C.K. is supported by Columbia University Graduate program. U.B. is Fellow of the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society of America, the recipient of New Investigator Award from the Leukemia Research Foundation and is supported by Columbia University New Faculty start-up funds.

1. Splenic B-Lymphocyte Isolation and Stimulation 
<ol>
	<li>Harvest the spleens from AID-deficient mice 12 between 2-3 months of age. The isolation of spleen is performed in sterile conditions and the organs are temporarily kept in cold phosphate buffer saline (PBS) containing 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS).</li>
	<li>The spleen is then transferred to a sterile tissue culture hood and homogenized in 5 mL of PBS supplemented with 2.5% FBS. Transfer the homogenate to a 15 mL falcon tube.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge th...

<ol>
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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initial+sequencing+and+comparative+analysis+of+the+mouse+genome.">Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome.</a> Nature. 420, 520-562 (2002).</li><li>Griffiths, A. J. F., Miller, J. H., Suzuki, D. T., Lewontin, R. C., Gelbart, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Introduction to Genetic Analysis. , (2000).</li><li>Gondo, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-generation+gene+targeting+in+the+mouse+for+functional+genomics.">Next-generation gene targeting in the mouse for functional genomics.</a> BMB Rep. 42, 315-3123 (2009).</li><li>Plachy, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proviruses+selected+for+high+and+stable+expression+of+transduced+genes+accumulate+in+broadly+transcribed+genome+areas.">Proviruses selected for high and stable expression of transduced genes accumulate in broadly transcribed genome areas.</a> J Virol. 84, 4204-4211 (2010).</li><li>Felice, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+factor+binding+sites+are+genetic+determinants+of+retroviral+integration+in+the+human+genome.">Transcription factor binding sites are genetic determinants of retroviral integration in the human genome.</a> PLoS One. 4, e4571-e4571 (2009).</li><li>Karavanas, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+targeting+by+murine+retroviral+vectors.">Cell targeting by murine retroviral vectors.</a> Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 28, 7-30 (1998).</li><li>Noelle, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+39-kDa+protein+on+activated+helper+T+cells+binds+CD40+and+transduces+the+signal+for+cognate+activation+of+B+cells.">A 39-kDa protein on activated helper T cells binds CD40 and transduces the signal for cognate activation of B cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 89, 6550-6554 (1992).</li><li>Muramatsu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Class+switch+recombination+and+hypermutation+require+activation-induced+cytidine+deaminase+(AID),+a+potential+RNA+editing+enzyme.">Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme.</a> Cell. 102, 553-563 (2000).</li><li>Yelle, J., Dion, M., Hamelin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+transfection+of+mammalian+cells+with+viral+DNA+in+optimal+culture+conditions.">Efficient transfection of mammalian cells with viral DNA in optimal culture conditions.</a> J Virol Methods. 7, 321-326 (1983).</li><li>Chen, C., Okayama, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-efficiency+transformation+of+mammalian+cells+by+plasmid+DNA.">High-efficiency transformation of mammalian cells by plasmid DNA.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 7, 2745-2752 (1987).</li><li>Fagarasan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+class+switching+and+differentiation+to+IgA-producing+cells+in+the+gut+lamina+propria.">In situ class switching and differentiation to IgA-producing cells in the gut lamina propria.</a> Nature. 413, 639-6343 (2001).</li><li>Basu, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+AID+antibody+diversification+enzyme+is+regulated+by+protein+kinase+A+phosphorylation.">The AID antibody diversification enzyme is regulated by protein kinase A phosphorylation.</a> Nature. 438, 508-5011 (2005).</li><li>McBride, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+class+switch+recombination+and+somatic+mutation+by+AID+phosphorylation.">Regulation of class switch recombination and somatic mutation by AID phosphorylation.</a> J Exp Med. 205, 2585-2594 (2008).</li><li>Barreto, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AID+from+bony+fish+catalyzes+class+switch+recombination.">AID from bony fish catalyzes class switch recombination.</a> J Exp Med. 202, 733-738 (2005).</li><li>Delphin, S., Stavnezer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+antibody+class+switching+to+IgE:+characterization+of+an+IL-4-responsive+region+in+the+immunoglobulin+heavy-chain+germline+epsilon+promoter.">Regulation of antibody class switching to IgE: characterization of an IL-4-responsive region in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain germline epsilon promoter.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 764, 123-135 (1995).</li><li>Castigli, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD40+expression+and+function+in+murine+B+cell+ontogeny.">CD40 expression and function in murine B cell ontogeny.</a> Int Immunol. 8, 405-411 (1996).</li><li>Ballantyne, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+recombination+of+a+switch+substrate+retrovector+in+CD40-+activated+B+lymphocytes:+implications+for+the+control+of+CH+gene+switch+recombination.">Efficient recombination of a switch substrate retrovector in CD40- activated B lymphocytes: implications for the control of CH gene switch recombination.</a> J Immunol. 161, 1336-1347 (1998).</li></ol>

Retroviral transduction of splenic B cells as described here and as depicted in Figure 1 is a genetic approach that is useful in the study of B-lymphocytes because many of the developmental events in lymphopoesis are controlled by transcriptional regulation 1, 2. In the later stages of B cell maturation, triggering via CD40L is essential for the induction of B cell growth, entry into the cell cycle, and proliferation 11, 20. As shown in Figure 2, B cells can be stim...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>FCS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
<td>S11550</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RPMI</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>22400</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>20012</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Red Blood Cell (RBC) lysis buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>R7757</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CD43 beads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>B Cell Complete Media</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Various components</td>
<td>Various Components</td>
<td>RPMI, 15% FCS, 1% Non-Essential Amino Acids, 1% Sodium Pyruvate, 1% HEPES, 1% Pen-Strep, 50&mu;M &beta;-Mercaptoethanol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IL-4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anti-CD40</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Pharmigen</td>
<td>553787</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>polybrene</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>107689 &#x2028;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Chloroquine diphosphate salt</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>C6628</td>
<td>Used at 100mM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Phoenix Eco cells (Murine)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Orbigen</td>
<td>RVC-10002</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PE-Cy5-&alpha;-mouse-CD45R (B220)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>eBioscience</td>
<td>15-0452-81</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PE-&alpha;-mouse-IgG1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Pharmigen</td>
<td>A85-1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

recombinant retroviral production and infection of b cells

The transgenic expression of genes in eukaryotic cells is a powerful reverse genetic approach in which a gene of interest is expressed under the control of a heterologous expression system to facilitate the analysis of the resulting phenotype. This approach can be used to express a gene that is not normally found in the organism, to express a mutant form of a gene product, or to over-express a dominant-negative form of the gene product. It is particularly useful in the study of the hematopoetic system, where transcriptional regulation is a major control mechanism in the development and differentiation of B cells 1, reviewed in 2-4.
Mouse genetics is a powerful tool for the study of human genes and diseases. A comparative analysis of the mouse and human genome reveals conservation of synteny in over 90% of the genome 5. Also, much of the technology used in mouse models is applicable to the study of human genes, for example, gene disruptions and allelic replacement 6. However, the creation of a transgenic mouse requires a great deal of resources of both a financial and technical nature. Several projects have begun to compile libraries of knock out mouse strains (KOMP, EUCOMM, NorCOMM) or mutagenesis induced strains (RIKEN), which require large-scale efforts and collaboration 7. Therefore, it is desirable to first study the phenotype of a desired gene in a cell culture model of primary cells before progressing to a mouse model. 
Retroviral DNA integrates into the host DNA, preferably within or near transcription units or CpG islands, resulting in stable and heritable expression of the packaged gene of interest while avoiding transcriptional silencing 8 9. The genes are then transcribed under the control of a high efficiency retroviral promoter, resulting in a high efficiency of transcription and protein production. Therefore, retroviral expression can be used with cells that are difficult to transfect, provided the cells are in an active state during mitosis. Because the structural genes of the virus are contained within the packaging cell line, the expression vectors used to clone the gene of interest contain no structural genes of the virus, which both eliminates the possibility of viral revertants and increases the safety of working with viral supernatants as no infectious virions are produced 10. 
Here we present a protocol for recombinant retroviral production and subsequent infection of splenic B cells. After isolation, the cultured splenic cells are stimulated with Th derived lymphokines and anti-CD40, which induces a burst of B cell proliferation and differentiation 11. This protocol is ideal for the study of events occurring late in B cell development and differentiation, as B cells are isolated from the spleen following initial hematopoetic events but prior to antigenic stimulation to induce plasmacytic differentiation.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells at JoVE.com

Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells

An efficient system of structure and function analysis of a gene in an ex vivo culture of splenic B-lymphocytes is described. This method takes advantage of recombinant retroviral production in a helper free, ecotrophic packaging cell line. Stable, heritable expression of a gene of interest within primary lymphocytes is achieved leading to generation of surface antibodies on B cells undergoing class switch recombination.

The transgenic expression of genes in eukaryotic cells is a powerful reverse genetic approach in which a gene of interest is expressed under the control ...

recombinant-retroviral-production-and-infection-of-b-cells

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

14.0K visualizações.  Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Um sistema eficiente de estrutura e análise da função de um gene em um Ex vivo Cultura de linfócitos B do baço é descrito. Este método tira proveito da produção recombinante retroviral em uma linhagem de células helper livre, ecotrophic embalagem. Estável, hereditárias expressão de um gene de interesse dentro linfócitos primário é alcançado levando a geração de anticorpos de superfície de células B sofrer recombinação mudança de clas...