Figura 2). </li><li> Antes de congelar os blocos, é necessário cryoprotect o tecido em soluções classificados PBS-buffered sacarose (10, 20 e 30%) mantida a 4 ˚ C até os dissipadores cérebro. Ele normalmente leva uma incubação overnight em 10%, 2-3 dias em 20% e adicional de 3-5 dias em 30% para os blocos para desviar para o fundo do recipiente. A mudança diária de the solução de sacarose 30% é recomendado. </li></ol> Parte 6: Resultados Representante Há uma série de graves medições morfológicas que podem ser feitas uma vez que o cérebro foi removido do crânio. Estes incluem um comprimento / P, o peso ea densidade específica (Tabela 1). Nós geralmente bloqueiam o cérebro em 6-7 blocos medindo 1cm (Figura 1). Cada peça é então fotografada (Figura 2) e pode ser ainda mais dissecados, dependendo das necessidades de pesquisa ou preparados para o congelamento em soluções de sacarose classificados. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Assunto </td><td> A Comprimento / P (Mm) </td><td> Peso (Gramas) </td><td> Deslocamento de água (Ml) </td><td> Densidade específica (G / ml) </td></tr><tr><td> O2303-2-1-1 </td><td> 64,3 </td><td> 28,1 </td><td> 24 </td><td> 1,171 </td></tr><tr><td> O5180-1 </td><td> 71,3 </td><td> 38,7 </td><td> 34 </td><td> 1,138 </td></tr><tr><td> O2708-3-1 </td><td> 62,8 </td><td> 28,7 </td><td> 26 </td><td> 1,104 </td></tr><tr><td> O9184-4-2 </td><td> 65,3 </td><td> 29,5 </td><td> 24 </td><td> 1,229 </td></tr><tr><td> N459-1-14-2 </td><td> 68,2 </td><td> 31,6 </td><td> 26 </td><td> 1,215 </td></tr><tr><td> MÉDIA </td><td> 66,38 </td><td> 31,32 </td><td> 26,8 </td><td> 1,171 </td></tr><tr><td> STD DEV </td><td> 3,38 </td><td> 4,33 </td><td> 4,17 </td><td> 0,052 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabela 1. Gross Medidas morfológicas do hemisfério direito de 5 Mês vervet Velho <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1259/1259fig1.jpg" alt="figura 1" /> <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1259/1259fig2.jpg" alt="figura 1.5" /> Figura 1. Esquemas para os planos coronal usado para bloquear o cérebro. Este é um exemplo de um cérebro adulto vervet externalizados. Exemplo do procedimento de bloqueio. As linhas verticais aqui são espaçados em 1cm, geralmente produzindo 7 blocos coronal de cada hemisfério. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1259/1259fig3.jpg" alt="figura 2" /> Figura 2. Blocos de tecido cerebral no espaço estereotáxico. Cada bloco vai render cerca de 200 seções tomada em 50 ìm. Com este esquema de amostragem mais de 1200 pontos através do córtex serão tomadas e um 400-500 adicional do cerebelo quando cortado no plano coronal.

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	<li>Gallagher, M., Rapp, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+animal+models+to+study+the+effects+of+aging+on+cognition.+Annu+Rev+Psychol+48.">The use of animal models to study the effects of aging on cognition. Annu Rev Psychol 48.</a> , 339-370 (1997).</li><li>Clancy, B., Darlington, R., Finlay, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translating+developmental+time+across+mammalian+species.">Translating developmental time across mammalian species.</a> Neuroscience. 105, 7-17 (2001).</li><li>Nowakowski, R. 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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+neural+stem+cells+migrate+along+the+nigrostriatal+pathway+in+a+primate+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Human neural stem cells migrate along the nigrostriatal pathway in a primate model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Exp Neurol. 211, 362-369 (2008).</li><li>Lemere, C. A., Beierschmitt, A., Iglesias, M., Spooner, E. T., Bloom, J. K., Leverone, J. F., Zheng, J. B., Seabrook, T. J., Louard, D., Li, D., Selkoe, D. J., Palmour, R. M., Ervin, F. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

O St. Kitts vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops sabeus) é um primata do Velho Mundo com padrões semelhantes e taxas de desenvolvimento do cérebro corticais e subcorticais ao dos humanos. Esta espécie tem sido utilizada para modelar humano complexo distúrbios comportamentais como comportamento ansioso, hipertensão 8, 9 hemisferectomia, doença de Parkinson 10, doença Alzhemier de 11, e abuso de álcool 12. Mais recentemente, esta espécie tem sido usado para estudar os...

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dissecting the non-human primate brain in stereotaxic space

O uso de primatas não-humanos fornece um excelente modelo de translação para a nossa compreensão dos processos de desenvolvimento e envelhecimento em seres humanos<sup&gt; 06/01</sup&gt;. Além disso, o uso de primatas não-humanos recentemente a oportunidade de, naturalmente, modelo complexo transtornos psiquiátricos, como o abuso de álcool<sup&gt; 7</sup&gt;. Aqui nós descrevemos uma técnica para bloquear o cérebro no plano coronal do macaco vervet (<em&gt; Chlorocebus aethiops sabeus</em&gt;) No crânio intacto no espaço estereotáxico. O método descrito aqui fornece um plano padrão de seção entre os blocos e assuntos, minimiza seções parciais entre os blocos. Seccionamento de um bloco de tecido no plano coronal também facilita a delimitação de uma área de interesse. Este método fornece gerenciáveis ​​blocos de tamanho desde um único hemisfério do macaco vervet produz mais de 1.200 seções quando cortar em 50 ìm. Além disso, bloqueando o cérebro em blocos de um centímetro, facilita a penetração da sacarose cyroprotection e permite que o bloco a ser cortado em um criostato padrão.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissecting the Non-human Primate Brain in Stereotaxic Space at JoVE.com

Dissecting the Non-human Primate Brain in Stereotaxic Space

O primata não-humano é uma importante espécie de translação para a nossa compreensão do processamento normal do cérebro. A organização anatômica do cérebro dos primatas podem fornecer importantes insights sobre condições normais e patológicas nos seres humanos.

Dissecando o cérebro do primata não-humano no espaço estereotáxico

The use of non-human primates provides an excellent translational model for our understanding of developmental and aging processes in humans1-6. In ...

dissecting-the-non-human-primate-brain-in-stereotaxic-space

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.0K visualizações.  University of Montreal. O primata não-humano é uma importante espécie de translação para a nossa compreensão do processamento normal do cérebro. A organização anatômica do cérebro dos primatas podem fornecer importantes insights sobre condições normais e patológicas nos seres humanos.

Vídeo: Dissecting the Non-human Primate Brain in Stereotaxic Space

Survivable Stereotaxic Surgery in Rodents 

The ability to measure extracellular basal levels of neurotransmitters in the brain of awake animals allows for the determination of effects of different systemic challenges (pharmacological or physiological) to the CNS. For example, one can directly measure how the animal's midbrain dopamine projections respond to dopamine-releasing drugs like d-amphetamine or natural stimuli like food. In this video, we show you how to implant guide cannulas targeting specific sites in the rat brain, how to insert and implant a microdialysis probe and how to use high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) to measure extracellular levels of oxidizable neurotransmitters and metabolites. Local precise introduction of drugs through the microdialysis probe allows for refined work on site specificity in a compound s mechanism of action. This technique has excellent anatomical and chemical resolution but only modest time resolution as microdialysis samples are usually processed every 20-30 minutes to ensure detectable neurotransmitter levels. Complementary ex vivo tools (i.e., slice and cell culture electrophysiology) can assist with monitoring real-time neurotransmission.

Survivable Stereotaxic Surgery in Rodents

The monitoring of extracellular neurotransmitter levels in distinct brain regions of freely moving animals offers insights on the link between neurotransmitter release and behavior. In vivo microdialysis coupled with electrochemical detection provides excellent anatomical and chemical resolution; and information on how basal neurotransmission is altered by pharmacological or physiological manipulations.

Cirurgia estereotáxica sobrevivência em Roedores

The ability to measure extracellular basal levels of neurotransmitters in the brain of awake animals allows for the determination of effects of different ...

Biologia

Dissecting and Recording from The C. Elegans Neuromuscular Junction

Neurotransmission is the process by which neurons transfer information via chemical signals to their post-synaptic targets, on a rapid time scale. This complex process requires the coordinated activity of many pre- and post-synaptic proteins to ensure appropriate synaptic connectivity, conduction of electrical signals, targeting and priming of secretory vesicles, calcium sensing, vesicle fusion, localization and function of postsynaptic receptors and finally, recycling mechanisms. As neuroscientists it is our goal to elucidate which proteins function in each of these steps and understand their mechanisms of action. Electrophysiological recordings from synapses provide a quantifiable read out of the underlying electrical events that occur during synaptic transmission. By combining this technique with the powerful array of molecular and genetic tools available to manipulate synaptic proteins in C. elegans, we can analyze the resulting functional changes in synaptic transmission. 
The C. elegans NMJs formed between motor neurons and body wall muscles control locomotion, therefore, mutants with uncoordinated locomotory phenotypes (known as unc s) often perturb synaptic transmission at these synapses 1. Since unc mutants are maintained on a rich supply of a bacterial food source, they remain viable as long as they retain some pharyngeal pumping ability to ingest food. This, together with the fact that C. elegans exist as hermaphrodites, allows them to pass on mutant progeny without the need for elaborate mating behaviors. These attributes, coupled with our recent ability to record from the worms NMJs 2,3,7 make this an excellent model organism in which to address precisely how unc mutants impact neurotransmission. 
The dissection method involves immobilizing adult worms using a cyanoacrylic glue in order to make an incision in the worm cuticle exposing the NMJs. Since C. elegans adults are only 1 mm in length the dissection is performed with the use of a dissecting microscope and requires excellent hand-eye coordination. NMJ recordings are made by whole-cell voltage clamping individual body wall muscle cells and neurotransmitter release can be evoked using a variety of stimulation protocols including electrical stimulation, light-activated channel-rhodopsin-mediated depolarization 4 and hyperosmotic saline, all of which will be briefly described.

Application of electrophysiology to accessible synapses provides a quantifiable measure of synaptic activity, useful in analyzing synaptic mutants. This article describes a dissection method used to expose the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and briefly discusses some of the uses to which this preparation can be applied.

Dissecação e gravação a partir da junção neuromuscular C. Elegans

Neurotransmission is the process by which neurons transfer information via chemical signals to their post-synaptic targets, on a rapid time scale.   This ...

The Gateway to the Brain: Dissecting the Primate Eye

The visual system in humans is considered the gateway to the world and plays a principal role in the plethora of sensory, perceptual and cognitive processes. It is therefore not surprising that quality of vision is tied to quality of life . Despite widespread clinical and basic research surrounding the causes of visual disorders, many forms of visual impairments, such as retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration, lack effective treatments. Non-human primates have the closest general features of eye development to that of humans. Not only do they have a similar vascular anatomy, but amongst other mammals, primates have the unique characteristic of having a region in the temporal retina specialized for high visual acuity, the fovea1. Here we describe a general technique for dissecting the primate retina to provide tissue for retinal histology, immunohistochemistry, laser capture microdissection, as well as light and electron microscopy. With the extended use of the non-human primate as a translational model, our hope is that improved understanding of the retina will provide insights into effective approaches towards attenuating or reversing the negative impact of visual disorders on the quality of life of affected individuals.

The non-human primate is an important translational species for our understanding of development and aging. The anatomical organization of the primate retina may provide important insights into normal and pathological conditions in humans.

A entrada para o cérebro: Dissecando o olho Primaz

The visual system in humans is considered the  gateway  to the world and plays a principal role in the plethora of sensory, perceptual and cognitive ...

Knowing What Counts: Unbiased Stereology in the Non-human Primate Brain

The non-human primate is an important translational species for understanding the normal function and disease processes of the human brain. Unbiased stereology, the method accepted as state-of-the-art for quantification of biological objects in tissue sections2, generates reliable structural data for biological features in the mammalian brain3. The key components of the approach are unbiased (systematic-random) sampling of anatomically defined structures (reference spaces), combined with quantification of cell numbers and size, fiber and capillary lengths, surface areas, regional volumes and spatial distributions of biological objects within the reference space4. Among the advantages of these stereological approaches over previous methods is the avoidance of all known sources of systematic (non-random) error arising from faulty assumptions and non-verifiable models. This study documents a biological application of computerized stereology to estimate the total neuronal population in the frontal cortex of the vervet monkey brain (Chlorocebus aethiops sabeus), with assistance from two commercially available stereology programs, BioQuant Life Sciences and Stereologer (Figure 1). In addition to contrast and comparison of results from both the BioQuant and Stereologer systems, this study provides a detailed protocol for the Stereologer system.

The anatomical organization of the primate brain can provide important insights into normal and pathological conditions in humans. Unbiased stereology is a method for accurately and efficiently estimating the total neuron number (or other cell type) in a given reference space1.

Sabendo o que conta: Estereologia Imparcial no cérebro de primatas não humanos

The non-human primate is an important translational species for understanding the normal function and disease processes of the human brain. Unbiased ...

Trajectory Data Analyses for Pedestrian Space-time Activity Study

It is well recognized that human movement in the spatial and temporal dimensions has direct influence on disease transmission1-3. An infectious disease typically spreads via contact between infected and susceptible individuals in their overlapped activity spaces. Therefore, daily mobility-activity information can be used as an indicator to measure exposures to risk factors of infection. However, a major difficulty and thus the reason for paucity of studies of infectious disease transmission at the micro scale arise from the lack of detailed individual mobility data. Previously in transportation and tourism research detailed space-time activity data often relied on the time-space diary technique, which requires subjects to actively record their activities in time and space. This is highly demanding for the participants and collaboration from the participants greatly affects the quality of data4.
Modern technologies such as GPS and mobile communications have made possible the automatic collection of trajectory data. The data collected, however, is not ideal for modeling human space-time activities, limited by the accuracies of existing devices. There is also no readily available tool for efficient processing of the data for human behavior study. We present here a suite of methods and an integrated ArcGIS desktop-based visual interface for the pre-processing and spatiotemporal analyses of trajectory data. We provide examples of how such processing may be used to model human space-time activities, especially with error-rich pedestrian trajectory data, that could be useful in public health studies such as infectious disease transmission modeling.
The procedure presented includes pre-processing, trajectory segmentation, activity space characterization, density estimation and visualization, and a few other exploratory analysis methods. Pre-processing is the cleaning of noisy raw trajectory data. We introduce an interactive visual pre-processing interface as well as an automatic module. Trajectory segmentation5 involves the identification of indoor and outdoor parts from pre-processed space-time tracks. Again, both interactive visual segmentation and automatic segmentation are supported. Segmented space-time tracks are then analyzed to derive characteristics of one's activity space such as activity radius etc. Density estimation and visualization are used to examine large amount of trajectory data to model hot spots and interactions. We demonstrate both density surface mapping6 and density volume rendering7. We also include a couple of other exploratory data analyses (EDA) and visualizations tools, such as Google Earth animation support and connection analysis. The suite of analytical as well as visual methods presented in this paper may be applied to any trajectory data for space-time activity studies.

A suite of spatiotemporal processing methods are presented to analyze human trajectory data, such as that collected using a GPS device, for the purpose of modeling pedestrian space-time activities.

Trajetória Análise de Dados para Estudo de Atividade pedonal espaço-tempo

It is well recognized that human movement in the  spatial and temporal dimensions has direct influence on disease transmission1-3.  An infectious disease ...

Sampling Blood from the Lateral Tail Vein of the Rat

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, proteins, and glucose, yet the composition of the blood is dynamically regulated and easily perturbed. One factor that can change the blood composition is the stress response triggered by the sampling procedure, which can contribute to variability in the measures of interest. Here we describe a procedure for blood sampling from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This procedure offers significant advantages over other more commonly used techniques. It permits rapid sampling with minimal pain or invasiveness, without anesthesia or analgesia. Additionally, it can be used to obtain large volume samples (upwards of 1 ml in some rats), and it may be used repeatedly across experimental days. By minimizing the stress response and pain resulting from blood sampling, measures can more accurately reflect the true basal state of the animal, with minimal influence from the sampling procedure itself.

Blood samples are useful for assessing biomarkers of physiological states or disease in vivo. Here we describe the methodology to sample blood from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This method provides rapid samples with minimal pain and invasiveness.

A amostragem de sangue a partir da veia lateral da cauda do rato

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, ...

Micropuncture of Bowman's Space in Mice Facilitated by 2 Photon Microscopy

Renal micropuncture and renal 2-photon imaging are seminal techniques in renal physiology. However, micropuncture is limited by dependence on conventional microscopy to surface nephron features, and 2-photon studies are limited in that interventions can only be assessed at the organ, rather than the nephron level. In particular, micropuncture studies of the glomeruli of mice have been challenged by the paucity of surface glomeruli in mice. To address this limitation in order to pursue studies of aspirate from Bowman&#39;s space in mouse physiologic models, we developed 2-photon glomerular micropuncture. We present a novel surgical preparation that allows lateral access to the kidney while preserving the required vertical imaging column for 2-photon microscopy. Administration of high molecular weight fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran is used to render the renal vasculature and therefore glomeruli visible for 2-photon imaging. A quantum dot-coated pipette is then introduced under stereotactic guidance to a glomerulus selected from the several to many which may be visualized within the imaging window. In this protocol, we provide details of the preparation, materials, and methods necessary to carry out the procedure. This technique facilitates previously-impossible physiologic study of the kidney, including recovery of filtrate from Bowman&#39;s space and all segments of the nephron within the imaging depth limit, about 100 &#181;m below the renal capsule. Pressure, charge and flow may all be measured using the introduced pipette. Here, we provide representative data from liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry performed on aspirate from Bowman&#39;s space. We expect this technique to have wide applicability in renal physiologic investigation.

Micropuncture of Bowman&#039;s Space in Mice Facilitated by 2 Photon Microscopy

We present use of 2-photon microscopy to place a micropipette within Bowman&#39;s urinary space in mice, combining 2 foundational techniques of renal physiology. Use of 2-photon microscopy overcomes critical limitations of conventional microscopy for micropuncture renal physiology studies.

Micropunção do espaço de Bowman em camundongos facilitada pela microscopia de fóton 2

Renal micropuncture and renal 2-photon imaging are seminal techniques in renal physiology. However, micropuncture is limited by dependence on conventional ...

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face

Facial expressions, or facial displays, of social or emotional intent are produced by many mammalian taxa as a means of visually communicating with conspecifics at a close range. These displays are achieved by contraction of the mimetic muscles, which are skeletal muscle attached to the dermis of the face. Reverse dissection, removing the full facial mask from the skull and approaching mimetic muscles in reverse, is an effective but destructive way of revealing the morphology of mimetic muscles but it is destructive. DiceCT is a novel mechanism for visualizing skeletal muscles, including mimetic muscles, and isolating individual muscle fascicles for quantitative measurement. Additionally, DiceCT provides a non-destructive mechanism for visualizing muscles. The combined techniques of reverse dissection and DiceCT can be used to assess the evolutionary morphology of mimetic musculature as well as potential contraction strength and velocity in these muscles. This study further demonstrates that DiceCT can be used to accurately and reliably visualize mimetic muscles as well as reverse dissection and provide a non-destructive method for sampling mimetic muscles.

Facial expressions are a mode of visual communication produced by mimetic muscles. Here, we present protocols for the novel techniques of reverse dissection and DiceCT to fully visualize and assess mimetic muscles. These combined techniques can examine both morphological and physiological aspects of mimetic musculature to determine functional aspects.

Reverter a dissecção e dados DiceCT revelar outra forma escondida na evolução do primata rosto

Facial expressions, or facial displays, of social or emotional intent are produced by many mammalian taxa as a means of visually communicating with ...

Probing mRNA Kinetics in Space and Time in Escherichia coli using Two-Color Single-Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) allows for counting the absolute number of mRNAs in individual cells. Here, we describe an application of smFISH to measure the rates of transcription and mRNA degradation in Escherichia coli. As smFISH is based on fixed cells, we perform smFISH at multiple time points during a time-course experiment, i.e., when cells are undergoing synchronized changes upon induction or repression of gene expression. At each time point, sub-regions of an mRNA are spectrally distinguished to probe transcription elongation and premature termination. The outcome of this protocol also allows for analyzing intracellular localization of mRNAs and heterogeneity in mRNA copy numbers among cells. Using this protocol many samples (~50) can be processed within 8 h, like the amount of time needed for just a few samples. We discuss how to apply this protocol to study the transcription and degradation kinetics of different mRNAs in bacterial cells.

Probing mRNA Kinetics in Space and Time in Escherichia coli using Two-Color Single-Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

This protocol describes an application of single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) to measure the in vivo kinetics of mRNA synthesis and degradation.

Sondando cinética mRNA no espaço e no tempo em Escherichia coli usando fluorescência de molécula única de duas cores na hibridização situ

Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) allows for counting the absolute number of mRNAs in individual cells. Here, we describe an ...

Dissecting Mechanoenzymatic Properties of Processive Myosins with Ultrafast Force-Clamp Spectroscopy

Ultrafast force-clamp spectroscopy (UFFCS) is a single molecule technique based on laser tweezers that allows the investigation of the chemomechanics of both conventional and unconventional myosins under load with unprecedented time resolution. In particular, the possibility to probe myosin motors under constant force right after the actin-myosin bond formation, together with the high rate of the force feedback (200 kHz), has shown UFFCS to be a valuable tool to study the load dependence of fast dynamics such as the myosin working stroke. Moreover, UFFCS enables the study of how processive and non-processive myosin-actin interactions are influenced by the intensity and direction of the applied force.
By following this protocol, it will be possible to perform ultrafast force-clamp experiments on processive myosin-5 motors and on a variety of unconventional myosins. By some adjustments, the protocol could also be easily extended to the study of other classes of processive motors such as kinesins and dyneins. The protocol includes all the necessary steps, from the setup of the experimental apparatus to sample preparation, calibration procedures, data acquisition and analysis.

Presented here is a comprehensive protocol to perform ultrafast force-clamp experiments on processive myosin-5 motors, which could be easily extended to the study of other classes of processive motors. The protocol details all the necessary steps, from the setup of the experimental apparatus to sample preparation, data acquisition and analysis.

Dissecando as propriedades mecanoenzimáticas de miosinas processivas com espectroscopia de força-braçadeira ultrarrápida

Ultrafast force-clamp spectroscopy (UFFCS) is a single molecule technique based on laser tweezers that allows the investigation of the chemomechanics of ...