CK, Columbia Üniversitesi Yüksek Lisans programı tarafından desteklenmektedir. UB Amerika Lösemi ve Lenfoma Derneği, Yeni Araştırmacı Ödülü Lösemi Araştırma Vakfı alıcı üyesidir ve Columbia Üniversitesi New Fakültesi başlangıç ​​fonu tarafından destekleniyor.

1. Dalak B-Lenfosit İzolasyon ve Uyarım <ol><li> YARDIM-eksik fareler 12 yaş 2-3 ay arasında dalak Hasat. Dalak izolasyon steril şartlarda yapılır ve% 15 fetal sığır serumu (FBS) içeren soğuk fosfat buffer salin (PBS) organları geçici olarak tutulur. </li><li> Dalak sonra steril bir doku kültürü kaput aktarılır ve% 2.5 FBS ile takviye 5 ml PBS içinde homojenize edilir. Homojenat 15 ml şahin tüpüne aktarın. </li><li> 4 1000rpm 10 dakika homojenize dalak doku örneği Santrifüj ° C pelet hücreleri. </li><li> Süpernatant santrifüj sonra süzün. Kırmızı kan hücreleri tarafından kirlenmesini önlemek için, 10 ml kırmızı kan hücresi hücre pelet (RBC) 7 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında lizis tamponu tekrar </li><li> 1000 rpm&#39;de 10 dakika ve süzün süpernatant örnek Santrifüj ve 10 ml PBS% 2.5 FBS içeren hücrelerin tekrar süspansiyon haline getirin. </li><li> 100 mcL kısım çıkarın ve ölü hücreleri hariç tripan mavi kullanarak standart bir hemasitometre kullanarak 1:1000 dilüsyon hücreleri saymak. Yaklaşık 20-30 milyon hücreler dalak başına elde edilebilir. </li><li> 1000rpm az 10 dakika boyunca örnek Santrifüj ve süpernatantı süzün. </li><li> % 0.5 &#39;lik bir konsantrasyon 90 mcL başına 10 7 hücre BSA / PBS içeren 2mm EDTA pelletini tekrar. </li><li> Özellikle non-B hücreleri bağlamak için anti-CD43 antikor kaplı manyetik bilye hücrelere ekleyin. 90 mcL başına 10 mcL boncuk (10 7 hücreleri) kullanın. İyice karıştırın ve 4 ° C&#39;de 20 dakika için. </li><li> Hücrelerin etiketli edildikten sonra,% 2.5 FBS / PBS tüp başına ekleyerek yıkayın. 1000 rpm&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca örnek santrifüjleyin. </li><li> Süpernatant Durusu. Ml başına 10x10 7 hücre konsantrasyonunda% 0,1 BSA / PBS hücrelerin tekrar </li><li> Mount bir manyetik ayırıcı bir manyetik sıralama sütun. Flow-through toplamak ve sütun BSA / PBS başbakan ve yıkama 3ml% 0.5 &#39;yüklemek için konik bir tüp doğrudan sütun altına yerleştirin. </li><li> Yıkama sıvısı akardı sonra, yeni bir toplama tüpü ile değiştirin. Örnek 1 ml den az ise,% 0.5 &#39;BSA / PBS / EDTA ile 1 ml numune hacmi ayarlamak ve sütunda örnek yük. Yük hücreleri kolon başına sadece 1 ml maksimum ve gerekirse birden çok sütun kullanabilirsiniz. </li><li> Hücreleri pasif sütunun altında sütun üzerinden akış ve konik tüp ilişkisiz hücreleri toplamak için izin verin. 3 mL% 0,5 BSA / PBS-through akış toplamaya devam ederken, sütun 4 kez yıkayın. </li><li> CD43 negatif dinlenme B hücreleri zenginleştirilmiş olacağı flow-through toplayın. Sütun atın. 1000 rpm&#39;de 10 dakika flow-through santrifüjleyin. </li><li> Süpernatant boşaltın ve 10 ml orta (15% FCS / + glutamin, Pen / Strep, Sigara esansiyel amino asitler, 50 mcM Β-ME) </li><li> Ml&#39;de 10 6 hücre kültürü, hücre ve güvenin . </li><li> B hücre büyüme ve çoğalmasını teşvik etmek için, sırasıyla, son konsantrasyonu 20 mcg / ml ve 1 mcg / mL olduğu gibi rekombinant IL-4 ve anti-CD40 antikoru ile orta takviyesi, ve hücreler bir kültür şişesi aktarmak. </li><li> Hücrelerin bir gecede Kültür. Hücre sayımı ve uygun olarak IL-4 ve CD40 ekleyerek ml&#39;de 10 6 hücre seyreltik. </li><li> 72 saat önce viral enfeksiyon Kültür hücreleri. </li></ol> 2. Üretici Hücreler, Transfeksiyon Katyonik lipidler veya kalsiyum fosfat kullanarak transfeksiyon için kurulan protokolleri kullanın. Plaka başına 100 mikrogram plazmid DNA ile DNA inşa başına Transfect 10cm 3 tabak,. Biz rutin olarak kalsiyum fosfat transfeksiyon yöntemi 13, 14 ve klorokin ile desteklenmiş yüksek viral titresi unutmayın . <ol><li> Üretici hücreleri transfekte olarak% 60 -70% konfluent Phoenix hücreleri kullanın. Bu izdiham hücre sayısı az, 10 cm plaka başına 5 milyon hücre olmalıdır. </li><li> Transfeksiyon için bir saat önce, Phoenix hücre büyümesi için taze eksiksiz bir medya ortamı değiştirin. </li><li> Steril bir eppendorpf tüp, ambalaj inşa DNA, 0,5 M CaCl 2 250 mcL 100 mikrogram birleştirmek ve steril su ile 500 mcL son ses seviyesini ayarlamak </li><li> 1 ml pipet kullanarak, şiddetle 15 mL polipropilen tüp içinde 500 mcL 2X HNP ile bu çözüm karışımı </li><li> Bu karışımı oda sıcaklığında 8-10 dakika dinlenmek için izin verin. Bu süre zarfında bir çökelti oluşacaktır. </li><li> Boyunca karışımı eşit olarak dağıtmak için orta dönen hücrelere açılan akıllıca transfeksiyon karışımı ekleyin. </li><li> 37 hücreleri ° C&#39;de 12 saat boyunca. </li><li> 12 saat sonrası transfeksiyon, 8 ml tam B hücre büyümesini orta orta değiştirin ve 37 ° C inkübatör hücreleri geri dönmek. </li></ol> 3. Uyarılmış Dalak B Hücreleri Enfeksiyon <ol><li> Post-transfe 48hr Phoenix hücrelerden süpernatantıction ve herhangi bir hücre enkaz kaldırmak için 0.2 mikron filtre ile süpernatantı geçmek. </li><li> 3 mL karıştırın virüs içeren önceden aktive B hücreleri (adım 1) 3 mL süpernatant. Hücrelerin viral adsorpsiyon artırmak amacıyla, ml başına 16 mikrogram final konsantrasyonda polybrene ekleyin. </li><li> 30 90 dakika 2500 rpm&#39;de santrifüj hücreleri enfekte ° C </li><li> 37 az 48-72 saat daha inkübe spin ° C hücre büyümesi ve çoğalması için izin hemen sonra. </li></ol> 4. Akım Sitometri Analizi <ol><li> Kullanarak, B220 ve yüzey IgG1 yüzey ifade etmek için bir akış sitometresinde hücreleri analiz. Hücrelerinin yüzeyinde IgG1 varlığı sınıf anahtarı rekombinasyon başarılı kurtarma YARDIM gen retroviral tamamlama yoluyla bir sonucu olarak meydana gelmiştir gösterir. </li></ol> 5. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Biz başarıyla YARDIM eksikliği (YARDIM-/ -) protein faktörü Etkinleştirme İndüklenmiş sitidinin Deaminaz (AID) eksikliği kurtarıldı retroviral transdüksiyon kullanarak B-lenfositleri. Kısaca, Çocuk ve kadınlarda Maid-GFP 15-18 ile Phoenix hücreleri transfecting fare AID (MAID) proteini rekombinant retrovirüsler ifade oluşturulur. Hasat virüsler, ex vivo sınıf anahtarı rekombinasyon (KSS) stimülasyon koşulları 19 YARDIM-eksik farelerde elde YARDIM eksikliği B hücreleri enfekte olmuş . Enfekte B hücreleri daha sonra kültür flow sitometri analizi kullanarak 72 saat sonra KSS IgG1 incelendi. Şekil 2 KSS YARDIM ifade kurtarma bir sonucu olarak meydana geldiğini belirten YARDIM değil boş bir yapı ile B hücrelerinin yüzeyinde IgG1 tespiti gösterir. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2371/2371fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1: Üretici hücreleri içinde retroviral ambalaj şeması: Ψ tarafından temsil edilen, daha önce 15 açıklandığı gibi ilgi Gen, Çocuk ve kadınlarda IRES-GFP içine subcloned. Plazmid kullanılarak kalsiyum fosfat yöntemi, 13, 14, gag-pol ve zarf proteini (Phoenix, Orbigen) üretme kapasitesine sahip bir ecotropic viral ambalaj hücre hattı içine transfekte oldu. Transfeksiyon Kırk sekiz saat sonra, süpernatant içeren viral parçacıkların farelerden elde edilen hedef birincil B hücreleri içine enfeksiyon için toplandı. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2371/2371fig2.jpg" alt="Şekil 2" /> Şekil 2: YARDIM eksik B hücreleri, anti-CD40 ile uyarılan ve IL-4, Çocuk ve kadınlarda Maid-GFP veya tek başına, GFP ifade eden bir retrovirüs içeren bir retrovirüs ile enfekte edildi . IgG1 KSS FACS analizi ile değerlendirildi.

<ol>
	<li>Bartholdy, B., Matthias, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+control+of+B+cell+development+and+function.">Transcriptional control of B cell development and function.</a> Gene. 327, 1-23 (2004).</li><li>Henderson, A., Calame, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+regulation+during+B+cell+development.">Transcriptional regulation during B cell development.</a> Annu Rev Immunol. 16, 163-200 (1998).</li><li>Graf, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+plasticity+of+hematopoietic+cells.">Differentiation plasticity of hematopoietic cells.</a> Blood. 99, 3089-30101 (2002).</li><li>Xiao, C., Rajewsky, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA+control+in+the+immune+system:+basic+principles.">MicroRNA control in the immune system: basic principles.</a> Cell. 136, 26-36 (2009).</li><li>Waterston, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initial+sequencing+and+comparative+analysis+of+the+mouse+genome.">Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome.</a> Nature. 420, 520-562 (2002).</li><li>Griffiths, A. J. F., Miller, J. H., Suzuki, D. T., Lewontin, R. C., Gelbart, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Introduction to Genetic Analysis. , (2000).</li><li>Gondo, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-generation+gene+targeting+in+the+mouse+for+functional+genomics.">Next-generation gene targeting in the mouse for functional genomics.</a> BMB Rep. 42, 315-3123 (2009).</li><li>Plachy, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proviruses+selected+for+high+and+stable+expression+of+transduced+genes+accumulate+in+broadly+transcribed+genome+areas.">Proviruses selected for high and stable expression of transduced genes accumulate in broadly transcribed genome areas.</a> J Virol. 84, 4204-4211 (2010).</li><li>Felice, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+factor+binding+sites+are+genetic+determinants+of+retroviral+integration+in+the+human+genome.">Transcription factor binding sites are genetic determinants of retroviral integration in the human genome.</a> PLoS One. 4, e4571-e4571 (2009).</li><li>Karavanas, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+targeting+by+murine+retroviral+vectors.">Cell targeting by murine retroviral vectors.</a> Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 28, 7-30 (1998).</li><li>Noelle, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+39-kDa+protein+on+activated+helper+T+cells+binds+CD40+and+transduces+the+signal+for+cognate+activation+of+B+cells.">A 39-kDa protein on activated helper T cells binds CD40 and transduces the signal for cognate activation of B cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 89, 6550-6554 (1992).</li><li>Muramatsu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Class+switch+recombination+and+hypermutation+require+activation-induced+cytidine+deaminase+(AID),+a+potential+RNA+editing+enzyme.">Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme.</a> Cell. 102, 553-563 (2000).</li><li>Yelle, J., Dion, M., Hamelin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+transfection+of+mammalian+cells+with+viral+DNA+in+optimal+culture+conditions.">Efficient transfection of mammalian cells with viral DNA in optimal culture conditions.</a> J Virol Methods. 7, 321-326 (1983).</li><li>Chen, C., Okayama, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-efficiency+transformation+of+mammalian+cells+by+plasmid+DNA.">High-efficiency transformation of mammalian cells by plasmid DNA.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 7, 2745-2752 (1987).</li><li>Fagarasan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+class+switching+and+differentiation+to+IgA-producing+cells+in+the+gut+lamina+propria.">In situ class switching and differentiation to IgA-producing cells in the gut lamina propria.</a> Nature. 413, 639-6343 (2001).</li><li>Basu, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+AID+antibody+diversification+enzyme+is+regulated+by+protein+kinase+A+phosphorylation.">The AID antibody diversification enzyme is regulated by protein kinase A phosphorylation.</a> Nature. 438, 508-5011 (2005).</li><li>McBride, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+class+switch+recombination+and+somatic+mutation+by+AID+phosphorylation.">Regulation of class switch recombination and somatic mutation by AID phosphorylation.</a> J Exp Med. 205, 2585-2594 (2008).</li><li>Barreto, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AID+from+bony+fish+catalyzes+class+switch+recombination.">AID from bony fish catalyzes class switch recombination.</a> J Exp Med. 202, 733-738 (2005).</li><li>Delphin, S., Stavnezer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+antibody+class+switching+to+IgE:+characterization+of+an+IL-4-responsive+region+in+the+immunoglobulin+heavy-chain+germline+epsilon+promoter.">Regulation of antibody class switching to IgE: characterization of an IL-4-responsive region in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain germline epsilon promoter.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 764, 123-135 (1995).</li><li>Castigli, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD40+expression+and+function+in+murine+B+cell+ontogeny.">CD40 expression and function in murine B cell ontogeny.</a> Int Immunol. 8, 405-411 (1996).</li><li>Ballantyne, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+recombination+of+a+switch+substrate+retrovector+in+CD40-+activated+B+lymphocytes:+implications+for+the+control+of+CH+gene+switch+recombination.">Efficient recombination of a switch substrate retrovector in CD40- activated B lymphocytes: implications for the control of CH gene switch recombination.</a> J Immunol. 161, 1336-1347 (1998).</li></ol>

Şekil 1 burada tarif ve tasvir olarak dalak B hücreleri retroviral transdüksiyon lymphopoesis gelişimsel olayların birçok transkripsiyonel Kural 1, 2 kontrol edilir çünkü, B-lenfositleri çalışma yararlı genetik bir yaklaşımdır . CD40L üzerinden tetikleme B hücre olgunlaşması, daha sonraki aşamalarında, B hücre büyüme indüksiyon, hücre döngüsü içine giriş ve çoğalması 11, 20 için gereklidir . Şekil 2&#39;de görüldüğü gibi, B...

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>FCS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
<td>S11550</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RPMI</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>22400</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>20012</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Red Blood Cell (RBC) lysis buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>R7757</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CD43 beads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>B Cell Complete Media</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Various components</td>
<td>Various Components</td>
<td>RPMI, 15% FCS, 1% Non-Essential Amino Acids, 1% Sodium Pyruvate, 1% HEPES, 1% Pen-Strep, 50&mu;M &beta;-Mercaptoethanol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IL-4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anti-CD40</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Pharmigen</td>
<td>553787</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>polybrene</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>107689 &#x2028;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Chloroquine diphosphate salt</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>C6628</td>
<td>Used at 100mM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Phoenix Eco cells (Murine)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Orbigen</td>
<td>RVC-10002</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PE-Cy5-&alpha;-mouse-CD45R (B220)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>eBioscience</td>
<td>15-0452-81</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PE-&alpha;-mouse-IgG1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Pharmigen</td>
<td>A85-1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

recombinant retroviral production and infection of b cells

Ökaryotik hücrelerde genlerin transgenik ifade ilgi bir gen ortaya çıkan fenotip analizi kolaylaştırmak için heterolog ifade sisteminin kontrolü altında ifade edildiği güçlü bir ters genetik bir yaklaşımdır. Bu yaklaşım, normal organizmada bulunan bir gen ifade etmek için bir gen ürünü bir mutant formu ifade etmek, ya da gen ürünü bir dominant-negatif bir form içinde ifade etmek için kullanılabilir. Transkripsiyonel yönetmelik 2-4 yorumlanan B hücreleri 1, gelişimi ve farklılaşmasında önemli bir kontrol mekanizması hematopoetik sistem, çalışmaya yararlıdır. Fare genetik, insan genlerini ve hastalıkların çalışma için güçlü bir araçtır. Fare ve insan genomu karşılaştırmalı bir analiz genom 5 üzerinden% 90 synteny korunması ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, fare modellerinde kullanılan teknoloji, örneğin, gen kesintileri ve alel değiştirme 6 insan genlerinin çalışma için geçerli Ancak, transgenik fare yaratma, hem de mali ve teknik nitelikte kaynakların büyük bir anlaşma gerektirir . Fare suşlarının knock out kütüphaneleri (Komp, EUCOMM, NorCOMM) veya büyük ölçekli çabaları ve işbirliği 7 gerektiren mutagenez indüklenen suşları (RIKEN), derlemek için çeşitli projeler başladı. Bu nedenle, ilk önce bir fare modeli ilerleyen önce birincil hücrelerinin bir hücre kültürü modelinde istenen bir genin fenotipi çalışma arzu edilir. Retroviral DNA istikrarlı, tercihen içinde veya transkripsiyon birimleri veya CpG adaları yakınında, konak DNA&#39;sına entegre ve transkripsiyonel susturulması 8 9 kaçınarak faiz paketlenmiş gen ekspresyonu kalıtsal. Genler sonra, transkripsiyon ve protein üretimini yüksek verimlilik, yüksek verimlilik retroviral organizatörü kontrolü altında kopyalanır. Bu nedenle, retroviral ifade transfect için zor hücreleri kullanılan hücrelerin mitoz sırasında aktif bir devlet olabilir. Virüs yapısal genler ambalaj hücre hattı içinde yer olduğundan, ilgi gen klonu için kullanılan ifade vektörler viral revertants olasılığını ortadan kaldırır ve viral süpernatantlar ile çalışma güvenliğini artırır, virüs yapısal genleri içeren bulaşıcı virionlar 10 üretilmektedir. Burada rekombinant retroviral üretim ve dalak B hücreleri sonraki enfeksiyon için bir protokol mevcut. Izolasyondan sonra, kültürlü Th elde edilen lenfokinler ve B hücre çoğalması ve farklılaşması 11 bir patlama neden olur anti-CD40, dalak hücreleri ile uyarılır . Bu protokol, dalak plasmasitik farklılaşma ikna etmek için değil, antijenik stimülasyon önce ilk hematopoetik olaylar aşağıdaki B hücreleri izole olarak, geç B hücre gelişimi ve farklılaşmasında meydana gelen olayların çalışma için idealdir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells at JoVE.com

Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells

Bir gen yapısı ve fonksiyonu analizi verimli bir sistem<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Dalak B-lenfositleri kültür açıklanmıştır. Bu yöntem, bir yardımcı, ecotrophic ambalaj hücre hattı rekombinant retroviral üretim yararlanır. Kararlı, yüzey antikorların üretimi için önde gelen sınıf anahtarı rekombinasyon geçiren B hücreleri elde edilir birincil lenfositler içinde ilgi çekici bir gen ekspresyonu kalıtsal.

B Hücreleri Rekombinant Retroviral Üretim ve Enfeksiyon

The transgenic expression of genes in eukaryotic cells is a powerful reverse genetic approach in which a gene of interest is expressed under the control ...

recombinant-retroviral-production-and-infection-of-b-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

14.0K Görüntüleme.  Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Bir gen yapısı ve fonksiyonu analizi verimli bir sistem Ex vivo Dalak B-lenfositleri kültür açıklanmıştır. Bu yöntem, bir yardımcı, ecotrophic ambalaj hücre hattı rekombinant retroviral üretim yararlanır. Kararlı, yüzey antikorların üretimi için önde gelen sınıf anahtarı rekombinasyon geçiren B hücreleri elde edilir birincil lenfositler içinde ilgi çekici bir gen ekspresyonu kalıtsal.

Video: Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L), human B cells can be expanded without difficulties from small amounts of peripheral blood within 14 days to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients1-4. CD40-B cells express important lymph node homing molecules and can attract T cells in vitro5. Furthermore they efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells6,7. CD40-B cells were shown to not only prime na&iacute;ve, but also expand memory T cells8,9. Therefore CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been studied as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cell-based immunotherapy1,5,10. In order to further study whether CD40-B cells induce effective T cell responses in vivo and to study the underlying mechanism we established a cell culture system for the generation of murine CD40-activated B cells. Using splenocytes or purified B cells from C57BL/6 mice for CD40-activation, optimal conditions were identified as follows: Starting from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice (haplotype H-2b) lymphocytes are purified by density gradient centrifugation and co-cultured with HeLa cells expressing recombinant murine CD40 ligand (tmuCD40L HeLa)11. Cells are recultured every 3-4 days and key components such as CD40L, interleukin-4, -Mercaptoethanol and cyclosporin A are replenished. In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated murine CD40-B cells (mCD40B) with similar APC-phenotype to human CD40-B cells (Fig 1a,b). CD40-stimulation leads to a rapid outgrowth and expansion of highly pure (&gt;90%) CD19+ B cells within 14 days of cell culture (Fig 1c,d). To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the murine CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be controlled regularly (Fig 2). Murine CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation and differentiation as well as to investigate their potential to function as APC in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for establishing therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors and will help to answer questions regarding safety and immunogenicity of this approach12.

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure of CD40-activation and expansion of murine B cells from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice, which can be used as a model antigen-presenting cell (APC) to study induction of immunity.

Murin Model B hücreleri CD40 aktivasyonu

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs)1. This recognition leads to the activation of T-cells and a series of functional outcomes (e.g. cytokine production, killing of the target cells). Understanding the functional role of TCRs is critical to harness the power of the immune system to treat a variety of immunology related diseases (e.g. cancer or autoimmunity).
It is convenient to study TCRs in mouse models, which can be accomplished in several ways. Making TCR transgenic mouse models is costly and time-consuming and currently there are only a limited number of them available2-4. Alternatively, mice with antigen-specific T-cells can be generated by bone marrow chimera. This method also takes several weeks and requires expertise5. Retroviral transduction of TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells is a quick and relatively easy method to obtain T-cells of desired peptide-MHC specificity. Antigen-specific T-cells can be generated in one week and used in any downstream applications. Studying transduced T-cells also has direct application to human immunotherapy, as adoptive transfer of human T-cells transduced with antigen-specific TCRs is an emerging strategy for cancer treatment6.
Here we present a protocol to retrovirally transduce TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells. Both human and mouse TCR genes can be used. Retroviruses carrying specific TCR genes are generated and used to infect mouse T-cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. After in vitro expansion, transduced T-cells are analyzed by flow cytometry.

We present a protocol to produce antigen-specific mouse T-cells using retroviral transduction

Fare T-hücrelerinin, T-hücre reseptörleri retroviral İletimi

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen ...

Production and Titering of Recombinant Adeno-associated Viral Vectors

In recent years recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) have become increasingly valuable for in vivo studies in animals, and are also currently being tested in human clinical trials. Wild-type AAV is a non-pathogenic member of the parvoviridae family and inherently replication-deficient. The broad transduction profile, low immune response as well as the strong and persistent transgene expression achieved with these vectors has made them a popular and versatile tool for in vitro and in vivo gene delivery. rAAVs can be easily and cheaply produced in the laboratory and, based on their favourable safety profile, are generally given a low safety classification. Here, we describe a method for the production and titering of chimeric rAAVs containing the capsid proteins of both AAV1 and AAV2. The use of these so-called chimeric vectors combines the benefits of both parental serotypes such as high titres stocks (AAV1) and purification by affinity chromatography (AAV2). These AAV serotypes are the best studied of all AAV serotypes, and individually have a broad infectivity pattern. The chimeric vectors described here should have the infectious properties of AAV1 and AAV2 and can thus be expected to infect a large range of tissues, including neurons, skeletal muscle, pancreas, kidney among others. The method described here uses heparin column purification, a method believed to give a higher viral titer and cleaner viral preparation than other purification methods, such as centrifugation through a caesium chloride gradient. Additionally, we describe how these vectors can be quickly and easily titered to give accurate reading of the number of infectious particles produced.

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAVs) vectors are becoming increasingly valuable for in vivo studies in animals. We describe how rAAVs can be produced in the laboratory and how these vectors can be titered to give an accurate reading of the number of infectious particles produced.

Rekombinant Adeno ilişkili Viral Vektörlerin Üretimi ve Titering

In recent years recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) have become increasingly valuable for in vivo studies in animals, and are also currently ...

Efficient Recombinant Parvovirus Production with the Help of Adenovirus-derived Systems

Rodent parvoviruses (PV) such as rat H-1PV and MVM, are small icosahedral, single stranded, DNA viruses. Their genome includes two promoters P4 and P38 which regulate the expression of non-structural (NS1 and NS2) and capsid proteins (VP1 and VP2) respectively1. They attract high interest as anticancer agents for their oncolytic and oncosuppressive abilities while being non-pathogenic for humans2. NS1 is the major effector of viral cytotoxicity3. In order to further enhance their natural antineoplastic activities, derivatives from these vectors have been generated by replacing the gene encoding for the capsid proteins with a therapeutic transgene (e.g. a cytotoxic polypeptide, cytokine, chemokine, tumour suppressor gene etc.)4. The recombinant parvoviruses (recPVs) vector retains the NS1/2 coding sequences and the PV genome telomeres which are necessary for viral DNA amplification and packaging. Production of recPVs occurs only in the producer cells (generally HEK293T), by co-transfecting the cells with a second vector (pCMV-VP) expressing the gene encoding for the VP proteins (Fig. 1)4. The recPV vectors generated in this way are replication defective. Although recPVs proved to possess enhanced oncotoxic activities with respect to the parental viruses from which they have been generated, their production remains a major challenge and strongly hampers the use of these agents in anti-cancer clinical applications.
We found that introduction of an Ad-5 derived vector containing the E2a, E4(orf6) and the VA RNA genes (e.g. pXX6 plasmid) into HEK293T improved the production of recPVs by more than 10 fold in comparison to other protocols in use. Based on this finding, we have constructed a novel Ad-VP-helper that contains the genomic adenoviral elements necessary to enhance recPVs production as well as the parvovirus VP gene unit5. The use of Ad-VP-helper, allows production of rec-PVs using a protocol that relies entirely on viral infection steps (as opposed to plasmid transfection), making possible the use of cell lines that are difficult to transfect (e.g. NB324K) (Fig. 2). We present a method that greatly improves the amount of recombinant virus produced, reducing both the production time and costs, without affecting the quality of the final product5. In addition, large scale production of recPV (in suspension cells and bioreactors) is now conceivable.

Here we describe a protocol based only on cell infection, which improves the efficiency of recombinant parvovirus production by more than 100 fold in comparison to other protocols in use. This protocol relies on the use of a novel adenovirus 5-based helper containing the parvovirus VP transcription unit (Ad-VP).

Adenovirüs kaynaklı Sistemleri Yardımı ile verimli Rekombinant Parvovirus Üretim

Rodent parvoviruses (PV) such as rat H-1PV and MVM, are small icosahedral, single stranded, DNA viruses. Their genome includes two promoters P4 and P38 ...

Detection of True IgE-expressing Mouse B Lineage Cells

B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) is a process wherein initially expressed IgM switches to other IgH isotypes, such as IgA, IgE and IgG. Measurement of IgH CSR in vitro is a key method for the study of a number of biologic processes ranging from DNA recombination and repair to aspects of molecular and cellular immunology. In vitro CSR assay involves the flow cytometric measurement surface Ig expression on activated B cells. While measurement of IgA and IgG subclasses is straightforward, measurement of IgE by this method is problematic due to soluble IgE binding to Fc&#949;RII/CD23 expressed on the surface of activated B cells. Here we describe a unique procedure for accurate measurement of IgE-producing mouse B cells that have undergone CSR in culture. The method is based on trypsin-mediated cleavage of IgE-CD23 complexes on cell surfaces, allowing for detection of IgE-producing B lineage cells by cytoplasmic staining. This procedure offers a convenient solution for flow cytometric analysis of CSR to IgE.

In vitro analysis of class switch recombination in mice is challenging due to cytophilic IgE molecules bound to Fc receptors on the surface of B cells. We describe a method for IgE detection using trypsin-mediated cleavage of surface-bound IgE prior to fixation and permeabilization for cytoplasmic fluorescence staining.

Doğru Algılama Fare B Lineage Hücreleri IgE-ifade

B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) is a process wherein initially expressed IgM switches to other IgH ...

Generation of Recombinant Human IgG Monoclonal Antibodies from Immortalized Sorted B Cells

Finding new methods for generating human monoclonal antibodies is an active research field that is important for both basic and applied sciences, including the development of immunotherapeutics. However, the techniques to identify and produce such antibodies tend to be arduous and sometimes the heavy and light chain pair of the antibodies are dissociated. Here, we describe a relatively simple, straightforward protocol to produce human recombinant monoclonal antibodies from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using immortalization with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Toll-like receptor 9 activation. With an adequate staining, B cells producing antibodies can be isolated for subsequent immortalization and clonal expansion. The antibody transcripts produced by the immortalized B cell clones can be amplified by PCR, sequenced as corresponding heavy and light chain pairs and cloned into immunoglobulin expression vectors. The antibodies obtained with this technique can be powerful tools to study relevant human immune responses, including autoimmunity, and create the basis for new therapeutics.

Synthesis of human monoclonal antibodies is the first step in studies aimed at unraveling the pathophysiological mechanisms of auto-antibody-mediated immune responses. We have developed a protocol to generate recombinant human immunoglobulin G (IgG) monoclonal antibodies from blood sorted B cells, including B-cell isolation, antibody cloning and in vitro synthesis.

Ölümsüzleştirilmiştir Sıralama B hücrelerinden Rekombinant İnsan IgG Monoklonal Antikorlarının Üretimi

Finding new methods for generating human monoclonal antibodies is an active research field that is important for both basic and applied sciences, ...

Retroviral Transduction of Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells to Generate T-cell Receptor Retrogenic Mice

T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is essential in the development and differentiation of T cells in the thymus and periphery, respectively. The vast array of TCRs proves studying a specific antigenic response difficult. Therefore, TCR transgenic mice were made to study positive and negative selection in the thymus as well as peripheral T cell activation, proliferation and tolerance. However, relatively few TCR transgenic mice have been generated specific to any given antigen. Thus, studies involving TCRs of varying affinities for the same antigenic peptide have been lacking. The generation of a new TCR transgenic line can take six or more months. Additionally, any specific backcrosses can take an additional six months. In order to allow faster generation and screening of multiple TCRs, a protocol for retroviral transduction of bone marrow was established with stoichiometric expression of the TCR&#945; and TCR&#946; chains and the generation of retrogenic mice. Each retrogenic mouse is essentially a founder, virtually negating a founder effect, while the length of time to generate a TCR retrogenic is cut from six months to approximately six weeks. Here we present a rapid and flexible alternative to TCR transgenic mice that can be expressed on any chosen background with any particular TCR.

We present a rapid and flexible protocol for a single T cell receptor (TCR) retroviral-based in vivo expression system. Retroviral vectors are used to transduce bone marrow progenitor cells to study T cell development and function of a single TCR in vivo as an alternative to TCR transgenic mice.

Kemik iliği projenitör hücrelerinin retroviral İletimi T-hücre reseptör Retrogenic fareler üretmek için

T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is essential in the development and differentiation of T cells in the thymus and periphery, respectively.  The vast array ...

Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins

Stromal interaction molecule-1 (STIM1) is a type-I transmembrane protein located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membranes (PM). ER-resident STIM1 regulates the activity of PM Orai1 channels in a process known as store operated calcium (Ca2+) entry which is the principal Ca2+ signaling process that drives the immune response. STIM1 undergoes post-translational N-glycosylation at two luminal Asn sites within the Ca2+ sensing domain of the molecule. However, the biochemical, biophysical, and structure biological effects of N-glycosylated STIM1 were poorly understood until recently due to an inability to readily obtain high levels of homogeneous N-glycosylated protein. Here, we describe the implementation of an in vitro chemical approach which attaches glucose moieties to specific protein sites applicable to understanding the underlying effects of N-glycosylation on protein structure and mechanism. Using solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy we assess both efficiency of the modification as well as the structural consequences of the glucose attachment with a single sample. This approach can readily be adapted to study the myriad glycosylated proteins found in nature.

Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins

Biochemical and structural analyses of glycosylated proteins require relatively large amounts of homogeneous samples. Here, we present an efficient chemical method for site-specific glycosylation of recombinant proteins purified from bacteria by targeting reactive Cys thiols.

Sistein Thiols rekombinant proteinler Vitro siteye özgü Glikozilasyon için hedefleme

Stromal interaction molecule-1 (STIM1) is a type-I transmembrane protein located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membranes (PM). ER-resident ...

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Despite the exceptional infectivity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vivo, where only three viral genomes can result in a chronicity of experimentally infected chimpanzees, most in vitro models require several hundreds to thousands of viral genomes per cell in order to initiate a transient infection. Additionally, static 2D cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) allow only short-term studies due to their rapid dedifferentiation. Here, we describe 3D liver-on-a-chip cultures of PHH, either in monocultures or in cocultures with other nonparenchymal liver-resident cells. These offer a significant improvement to studying long-term HBV infections with physiological host cell responses. In addition to facilitating drug efficacy studies, toxicological analysis, and investigations into pathogenesis, these microfluidic culture systems enable the evaluation of curative therapies for HBV infection aimed at eliminating covalently closed, circular (ccc)DNA. This presented method describes the set-up of PHH monocultures and PHH/Kupffer cell co-cultures, their infection with purified HBV, and the analysis of host responses. This method is particularly applicable to the evaluation of long-term effects of HBV infection, treatment combinations, and pathogenesis.

&quot;Liver-on-a-Chip&quot; Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

The goal of this protocol is to provide a step-by-step guide to perform 3-D &#34;liver-on-a-chip&#34; infection experiments with the hepatitis B virus.

"Karaciğer-on-a-Chip" kültürleri birincil tetkikine ve Kupffer hücreleri için Hepatit B virüs enfeksiyonu

Despite the exceptional infectivity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vivo, where only three viral genomes can result in a chronicity of experimentally ...

Retroviral Overexpression of CXCR4 on Murine B-1a Cells and Adoptive Transfer for Targeted B-1a Cell Migration to the Bone Marrow and IgM Production

As cell function is influenced by niche-specific factors in the cellular microenvironment, methods to dissect cell localization and migration can provide further insight on cell function. B-1a cells are a unique B cell subset in mice that produce protective natural IgM antibodies against oxidation-specific epitopes that arise during health and disease. B-1a cell IgM production differs depending on B-1a cell location, and therefore it becomes useful from a therapeutic standpoint to target B-1a localization to niches supportive of high antibody production. Here we describe a method to target B-1a cell migration to the bone marrow by retroviral-mediated overexpression of the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Gene induction in primary murine B cells can be challenging and typically yields low transfection efficiencies of 10-20% depending on technique. Here we demonstrate that retroviral transduction of primary murine B-1a cells results in 30-40% transduction efficiency. This method utilizes adoptive cell transfer of transduced B-1a cells into B cell-deficient recipient mice so that donor B-1a cell migration and localization can be visualized. This protocol can be modified for other retroviral constructs and can be used in diverse functional assays post-adoptive transfer, including analysis of donor cell or host cell phenotype and function, or analysis of soluble factors secreted post B-1a cell transfer. The use of distinct donor and recipient mice differentiated by CD45.1 and CD45.2 allotype and the presence of a GFP reporter within the retroviral plasmid could also enable detection of donor cells in other, immune-sufficient mouse models containing endogenous B cell populations.

Here we describe a method for retroviral overexpression and adoptive transfer of murine B-1a cells to examine in vivo B-1a cell migration and localization. This protocol can be extended for diverse downstream functional assays including quantification of donor B-1a cell localization or analysis of donor cell-derived secreted factors post-adoptive transfer.

Murine B-1a Hücrelerinde CXCR4'ün Retroviral Aşırı Ekspresyonu ve Hedeflenen B-1a Hücre Nakliiçin Kemik İliği ve IgM Üretimine Geçişinde Benimsenmiş Transfer

As cell function is influenced by niche-specific factors in the cellular microenvironment, methods to dissect cell localization and migration can provide ...