NCI (U54 CA00100970), NCI (1 CA150040 R03-01), ACS (116602-PF-09-018-01-CNE)

1. A remoção da glândula mamária e abdominal Preparando um monte inteiro <ol><li> Eutanásia do animal de acordo com as diretrizes IACUC. Pin o animal à sua volta de suas pernas com agulhas, ou fita as pernas em cima da prancha de superfície, e limpe a pele molhada com etanol (EtOH). Levante a pele um pouco com uma pinça e com tesoura afiada fazer uma incisão mediana na pele de partida entre os dois mamilos # 5 e cortou para o pescoço. Faça uma incisão Y invertido a partir da linha média para as pernas traseiras. Se torácica glândulas mamárias também estão a ser recolhidos, fazer também uma incisão Y da linha média entre o par # 2 mamilos para as pernas da frente. </li><li> Dissecar a pele com uma tesoura aberta em um lado da incisão Y invertido para expor a glândula abdominal # 4 mamária; as glândulas mamárias estão ligados à pele. Pinos na pele com agulhas na placa de superfície, para exposição da glândula. Trabalho de um lado e da glândula no momento. </li><li> Dissecar a glândula mamária livre da pele ou usando uma tesoura afiada e / ou um bisturi, a partir da área proximal perto do mamilo e trabalhar no sentido da extremidade distal da glândula em direção a espinha dorsal do animal. (Isto pode demorar vários minutos, especialmente em um velho rato.) </li><li> Imediatamente espalhou a glândula destacada em uma lâmina de vidro devidamente rotulados (use uma caneta apropriada permanente e / ou &quot;uma caneta de diamante&quot;), e espalhe cuidadosamente a glândula correspondente ao seu tamanho original e forma in situ. A lâmina de vidro deve ser maior do que a glândula. Depois de espalhar a glândula para o slide, deixe-o sentar na mesa por um tempo, para que a glândula varas para o slide, mas não deixe secar. </li><li> Coloque o slide em um frasco contendo fixador de Carnoy (75% de ácido acético glacial, 25% etanol absoluto = EtOH), permita que ela se fixa à temperatura ambiente (RT) na capela de dois dias ou mais. Slides também podem ser deixadas no fixador por um longo período de tempo. </li><li> Lavar as lâminas em EtOH 70% por 1 hora em temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Enxágüe em água destilada por 30 min em temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Mancha em Alum Carmine mancha *) para 2 dias ou mais (até ver que os gânglios linfáticos têm manchado através; olhar para o lado de trás do slide). </li><li> Lavar em série crescente de etanol, 1 hora em cada um: 70% -&gt; 95% -&gt; 100%. Após a última lavagem em termos absolutos EtOH colocar as glândulas em xileno. Vamos sentar-se na capela da TR pelo menos por dois dias. Este último passo é limpar da glândula mamária delipidation significado do pad mamárias gordura, e subsequente aumento da transparência. O fattier da glândula é o mais longo tempo de compensação é necessária. </li><li> Monte com cobertura desliza usando uma mídia de montagem, como Permount. Deixe secar bem os slides (vários dias) antes de observar em um microscópio estéreo. * Alum Carmine Stain: Colocar 1 g de carmim (Sigma C1022) e 2,5 g de sulfato de potássio alumínio (Sigma A7167) em 500 mL de água destilada e ferver durante 20 min. Ajustar o volume final de 500 mL com água. Filtrar e refrigerar. Solução pode ser usada por vários meses. Descartar quando a cor se torna fraco. </li></ol> 2. Análise da morfologia mamária Monte Gland Whole Glândula mamária toda morfologia monta é analisado de acordo com os seguintes pontos finais e os resultados correlacionados com o risco de câncer mamário. <ol><li> Glândula mamária toda montagem de PND 21 (pré-púberes idade): <ul><li> Crescimento epitelial: <ul><li> Distância do mamilo até o fim da árvore epiteliais (em milímetros), medida com uma régua </li></ul></li><li> Potencial de transformação maligna: <ul><li> Número de TEBS (brotos fim terminal), contados em microscópio de luz. TEBS são as maiores estruturas bulbosa localizado apenas na extremidade distal da árvore mamárias epiteliais </li></ul></li><li> Diferenciação: <ul><li> AB1 pontuação (alveolar bud) (0-5). Buds alveolares são espalhados por todo o epitélio. </li><li> AB2 pontuação (0-5) </li></ul></li></ul> Monta conjuntos são marcados com um microscópio de luz. Os valores de pontuação de AB1 e AB2 são adicionadas para uma pontuação diferenciação final. </li><li> Glândula mamária todo-mount coletados no PND 50 (pós-púberes idade): <ul><li> Crescimento epitelial: <ul><li> Distância do nó de linfa até o fim da árvore epiteliais (em milímetros), medida usando uma régua. </li><li> Distância da ponta da árvore epiteliais para o fim da gordura abdominal, medida usando uma régua. </li></ul></li><li> Potencial de transformação maligna: <ul><li> Número de TEBS, contados em microscópio de luz </li></ul></li><li> Diferenciação: <ul><li> AB1 pontuação (0-5) </li><li> AB2 pontuação (0-5) </li><li> Lóbulos pontuação (0-5) </li></ul></li></ul> Monta conjuntos são marcados com um microscópio de luz. Diferenciação será avalia de duas maneiras. Primeiro, os valores de pontuação AB1, AB2 e lóbulos são adicionadas para uma pontuação diferenciação final. Além disso, a relação entre lóbulos pontuação e + AB1 AB2 pontuação será calculada. ABs para diferenciar lóbulos, e quanto maior a taxa entre os lóbulos e ABS, o mais diferenciado da glândula é. </li></ol> 3. Palpação e medição do tumor mamário em ratos e Correlação de Morfologia da glândula mamária <ol><li> Para iniciar este procedimento, segure o rato, segurando todo o corpo com a palma da mão sobre as costas, com o indicador por trás da cabeça eo polegar eo segundo dedo sob a axila oposta. Ligue o rato para que ele esteja mentindo sobre o seu posterior, e apalpar para detectar tumores mamários; tumores palpáveis ​​deve se sentir como um &quot;caroço&quot;. </li><li> Em seguida use um paquímetro para medir a largura, comprimento e altura do tumor. Calcular o volume tumoral utilizando a fórmula de elipsóide Volume, = 1/6πabc, onde &#39;a&#39; = largura, comprimento &#39;b&#39; = e &#39;c&#39; height =. </li><li> Registrar manualmente a localização eo tamanho do tumor em um notebook em uma base semanal. Estes dados serão transferidos para uma planilha mais tarde. </li></ol> 4. Resultados representante Dissecção cuidadosa da almofada mamárias gordura e seu processamento para wholemount vai permitir a avaliação do estado de desenvolvimento da glândula mamária. Quando cada passo é feito corretamente, a árvore inteira epiteliais mamárias é claramente visível dentro do bloco de gordura, e isto permite a determinação fácil de o número de TEBS e cálculo da densidade de brotos alveolar e lóbulos. Erros em wholemounts preparando podem incluir a falha de dissecar o bloco inteiro de gordura, fixação insuficiente, inadequada e limpeza. Avaliação da morfologia da glândula mamária irá fornecer informações sobre o número das actuais estruturas que podem dar origem a tumores mamários (TEBS), grau de diferenciação das estruturas epiteliais (brotos alveolar e lóbulos), ea medida do crescimento (alongamento ductal). É importante separar TEBS para fins terminal, este último estão localizados na extremidade distal do epitélio, à semelhança do TEBS, mas eles são menores do que TEBS e não dar origem a tumores malignos. Termina terminal também são vistos dentro da árvore epiteliais. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2260/2260fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1:. Resultado Representante do bem preparado montar toda glândula mamária Todos os componentes da glândula foram devidamente dissecados e coloração carmim é o ideal. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2260/2260fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2:. Representante resultado de uma montagem de todo mal preparados glândula mamária A glândula foi devidamente dissecado (a porção distal da glândula em falta), não foi devidamente esticada e delipidation não foi completamente ocorreu.

<ol>
	<li>Rasmussen, S. B., Young, L. J. T., Smith, G. H., Ip, M. M., Asch, B. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparing+mammary+gland+whole+mounts+form+mice.">Preparing mammary gland whole mounts form mice.</a> Methods in Mammary Gland Biology and Breast Cancer Research. , 75-85 (2000).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consensus+statements+from+Mammary+Gland+Whole+Mount+Round+Robin+meeting.">Consensus statements from Mammary Gland Whole Mount Round Robin meeting.</a> , (2009).</li><li>Hilakivi-Clarke, L., Clarke, R., Onojafe, I., Raygada, M., Cho, E., &amp;amp, L. i. p. p. m. a. n., E, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+maternal+diet+high+in+n-6+polyunsaturated+fats+alters+mammary+gland+development,+puberty+onset,+and+breast+cancer+risk+among+female+rat+offspring.">A maternal diet high in n-6 polyunsaturated fats alters mammary gland development, puberty onset, and breast cancer risk among female rat offspring.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci. 94, 9372-9377 (1997).</li><li>Russo, I. H., Russo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammary+gland+neoplasia+in+long-term+rodent+studies.">Mammary gland neoplasia in long-term rodent studies.</a> Environ. Health Perspect. 104 (9), 938-967 (1996).</li><li>Hilakivi-Clarke, L., de Assis, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fetal+origins+of+breast+cancer.">Fetal origins of breast cancer.</a> TRENDS in Endocrinol and Metabol. 17 (9), 340-348 (2006).</li><li>Hilakivi-Clarke, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutritional+modulation+of+terminal+end+buds:+its+relevance+to+breast+cancer+prevention.">Nutritional modulation of terminal end buds: its relevance to breast cancer prevention.</a> Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 7 (4), 465-474 (2007).</li><li>Silva Idos, S., De Stavola, B., Mccormack, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collaborative+Group+On+Pre-Natal+Risk+Factors+And+Subsequent+Risk+Of+Breast+Cancer.+Birth+size+and+breast+cancer+risk:+re-analysis+of+individual+participant+data+from+32+studies.">Collaborative Group On Pre-Natal Risk Factors And Subsequent Risk Of Breast Cancer. Birth size and breast cancer risk: re-analysis of individual participant data from 32 studies.</a> PloS Medicine. 5, e193-e193 (2008).</li><li>Warri, A., Saarinen, N. M., Makela, S., Hilakivi-Clarke, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+early+life+genistein+exposures+in+modifying+breast+cancer+risk.">The role of early life genistein exposures in modifying breast cancer risk.</a> Br J Cancer. 98, 1485-1493 (2008).</li><li>Russo, J., Hu, Y. F., Yang, X., Russo, I. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental,+cellular,+and+molecular+basis+of+human+breast+cancer.">Developmental, cellular, and molecular basis of human breast cancer.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. , 17-37 (2000).</li><li>Oza, A. M., Boyd, N. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammographic+parenchymal+patterns:+A+marker+of+breast+cancer+risk.">Mammographic parenchymal patterns: A marker of breast cancer risk.</a> Epidemiological Reviews. 15, 196-208 (1993).</li></ol>

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Avaliação morfológica da glândula mamária de pontos finais e do crescimento da árvore epitelial pode ser usado para prever se manipulações início da vida na dieta, ou outras manipulações que alteram no útero ou pré-púberes ambiente hormonal, modificar o risco de câncer de mama mais tarde. Como o câncer de mama em humanos seja iniciada em estruturas mamárias (unidades de terminal lobular ductal, TDLUs) semelhante ao TEBS em ratos, esta técnica pode ser usada para determinar o potencial de exposição precoce a afetar o risco de câncer de mama. Além disso, em mulheres de alta densidade mamográfica aumenta o risco de câncer de mama por 4-6 vezes, e avaliação do crescimento da árvore epiteliais mamárias pode ser usado para identificar os fatores que determinam densidade mamográfica e os fatores que reduzem a esta densidade. Para obter essas informações, glândula mamária deve ser totalmente dissecado, devidamente esticado sobre uma lâmina de vidro, para que todos os seus componentes podem ser visualizadas em um microscópio. Além disso, a coloração carmim adequada e delipidation em xileno irá fornecer toda monta que são adequados para avaliação de risco de câncer mamário.

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<td>Glacial acetic acid</td>
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changes in mammary gland morphology and breast cancer risk in rats

Estudos em modelos de roedores de câncer de mama mostram que a exposição aos fatores dietéticos / hormonal durante o in utero e períodos de puberdade, quando a glândula mamária sofre de modelagem ampla e remodelação, alterar a susceptibilidade a substância cancerígena induzida por tumores mamários. Achados similares têm sido descritas em seres humanos: por exemplo, peso elevado aumenta mais tarde risco de desenvolver câncer de mama e ingestão de soja durante a infância diminui risco de câncer de mama. Pensa-se que essas modificações na dieta pré-natal e pós-natal persistente induzir mudanças morfológicas na glândula mamária que por sua vez, modificar o risco de câncer de mama mais tarde na vida. Essas mudanças morfológicas provavelmente refletem modificações epigenéticas, tais como alterações na metilação do DNA, histonas e expressão miRNA que então afetam a transcrição do gene. Neste artigo vamos descrever como as mudanças na morfologia da glândula mamária pode prever risco de câncer de mama em ratos. Nosso protocolo descreve especificamente como dissecar e remover a glândula abdominal de ratos mamária e como preparar montagens glândula mamária todo. Ele também descreve como analisar a morfologia da glândula mamária de acordo com três pontos finais (número de gemas fim terminal, alongamento e diferenciação epiteliais) e usar os dados para prever o risco de desenvolver câncer de mama.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats at JoVE.com

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats

Nosso protocolo descreve como dissecar o rato glândula mamária e abdominal como preparar montagens glândula mamária todo. Ele também descreve como analisar a morfologia da glândula mamária por meio de três pontos finais (número de gemas fim terminal, alongamento e diferenciação epiteliais) e usar estes resultados para prever o risco de câncer mamário em ratos que foram expostos a modificações dietéticas<em&gt; In utero</em&gt; Ou durante a pré-puberdade.

Alterações na morfologia da glândula mamária e risco de câncer de mama em ratos

Studies in rodent models of breast cancer show that exposures to dietary/hormonal factors during the in utero and pubertal periods, when the mammary gland ...

changes-in-mammary-gland-morphology-and-breast-cancer-risk-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

29.4K visualizações.  Georgetown University. Nosso protocolo descreve como dissecar o rato glândula mamária e abdominal como preparar montagens glândula mamária todo. Ele também descreve como analisar a morfologia da glândula mamária por meio de três pontos finais (número de gemas fim terminal, alongamento e diferenciação epiteliais) e usar estes resultados para prever o risco de câncer mamário em ratos que foram expostos a modificações dietéticas In utero Ou durante a pré-puberdade.

Vídeo: Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats

Evaluation of Mammary Gland Development and Function in Mouse Models

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves composed of a number of terminal duct lobular units made of secretory alveoli and converging ducts1. In mice, a similar architecture is observed at pregnancy in which ducts and alveoli are interspersed within the connective tissue stroma. The mouse mammary gland epithelium is a tree like system of ducts composed of two layers of cells, an inner layer of luminal cells surrounded by an outer layer of myoepithelial cells denoted by the confines of a basement membrane2. At birth, only a rudimental ductal tree is present, composed of a primary duct and 15-20 branches. Branch elongation and amplification start at the beginning of puberty, around 4 weeks old, under the influence of hormones3,4,5. At 10 weeks, most of the stroma is invaded by a complex system of ducts that will undergo cycles of branching and regression in each estrous cycle until pregnancy2. At the onset of pregnancy, a second phase of development begins, with the proliferation and differentiation of the epithelium to form grape-shaped milk secretory structures called alveoli6,7. Following parturition and throughout lactation, milk is produced by luminal secretory cells and stored within the lumen of alveoli. Oxytocin release, stimulated by a neural reflex induced by suckling of pups, induces synchronized contractions of the myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and along the ducts, allowing milk to be transported through the ducts to the nipple where it becomes available to the pups 8. Mammary gland development, differentiation and function are tightly orchestrated and require, not only interactions between the stroma and the epithelium, but also between myoepithelial and luminal cells within the epithelium9,10,11. Thereby, mutations in many genes implicated in these interactions may impair either ductal elongation during puberty or alveoli formation during early pregnancy, differentiation during late pregnancy and secretory activation leading to lactation12,13. In this article, we describe how to dissect mouse mammary glands and assess their development using whole mounts. We also demonstrate how to evaluate myoepithelial contractions and milk ejection using an ex-vivo oxytocin-based functional assay. The effect of a gene mutation on mammary gland development and function can thus be determined in situ by performing these two techniques in mutant and wild-type control mice.

This method describes how to dissect and assess mammary gland development and function from mice. Excised mammary glands are assessed for the degree of development using whole mount while milk ejection is evaluated using an oxytocin-based myoepithelial cell contraction assay.

Avaliação do desenvolvimento da glândula mamária e Função em modelos de ratos

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves ...

Biologia

Quantitative Measurement of Invadopodia-mediated Extracellular Matrix Proteolysis in Single and Multicellular Contexts

Cellular invasion into local tissues is a process important in development and homeostasis. Malregulated invasion and subsequent cell movement is characteristic of multiple pathological processes, including inflammation, cardiovascular disease and tumor cell metastasis1. Focalized proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the epithelial or endothelial basement membrane is a critical step in initiating cellular invasion. In tumor cells, extensive in vitro analysis has determined that ECM degradation is accomplished by ventral actin-rich membrane protrusive structures termed invadopodia2,3. Invadopodia form in close apposition to the ECM, where they moderate ECM breakdown through the action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The ability of tumor cells to form invadopodia directly correlates with the ability to invade into local stroma and associated vascular components3. 
Visualization of invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation of cells by fluorescent microscopy using dye-labeled matrix proteins coated onto glass coverslips has emerged as the most prevalent technique for evaluating the degree of matrix proteolysis and cellular invasive potential4,5. Here we describe a version of the standard method for generating fluorescently-labeled glass coverslips utilizing a commercially available Oregon Green-488 gelatin conjugate. This method is easily scaled to rapidly produce large numbers of coated coverslips. We show some of the common microscopic artifacts that are often encountered during this procedure and how these can be avoided. Finally, we describe standardized methods using readily available computer software to allow quantification of labeled gelatin matrix degradation mediated by individual cells and by entire cellular populations. The described procedures provide the ability to accurately and reproducibly monitor invadopodia activity, and can also serve as a platform for evaluating the efficacy of modulating protein expression or testing of anti-invasive compounds on extracellular matrix degradation in single and multicellular settings.

We describe the prototypical method for producing microscope coverslips coated with fluorescent gelatin for visualizing invadopodia-mediated matrix degradation. Computational techniques using available software are presented for quantifying the resultant levels of matrix proteolysis by single cells within a mixed population and for multicellular groups encompassing entire microscopic fields.

Medição quantitativa de invadopodia mediada proteólise da matriz extracelular em Contextos individuais e multicelulares

Cellular invasion into local tissues is a process important in development and homeostasis.  Malregulated invasion and subsequent cell movement is ...

An Analytical Tool that Quantifies Cellular Morphology Changes from Three-dimensional Fluorescence Images

The most common software analysis tools available for measuring fluorescence images are for two-dimensional (2D) data that rely on manual settings for inclusion and exclusion of data points, and computer-aided pattern recognition to support the interpretation and findings of the analysis. It has become increasingly important to be able to measure fluorescence images constructed from three-dimensional (3D) datasets in order to be able to capture the complexity of cellular dynamics and understand the basis of cellular plasticity within biological systems. Sophisticated microscopy instruments have permitted the visualization of 3D fluorescence images through the acquisition of multispectral fluorescence images and powerful analytical software that reconstructs the images from confocal stacks that then provide a 3D representation of the collected 2D images. Advanced design-based stereology methods have progressed from the approximation and assumptions of the original model-based stereology1 even in complex tissue sections2. Despite these scientific advances in microscopy, a need remains for an automated analytic method that fully exploits the intrinsic 3D data to allow for the analysis and quantification of the complex changes in cell morphology, protein localization and receptor trafficking. 
Current techniques available to quantify fluorescence images include Meta-Morph (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) and Image J (NIH) which provide manual analysis. Imaris (Andor Technology, Belfast, Northern Ireland) software provides the feature MeasurementPro, which allows the manual creation of measurement points that can be placed in a volume image or drawn on a series of 2D slices to create a 3D object. This method is useful for single-click point measurements to measure a line distance between two objects or to create a polygon that encloses a region of interest, but it is difficult to apply to complex cellular network structures. Filament Tracer (Andor) allows automatic detection of the 3D neuronal filament-like however, this module has been developed to measure defined structures such as neurons, which are comprised of dendrites, axons and spines (tree-like structure). This module has been ingeniously utilized to make morphological measurements to non-neuronal cells3, however, the output data provide information of an extended cellular network by using a software that depends on a defined cell shape rather than being an amorphous-shaped cellular model. To overcome the issue of analyzing amorphous-shaped cells and making the software more suitable to a biological application, Imaris developed Imaris Cell. This was a scientific project with the Eidgen&ouml;ssische Technische Hochschule, which has been developed to calculate the relationship between cells and organelles. While the software enables the detection of biological constraints, by forcing one nucleus per cell and using cell membranes to segment cells, it cannot be utilized to analyze fluorescence data that are not continuous because ideally it builds cell surface without void spaces. To our knowledge, at present no user-modifiable automated approach that provides morphometric information from 3D fluorescence images has been developed that achieves cellular spatial information of an undefined shape (Figure 1). 
We have developed an analytical platform using the Imaris core software module and Imaris XT interfaced to MATLAB (Mat Works, Inc.). These tools allow the 3D measurement of cells without a pre-defined shape and with inconsistent fluorescence network components. Furthermore, this method will allow researchers who have extended expertise in biological systems, but not familiarity to computer applications, to perform quantification of morphological changes in cell dynamics.

We developed a software platform that utilizes Imaris Neuroscience, ImarisXT and MATLAB to measure the changes in morphology of an undefined shape taken from three-dimensional confocal fluorescence of single cells. This novel approach can be used to quantify changes in cell shape following receptor activation and therefore represents a possible additional tool for drug discovery.

Uma ferramenta analítica que quantifica Alterações morfologia celular de imagens tridimensionais de fluorescência

The most common software analysis tools available for measuring fluorescence images are for two-dimensional (2D) data that rely on manual settings for ...

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization

Fluorescent in situ hybridization using DNA probes on 3-dimensionally preserved nuclei followed by 3D confocal microscopy (3D DNA FISH) represents the most direct way to visualize the location of gene loci, chromosomal sub-regions or entire territories in individual cells. This type of analysis provides insight into the global architecture of the nucleus as well as the behavior of specific genomic loci and regions within the nuclear space. Immunofluorescence, on the other hand, permits the detection of nuclear proteins (modified histones, histone variants and modifiers, transcription machinery and factors, nuclear sub-compartments, etc). The major challenge in combining immunofluorescence and 3D DNA FISH is, on the one hand to preserve the epitope detected by the antibody as well as the 3D architecture of the nucleus, and on the other hand, to allow the penetration of the DNA probe to detect gene loci or chromosome territories 1-5. Here we provide a protocol that combines visualization of chromatin modifications with genomic loci in 3D preserved nuclei.

Here we describe a protocol for simultaneous detection of histone modifications by immunofluorescence and DNA sequences by DNA FISH followed by 3D microscopy and analyses (3D immuno-DNA FISH).

Imunofluorescência combinados e FISH DNA em 3D preservado núcleos interfásicos para estudar mudanças na organização nuclear 3D

Fluorescent in situ hybridization using DNA probes  on 3-dimensionally preserved nuclei followed by 3D confocal microscopy (3D DNA  FISH) represents the ...

Intraductal Injection for Localized Drug Delivery to the Mouse Mammary Gland

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of genes within the mammary epithelium has been difficult to achieve due to the lack of appropriate targeting molecules that are independent of developmental stages such as pregnancy and lactation. Herein, we describe a technique for localized delivery of reagents to the mammary gland at any stage in adulthood via intraductal injection into the nipples of mice. The injections can be performed on live mice, under anesthesia, and allow for a non-invasive and localized drug delivery to the mammary gland. Furthermore, the injections can be repeated over several months without damaging the nipple. Vital dyes such as Evans Blue are very helpful to learn the technique. Upon intraductal injection of the blue dye, the entire ductal tree becomes visible to the eye. Furthermore, fluorescently labeled reagents also allow for visualization and distribution within the mammary gland. This technique is adaptable for a variety of compounds including siRNA, chemotherapeutic agents, and small molecules.

A protocol for the non-invasive intraductal delivery of aqueous reagents to the mouse mammary gland is described. The method takes advantage of localized injection into the nipples of mammary glands targeting mammary ducts specifically. This technique is adaptable for a variety of compounds including siRNA, chemotherapeutic agents and small molecules.

Injeção Intraductal para localizada Drug Delivery ao Rato glândula mamária

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of ...

Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland

Indirect immunofluorescence is used to detect and locate proteins of interest in a tissue. The protocol presented here describes a complete and simple method for the immune detection of proteins, the mouse lactating mammary gland being taken as an example. A protocol for the preparation of the tissue samples, especially concerning the dissection of mouse mammary gland, tissue fixation and frozen tissue sectioning, are detailed. A standard protocol to perform indirect immunofluorescence, including an optional antigen retrieval step, is also presented. The observation of the labeled tissue sections as well as image acquisition and post-treatments are also stated. This procedure gives a full overview, from the collection of animal tissue to the cellular localization of a protein. Although this general method can be applied to other tissue samples, it should be adapted to each tissue/primary antibody couple studied.

The indirect immunofluorescence protocol described in this article allows the detection and the localization of proteins in the mouse mammary gland. A complete method is given to prepare mammary gland samples, to perform immunohistochemistry, to image the tissue sections by fluorescence microscopy, and to reconstruct images.

Imunofluorescência Indireta em cortes congelados de Rato glândula mamária

Indirect immunofluorescence is used to detect and locate proteins of interest in a tissue. The protocol presented here describes a complete and simple ...

Comparison of Three Different Methods for Determining Cell Proliferation in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Measuring cell proliferation can be performed by a number of different methods, each with varying levels of sensitivity, reproducibility and compatibility with high-throughput formatting. This protocol describes the use of three different methods for measuring cell proliferation in vitro including conventional hemocytometer counting chamber, a luminescence-based assay that utilizes the change in the metabolic activity of viable cells as a measure of the relative number of cells, and a multi-mode cell imager that measures cell number using a counting algorithm. Each method presents its own advantages and disadvantages for the measurement of cell proliferation, including time, cost and high-throughput compatibility. This protocol demonstrates that each method could accurately measure cell proliferation over time, and was sensitive to detect growth at differing cellular densities. Additionally, measurement of cell proliferation using a cell imager was able to provide further information such as morphology, confluence and allowed for a continual monitoring of cell proliferation over time. In conclusion, each method is capable of measuring cell proliferation, but the chosen method is user-dependent.

This protocol describes the use of three different methods for analyzing cell proliferation in breast cancer cell lines. This includes the use of conventional cell counting, luminescence-based cell viability, and cell counting through the use of a cell imager. Each offers advantages for the reproducible measurement of cell proliferation.

Comparação de três métodos diferentes de determinação da proliferação celular em linhas celulares de cancro da mama

Measuring cell proliferation can be performed by a number of different methods, each with varying levels of sensitivity, reproducibility and compatibility ...

Isolation of Intact, Whole Mouse Mammary Glands for Analysis of Extracellular Matrix Expression and Gland Morphology

The goal of this procedure was to harvest the #4 abdominal mammary glands from female nulliparous mice in order to assess ECM expression and ductal architecture. Here, a small pocket below the skin was created using Mayo scissors, allowing separation of the glands within the subcutaneous tissue from the underlying peritoneum. Visualization of the glands was aided by the use of 3.5x-R surgical micro loupes. The pelt was inverted and pinned back allowing identification of the intact mammary fat pads. Each of the #4 abdominal glands was bluntly dissected by sliding the scalpel blade laterally between the subcutaneous layer and the glands. Immediately post-harvest, glands were placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for subsequent tissue processing. Excision of the entire gland is advantageous because it primarily eliminates the risk of excluding important tissue-wide interactions between ductal epithelial cells and other microenvironmental cellular populations that could be missed in a partial biopsy. One drawback of the methodology is the use of serial sections from fixed tissues which limits analyses of ductal morphogenesis and protein expression to discrete locations within the gland. As such, changes in ductal architecture and protein expression in 3 dimensions (3D) is not readily obtainable. Overall, the technique is applicable to studies requiring whole intact murine mammary glands for downstream investigations such as developmental ductal morphogenesis or breast cancer.

Here, we present a protocol for the isolation of whole, intact mouse mammary glands to investigate extracellular matrix (ECM) expression and ductal morphology. Mouse #4 abdominal glands were extracted from 8-10 week old female nulliparous mice, fixed in neutral buffered formalin, sectioned and stained using immunohistochemistry for ECM proteins.

Isolamento de glândulas mamárias de Mouse intacto, todo para a análise da expressão de matriz extracelular e morfologia da glândula

The goal of this procedure was to harvest the #4 abdominal mammary glands from female nulliparous mice in order to assess ECM expression and ductal ...

Bovine Mammary Gland Biopsy Techniques

Bovine mammary gland biopsies allow researchers to collect tissue samples to study cell biology including gene expression, histological analysis, signaling pathways, and protein translation. This article describes two techniques for biopsy of the bovine mammary gland (MG). Three healthy Holstein dairy cows were the subjects. Before biopsies, cows were milked and subsequently restrained in a cattle chute. An analgesic (flunixin meglumine, 1.1 to 2.2 mg/kg of body weight) was administered via jugular intravenous [IV] injection 15-20 min prior to biopsy. For standing sedation, xylazine hydrochloride (0.01-0.05 mg/kg of body weight) was injected via the coccygeal vessels 5-10 min before the procedure. Once adequately sedated, the biopsy site was aseptically prepared and locally anaesthetized with 6 mL of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride via subcutaneous injection. Using aseptic technique, a 2 to 3 cm vertical incision was made using a number 10 scalpel. Core and needle biopsy tools were used. The core biopsy tool was attached to a cordless drill and inserted into the MG tissue through the incision using a clock-wise drill action. The needle biopsy tool was manually inserted into the incision site. Immediately after the procedure, an assistant applied pressure on the incision site for 20 to 25 min using a sterile towel to achieve hemostasis. Stainless steel surgical staples were used to oppose the skin incision. The staples were removed 10 days post-procedure. The main advantages of core and needle biopsies is that both approaches are minimally invasive procedures that can be safely performed in healthy cows. Milk yield following the biopsy was unaffected. These procedures require a short recovery time and result in fewer risks of complications. Specific limitations may include bleeding after the biopsy and infection on the biopsy site. Applications of these techniques include tissue collection for clinical diagnosis and research purposes, such as primary cell culture.

This article presents a bovine mammary gland biopsy using core and needle biopsy tools. Harvested tissue can be used for cell culture or to assess mammary physiology and metabolism including gene expression, protein expression, protein modifications, immunohistochemistry, and metabolite concentrations.

Técnicas de biópsia da glândula mamária bovina

Bovine mammary gland biopsies allow researchers to collect tissue samples to study cell biology including gene expression, histological analysis, ...

Longitudinal Intravital Microscopy Using a Mammary Imaging Window with Replaceable Lid

The branched structure of the mammary gland is highly dynamic and undergoes several phases of growth and remodeling after birth. Intravital microscopy in combination with skin flap surgery or implantation of imaging windows has been used to study the dynamics of the healthy mammary gland at different developmental stages. Most mammary imaging technologies are limited to a time frame of hours to days, whereas the majority of mammary gland remodeling processes occur in time frames of days to weeks. To study mammary gland remodeling, methods that allow optical access to the tissue of interest for extended time frames are required. Here, an improved version of the titanium mammary imaging window with a replaceable lid (R.MIW) is described that allows high-resolution imaging of the mammary gland with a cellular resolution for up to several weeks. Importantly, the R.MIW provides tissue access over the entire duration of the intravital imaging experiment and could therefore be used for local tissue manipulation, labeling, drug administration, or image-guided microdissection. Taken together, the R.MIW enables high-resolution characterization of the cellular dynamics during mammary gland development, homeostasis, and disease.

This protocol describes a novel mammary imaging window with a replaceable lid (R.MIW). Intravital microscopy after implantation of the R.MIW allows for longitudinal and multi-day imaging of the healthy and diseased mammary gland with a cellular resolution during the different developmental stages.

Microscopia intravital longitudinal usando uma janela de imagem mamária com tampa substituível

The branched structure of the mammary gland is highly dynamic and undergoes several phases of growth and remodeling after birth. Intravital microscopy in ...