CK wird von der Columbia University Graduate-Programm unterstützt. UB ist Fellow der Leukemia and Lymphoma Society of America, die Empfänger von New Investigator Award der Leukämie Research Foundation und wird von der Columbia University New Faculty Anschubfinanzierung unterstützt.

1. Milz B-Lymphozyten-Isolierung und Stimulation <ol><li> Ernten Sie die Milz von AID-defizienten Mäusen 12 zwischen 2-3 Monate alt. Die Isolierung der Milz ist in sterilen Bedingungen durchgeführt und die Organe sind vorübergehend in kaltem Phosphatpuffer (PBS) mit 15% fötalem Rinderserum (FBS) gehalten. </li><li> Die Milz wird dann auf eine sterile Gewebekultur Haube übertragen und homogenisiert in 5 ml PBS mit 2,5% FBS. Übertragen Sie die Homogenat in ein 15 ml Falcon-Röhrchen. </li><li> Centrifuge der homogenisierten Milzgewebe Probe bei 1000rpm für 10 Minuten bei 4 ° C die Zellen zu pelletieren. </li><li> Den Überstand nach Zentrifugation. Zellpellet in 10 ml roter Blutkörperchen (RBC) Lysepuffer bei Raumtemperatur für 7 Minuten, um eine Verunreinigung durch rote Blutkörperchen zu vermeiden. </li><li> Centrifuge Probe bei 1000 rpm für 10 Minuten und Dekantieren des Überstandes und Resuspendieren der Zellen in 10 mL PBS mit 2,5% FBS. </li><li> Nehmen Sie 100 ul Aliquot und zählen Sie die Zellen bei einer 1:1000 Verdünnung mit einem Standard-Hämazytometer mit Trypanblau keine toten Zellen auszuschließen. Etwa 2 bis 30 Zellen pro Milz gewonnen werden. </li><li> Centrifuge Probe bei 1000rpm für 10 Minuten und Dekantieren des Überstandes. </li><li> Das Pellet in 0,5% BSA / PBS mit 2mM EDTA in einer Konzentration von 10 7 Zellen pro 90 ul. </li><li> Add anti-CD43 Antikörper beschichteten magnetischen Kügelchen in die Zellen spezifisch zu binden non-B-Zellen. Verwenden Sie 10 l Perlen pro 90 &amp;mgr; l (10 7 Zellen). Gut mischen und inkubieren Sie bei 4 ° C für 20 Minuten. </li><li> Sobald die Zellen markiert sind, waschen Sie sie durch Zugabe von 2,5% FBS / PBS auf der Tube oben. Centrifuge Probe bei 1000 rpm für 10 Minuten. </li><li> Den Überstand. Resuspendieren der Zellen in 0,1% BSA / PBS in einer Konzentration von 10x10 7 Zellen pro ml. </li><li> Montieren Sie einen magnetischen Sortierspalte auf einem Magnetabscheider. Position eine konische Röhre direkt unter der Spalte auf der Flow-through sammeln und laden Sie die Spalte mit 3 ml 0,5% BSA / PBS zu grundieren und zu waschen. </li><li> Sobald die Waschflüssigkeit durchströmt hat, mit einer neuen Kollektion Rohr zu ersetzen. Wenn die Probe weniger als 1 mL, passen Probenvolumen 1 ml mit 0,5% BSA / PBS / EDTA und laden Sie die Probe in der Säule. Legen Sie immer nur 1 mL maximal Zellen pro Spalte und verwenden mehrere Spalten, wenn nötig. </li><li> Lassen Sie die Zellen passiv durch die Säule fließen und sammeln Sie die ungebundenen Zellen in den konischen Rohr unter der Spalte. Die Säule wird 4 mal mit 3 ml 0,5% BSA / PBS während sie weiterhin die Durchströmung zu sammeln. </li><li> Sammeln Sie alle flow-through in die CD43 negativen ruhende B-Zellen angereichert werden. Entsorgen Sie die Spalte. Centrifuge Flow-Through bei 1000 rpm für 10 Minuten. </li><li> Lassen Sie den Überstand und 10 ml Medium (15% FCS / + Glutamin, Pen / Strep, Non-essentielle Aminosäuren, 50 uM Β-ME) </li><li> Zählen Sie die Zellen und Kultur bei 10 6 Zellen pro ml. </li><li> Um B-Zell-Wachstum und die Proliferation zu stimulieren, zu ergänzen, das Medium mit rekombinantem IL-4 und anti-CD40 Antikörper, so dass die Endkonzentrationen 20 pg / ml und 1 pg / mL sind jeweils, und übertragen Sie die Zellen auf eine Kulturflasche. </li><li> Kultur der Zellen über Nacht. Zählen von Zellen und verdünnt auf 10 6 Zellen pro ml, Zugabe von IL-4 und CD40 als angemessen. </li><li> Kultur-Zellen für 72 Stunden vor der Virusinfektion. </li></ol> 2. Die Transfektion von Zellen Producer Verwenden Sie etablierte Protokolle für die Transfektion entweder kationische Lipide oder Calciumphosphat. Transfizieren 10cm 3 Platten pro DNA-Konstrukt, mit 100 pg Plasmid-DNA pro Platte. Wir verwenden routinemäßig Calciumphosphat-Transfektion Methode 13, 14 und beachten hohe Virustiter, wenn sie mit Chloroquin ergänzt. <ol><li> Verwenden Sie 60% -70% konfluent Phoenix-Zellen als Produzent Zellen transfiziert werden. An dieser Einmündung Zellzahl sollte 5 Millionen Zellen pro 10 cm Platte sein. </li><li> Eine Stunde vor der Transfektion, ersetzen Sie die Medien mit frischen komplette Medien für Phoenix Zellwachstum. </li><li> In einem sterilen eppendorpf Rohr verbinden 100 ug Verpackung Konstrukt-DNA, 250 ul 0,5 M CaCl 2, und auf das Endvolumen auf 500 ul mit sterilem Wasser </li><li> Mit einer 1 ml Pipette kräftig mischen diese Lösung mit 500 ul 2X HNP in einem 15mL Polypropylenröhrchen </li><li> Lassen Sie diese Mischung bei Raumtemperatur für 8-10 Minuten ruhen lassen. Während dieser Zeit ein Niederschlag bildet. </li><li> Fügen Sie die Transfektion Mischung, um die Zellen tropfenweise während Verwirbelung des Mediums gleichmäßig zu verteilen das Gemisch im gesamten. </li><li> Inkubieren Sie die Zellen bei 37 ° C für 12 Stunden. </li><li> 12 Stunden nach der Transfektion, ersetzen Sie das Medium mit 8ml komplette B-Zell-Nährmedium und kehren die Zellen an die 37 ° C Inkubator. </li></ol> 3. Die Infektion von Stimulated Milz B-Zellen <ol><li> Entfernen von Phoenix-Zellen 48hr post-transfe Überstandktion und die überstehende durch einen 0,2-Mikrometer-Filter, um alle Zelltrümmer zu entfernen. </li><li> Mix 3 ml Virus-haltige Überstand mit 3 ml pre-aktivierten B-Zellen (wie in Schritt 1). Um virale Adsorption an die Zellen zu erhöhen, fügen Polybren bei einer Endkonzentration von 16 ug pro mL. </li><li> Infizieren die Zellen durch Zentrifugation bei 2500 rpm für 90 Minuten bei 30 ° C. </li><li> Unmittelbar nach dem Spin, eine weitere 48-72 Stunden bei 37 ° C inkubieren, um für das Zellwachstum und die Proliferation zu ermöglichen. </li></ol> 4. Durchflusszytometrie <ol><li> Mit einem Durchflusszytometer, analysieren die Zellen für Oberflächen-Expression von B220 und Oberfläche IgG1. Die Anwesenheit von IgG1 an der Oberfläche der Zellen zeigt, dass Klasse-Schalter Rekombination wurde als Ergebnis einer erfolgreichen Rettung über den retroviralen Komplementierung der AID-Gen aufgetreten. </li></ol> 5. Repräsentative Ergebnisse Wir haben erfolgreich den Mangel an dem Protein Faktor Activation Induced Cytidindeaminase (AID) von AID-Mangel (AID-/ -) gerettet B-Lymphozyten mittels retroviraler Transduktion. Kurz gesagt, erwirtschafteten wir rekombinante Retroviren exprimierende Maus AID (MAID)-Protein durch Transfektion Phoenix-Zellen mit PMX-MAID-GFP 15-18. Die geernteten Viren wurden in AID-defizienten B-Zellen aus AID-defizienten Mäusen in ex vivo-Klasse wechseln, Rekombination (CSR) Stimulationsbedingungen 19 erhaltenen infiziert. Die infizierten B-Zellen wurden dann für CSR zu IgG1 nach 72 Stunden in Kultur mittels Durchflusszytometrie analysiert. Abbildung 2 zeigt den Nachweis von IgG1 an der Oberfläche von B-Zellen mit AID, aber nicht die leeren konstruieren, was darauf hinweist, dass CSR hat als Folge der AID Ausdruck Rettung aufgetreten. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2371/2371fig1.jpg" alt="Abbildung 1" /> Abbildung 1: Schema des retroviralen Verpackung innerhalb Produzentenzellen: Gene von Interesse, durch Ψ vertreten, wurde in PMX-IRES-GFP subkloniert, wie zuvor 15 beschrieben. Das Plasmid wurde in eine ecotropen virale Verpackungs-Zelllinie in der Lage, gag-pol und Hüllprotein (Phoenix, Orbigen), mit Calciumphosphat-Methode 13, 14, transfiziert. Achtundvierzig Stunden nach der Transfektion wurde der Überstand mit viralen Partikeln für eine Infektion in primären Ziel B-Zellen aus Mäusen gewonnen geerntet. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2371/2371fig2.jpg" alt="Abbildung 2" /> Abbildung 2: AID defizienten B-Zellen mit anti-CD40 stimuliert und IL-4 wurden mit einem Retrovirus mit PMX-MAID-GFP oder ein Retrovirus, die GFP allein infiziert. Die Höhe der CSR zu IgG1 wurde durch FACS-Analyse ausgewertet.

<ol>
	<li>Bartholdy, B., Matthias, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+control+of+B+cell+development+and+function.">Transcriptional control of B cell development and function.</a> Gene. 327, 1-23 (2004).</li><li>Henderson, A., Calame, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+regulation+during+B+cell+development.">Transcriptional regulation during B cell development.</a> Annu Rev Immunol. 16, 163-200 (1998).</li><li>Graf, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+plasticity+of+hematopoietic+cells.">Differentiation plasticity of hematopoietic cells.</a> Blood. 99, 3089-30101 (2002).</li><li>Xiao, C., Rajewsky, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA+control+in+the+immune+system:+basic+principles.">MicroRNA control in the immune system: basic principles.</a> Cell. 136, 26-36 (2009).</li><li>Waterston, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initial+sequencing+and+comparative+analysis+of+the+mouse+genome.">Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome.</a> Nature. 420, 520-562 (2002).</li><li>Griffiths, A. J. F., Miller, J. H., Suzuki, D. T., Lewontin, R. C., Gelbart, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Introduction to Genetic Analysis. , (2000).</li><li>Gondo, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-generation+gene+targeting+in+the+mouse+for+functional+genomics.">Next-generation gene targeting in the mouse for functional genomics.</a> BMB Rep. 42, 315-3123 (2009).</li><li>Plachy, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proviruses+selected+for+high+and+stable+expression+of+transduced+genes+accumulate+in+broadly+transcribed+genome+areas.">Proviruses selected for high and stable expression of transduced genes accumulate in broadly transcribed genome areas.</a> J Virol. 84, 4204-4211 (2010).</li><li>Felice, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+factor+binding+sites+are+genetic+determinants+of+retroviral+integration+in+the+human+genome.">Transcription factor binding sites are genetic determinants of retroviral integration in the human genome.</a> PLoS One. 4, e4571-e4571 (2009).</li><li>Karavanas, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+targeting+by+murine+retroviral+vectors.">Cell targeting by murine retroviral vectors.</a> Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 28, 7-30 (1998).</li><li>Noelle, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+39-kDa+protein+on+activated+helper+T+cells+binds+CD40+and+transduces+the+signal+for+cognate+activation+of+B+cells.">A 39-kDa protein on activated helper T cells binds CD40 and transduces the signal for cognate activation of B cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 89, 6550-6554 (1992).</li><li>Muramatsu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Class+switch+recombination+and+hypermutation+require+activation-induced+cytidine+deaminase+(AID),+a+potential+RNA+editing+enzyme.">Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme.</a> Cell. 102, 553-563 (2000).</li><li>Yelle, J., Dion, M., Hamelin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+transfection+of+mammalian+cells+with+viral+DNA+in+optimal+culture+conditions.">Efficient transfection of mammalian cells with viral DNA in optimal culture conditions.</a> J Virol Methods. 7, 321-326 (1983).</li><li>Chen, C., Okayama, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-efficiency+transformation+of+mammalian+cells+by+plasmid+DNA.">High-efficiency transformation of mammalian cells by plasmid DNA.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 7, 2745-2752 (1987).</li><li>Fagarasan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+class+switching+and+differentiation+to+IgA-producing+cells+in+the+gut+lamina+propria.">In situ class switching and differentiation to IgA-producing cells in the gut lamina propria.</a> Nature. 413, 639-6343 (2001).</li><li>Basu, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+AID+antibody+diversification+enzyme+is+regulated+by+protein+kinase+A+phosphorylation.">The AID antibody diversification enzyme is regulated by protein kinase A phosphorylation.</a> Nature. 438, 508-5011 (2005).</li><li>McBride, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+class+switch+recombination+and+somatic+mutation+by+AID+phosphorylation.">Regulation of class switch recombination and somatic mutation by AID phosphorylation.</a> J Exp Med. 205, 2585-2594 (2008).</li><li>Barreto, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AID+from+bony+fish+catalyzes+class+switch+recombination.">AID from bony fish catalyzes class switch recombination.</a> J Exp Med. 202, 733-738 (2005).</li><li>Delphin, S., Stavnezer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+antibody+class+switching+to+IgE:+characterization+of+an+IL-4-responsive+region+in+the+immunoglobulin+heavy-chain+germline+epsilon+promoter.">Regulation of antibody class switching to IgE: characterization of an IL-4-responsive region in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain germline epsilon promoter.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 764, 123-135 (1995).</li><li>Castigli, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD40+expression+and+function+in+murine+B+cell+ontogeny.">CD40 expression and function in murine B cell ontogeny.</a> Int Immunol. 8, 405-411 (1996).</li><li>Ballantyne, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+recombination+of+a+switch+substrate+retrovector+in+CD40-+activated+B+lymphocytes:+implications+for+the+control+of+CH+gene+switch+recombination.">Efficient recombination of a switch substrate retrovector in CD40- activated B lymphocytes: implications for the control of CH gene switch recombination.</a> J Immunol. 161, 1336-1347 (1998).</li></ol>

Retrovirale Transduktion von Milz-B-Zellen, wie hier beschrieben und wie abgebildet in Abbildung 1 ist eine genetische Ansatz, die nützlich bei der Untersuchung der B-Lymphozyten ist, weil viele der Entwicklungs-Veranstaltungen in lymphopoesis durch Regulation der Transkription 1, 2 gesteuert werden. In den späteren Stadien der B-Zell-Reifung, Triggerung über CD40L ist essentiell für die Induktion der B-Zell-Wachstum, Eintritt in den Zellzyklus und Proliferation 11, 20. Wie in ...

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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>FCS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
<td>S11550</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RPMI</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>22400</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>20012</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Red Blood Cell (RBC) lysis buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>R7757</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CD43 beads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>B Cell Complete Media</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Various components</td>
<td>Various Components</td>
<td>RPMI, 15% FCS, 1% Non-Essential Amino Acids, 1% Sodium Pyruvate, 1% HEPES, 1% Pen-Strep, 50&mu;M &beta;-Mercaptoethanol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IL-4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anti-CD40</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Pharmigen</td>
<td>553787</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>polybrene</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>107689 &#x2028;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Chloroquine diphosphate salt</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>C6628</td>
<td>Used at 100mM</td>
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<td>Phoenix Eco cells (Murine)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Orbigen</td>
<td>RVC-10002</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PE-Cy5-&alpha;-mouse-CD45R (B220)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>eBioscience</td>
<td>15-0452-81</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PE-&alpha;-mouse-IgG1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Pharmigen</td>
<td>A85-1</td>
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recombinant retroviral production and infection of b cells

Die transgenen Expression von Genen in eukaryotischen Zellen ist ein leistungsfähiges reverse genetische Ansatz, bei dem ein Gen von Interesse unter der Kontrolle eines heterologen Expressionssystem exprimiert wird, um die Analyse der resultierenden Phänotyp zu erleichtern. Dieser Ansatz kann verwendet werden, um ein Gen, das normalerweise nicht in den Organismus gefunden auszudrücken, um eine mutierte Form des Gens Produkt zum Ausdruck bringen, oder zu überexprimieren eine dominant-negative Form des Genprodukts werden. Es ist besonders nützlich in der Studie des hämatopoetischen Systems, wo Transkriptionsregulation ist ein wichtiger Kontrollmechanismus in der Entwicklung und Differenzierung von B-Zellen 1, in 2-4 überprüft. Mausgenetik ist ein leistungsfähiges Werkzeug für die Erforschung der menschlichen Gene und Krankheiten. Eine vergleichende Analyse der Maus und menschlichen Genoms offenbart Erhaltung der Syntenie in mehr als 90% des Genoms 5. Außerdem ist ein Großteil der Technologie in Maus-Modellen verwendet werden für das Studium der menschlichen Gene, zum Beispiel Gendisruptionen und allelische Austausch 6 . Allerdings erfordert die Schaffung einer transgenen Maus ein hohes Maß an Ressourcen sowohl eine finanzielle und technische Natur. Mehrere Projekte wurden begonnen, um Bibliotheken von Knock-out-Maus-Stämme (KOMP, EUCOMM, NorCOMM) oder Mutagenese induzierte Belastungen (RIKEN), die großen Anstrengungen und Zusammenarbeit 7 erfordern kompilieren. Daher ist es wünschenswert, erste Studie der Phänotyp eines gewünschten Gens in einer Zellkultur-Modell von primären Zellen vor fortschreitend bis zu einem Mausmodell. Retrovirale DNA integriert in die Wirts-DNA, vorzugsweise innerhalb oder in der Nähe Transkription Einheiten oder CpG-Inseln, die sich in stabilen und vererbbar Ausdruck des verpackten Gen von Interesse unter Vermeidung transkriptionellen Silencing 8 9. Die Gene werden dann unter der Kontrolle von einem hohen Wirkungsgrad retroviralen Promotor transkribiert, was zu einer hohen Effizienz der Transkription und Protein-Produktion. Daher kann retroviralen Expressionsvektor mit Zellen, die schwer zu transfizieren sind, verwendet werden, sofern die Zellen in einen aktiven Zustand während der Mitose. Da die strukturellen Gene des Virus innerhalb der Verpackungs-Zelllinie enthalten sind, enthalten die Expressionsvektoren verwendet werden, um das Gen von Interesse Klon keine strukturellen Gene des Virus, das sowohl die Möglichkeit der viralen Revertanten beseitigt und erhöht die Sicherheit bei der Arbeit mit viralen Überständen da keine infektiösen Virionen sind 10 hergestellt. Hier präsentieren wir ein Protokoll für die rekombinante retrovirale Produktion und nachfolgende Infektion von Milz-B-Zellen. Nach der Isolierung werden die kultivierten Milzzellen mit Th abgeleitet Lymphokine und anti-CD40, die einen Ausbruch von B-Zell-Proliferation und Differenzierung 11 induziert stimuliert. Dieses Protokoll ist ideal für die Untersuchung der Ereignisse am späten B-Zell-Entwicklung und Differenzierung, wie B-Zellen aus der Milz nach der ersten hämatopoetischen Ereignisse, sondern vor antigenen Stimulation plasmazelluläre Differenzierung induzieren isoliert sind.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells at JoVE.com

Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells

Ein effizientes System der Struktur-und Funktionsanalyse eines Gens in einer<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Kultur der Milz B-Lymphozyten beschrieben. Diese Methode nutzt die Vorteile der rekombinanten retroviralen Produktion in ein Helfer frei, ecotrophic Verpackungs-Zelllinie. Stabile, vererbbare Expression eines Gens von Interesse innerhalb des primären Lymphozyten erreicht, was zu Generation Oberfläche Antikörper auf B-Zellen durchlaufen Klasse wechseln Rekombination.

Rekombinanten retroviralen Produktion und Infektion von B-Zellen

The transgenic expression of genes in eukaryotic cells is a powerful reverse genetic approach in which a gene of interest is expressed under the control ...

recombinant-retroviral-production-and-infection-of-b-cells

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Immunology and Infection

14.0K Aufrufe.  Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Ein effizientes System der Struktur-und Funktionsanalyse eines Gens in einer Ex vivo Kultur der Milz B-Lymphozyten beschrieben. Diese Methode nutzt die Vorteile der rekombinanten retroviralen Produktion in ein Helfer frei, ecotrophic Verpackungs-Zelllinie. Stabile, vererbbare Expression eines Gens von Interesse innerhalb des primären Lymphozyten erreicht, was zu Generation Oberfläche Antikörper auf B-Zellen durchlaufen Klasse wechseln Rekombination.

Serie: Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L), human B cells can be expanded without difficulties from small amounts of peripheral blood within 14 days to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients1-4. CD40-B cells express important lymph node homing molecules and can attract T cells in vitro5. Furthermore they efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells6,7. CD40-B cells were shown to not only prime na&iacute;ve, but also expand memory T cells8,9. Therefore CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been studied as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cell-based immunotherapy1,5,10. In order to further study whether CD40-B cells induce effective T cell responses in vivo and to study the underlying mechanism we established a cell culture system for the generation of murine CD40-activated B cells. Using splenocytes or purified B cells from C57BL/6 mice for CD40-activation, optimal conditions were identified as follows: Starting from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice (haplotype H-2b) lymphocytes are purified by density gradient centrifugation and co-cultured with HeLa cells expressing recombinant murine CD40 ligand (tmuCD40L HeLa)11. Cells are recultured every 3-4 days and key components such as CD40L, interleukin-4, -Mercaptoethanol and cyclosporin A are replenished. In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated murine CD40-B cells (mCD40B) with similar APC-phenotype to human CD40-B cells (Fig 1a,b). CD40-stimulation leads to a rapid outgrowth and expansion of highly pure (&gt;90%) CD19+ B cells within 14 days of cell culture (Fig 1c,d). To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the murine CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be controlled regularly (Fig 2). Murine CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation and differentiation as well as to investigate their potential to function as APC in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for establishing therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors and will help to answer questions regarding safety and immunogenicity of this approach12.

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure of CD40-activation and expansion of murine B cells from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice, which can be used as a model antigen-presenting cell (APC) to study induction of immunity.

Mausmodell der CD40-Aktivierung von B-Zellen

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs)1. This recognition leads to the activation of T-cells and a series of functional outcomes (e.g. cytokine production, killing of the target cells). Understanding the functional role of TCRs is critical to harness the power of the immune system to treat a variety of immunology related diseases (e.g. cancer or autoimmunity).
It is convenient to study TCRs in mouse models, which can be accomplished in several ways. Making TCR transgenic mouse models is costly and time-consuming and currently there are only a limited number of them available2-4. Alternatively, mice with antigen-specific T-cells can be generated by bone marrow chimera. This method also takes several weeks and requires expertise5. Retroviral transduction of TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells is a quick and relatively easy method to obtain T-cells of desired peptide-MHC specificity. Antigen-specific T-cells can be generated in one week and used in any downstream applications. Studying transduced T-cells also has direct application to human immunotherapy, as adoptive transfer of human T-cells transduced with antigen-specific TCRs is an emerging strategy for cancer treatment6.
Here we present a protocol to retrovirally transduce TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells. Both human and mouse TCR genes can be used. Retroviruses carrying specific TCR genes are generated and used to infect mouse T-cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. After in vitro expansion, transduced T-cells are analyzed by flow cytometry.

We present a protocol to produce antigen-specific mouse T-cells using retroviral transduction

Retrovirale Transduktion von T-Zell-Rezeptoren in Maus-T-Zellen

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen ...

Production and Titering of Recombinant Adeno-associated Viral Vectors

In recent years recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) have become increasingly valuable for in vivo studies in animals, and are also currently being tested in human clinical trials. Wild-type AAV is a non-pathogenic member of the parvoviridae family and inherently replication-deficient. The broad transduction profile, low immune response as well as the strong and persistent transgene expression achieved with these vectors has made them a popular and versatile tool for in vitro and in vivo gene delivery. rAAVs can be easily and cheaply produced in the laboratory and, based on their favourable safety profile, are generally given a low safety classification. Here, we describe a method for the production and titering of chimeric rAAVs containing the capsid proteins of both AAV1 and AAV2. The use of these so-called chimeric vectors combines the benefits of both parental serotypes such as high titres stocks (AAV1) and purification by affinity chromatography (AAV2). These AAV serotypes are the best studied of all AAV serotypes, and individually have a broad infectivity pattern. The chimeric vectors described here should have the infectious properties of AAV1 and AAV2 and can thus be expected to infect a large range of tissues, including neurons, skeletal muscle, pancreas, kidney among others. The method described here uses heparin column purification, a method believed to give a higher viral titer and cleaner viral preparation than other purification methods, such as centrifugation through a caesium chloride gradient. Additionally, we describe how these vectors can be quickly and easily titered to give accurate reading of the number of infectious particles produced.

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAVs) vectors are becoming increasingly valuable for in vivo studies in animals. We describe how rAAVs can be produced in the laboratory and how these vectors can be titered to give an accurate reading of the number of infectious particles produced.

Produktion und Titrierung von rekombinanten Adeno-assoziierte virale Vektoren

In recent years recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) have become increasingly valuable for in vivo studies in animals, and are also currently ...

Efficient Recombinant Parvovirus Production with the Help of Adenovirus-derived Systems

Rodent parvoviruses (PV) such as rat H-1PV and MVM, are small icosahedral, single stranded, DNA viruses. Their genome includes two promoters P4 and P38 which regulate the expression of non-structural (NS1 and NS2) and capsid proteins (VP1 and VP2) respectively1. They attract high interest as anticancer agents for their oncolytic and oncosuppressive abilities while being non-pathogenic for humans2. NS1 is the major effector of viral cytotoxicity3. In order to further enhance their natural antineoplastic activities, derivatives from these vectors have been generated by replacing the gene encoding for the capsid proteins with a therapeutic transgene (e.g. a cytotoxic polypeptide, cytokine, chemokine, tumour suppressor gene etc.)4. The recombinant parvoviruses (recPVs) vector retains the NS1/2 coding sequences and the PV genome telomeres which are necessary for viral DNA amplification and packaging. Production of recPVs occurs only in the producer cells (generally HEK293T), by co-transfecting the cells with a second vector (pCMV-VP) expressing the gene encoding for the VP proteins (Fig. 1)4. The recPV vectors generated in this way are replication defective. Although recPVs proved to possess enhanced oncotoxic activities with respect to the parental viruses from which they have been generated, their production remains a major challenge and strongly hampers the use of these agents in anti-cancer clinical applications.
We found that introduction of an Ad-5 derived vector containing the E2a, E4(orf6) and the VA RNA genes (e.g. pXX6 plasmid) into HEK293T improved the production of recPVs by more than 10 fold in comparison to other protocols in use. Based on this finding, we have constructed a novel Ad-VP-helper that contains the genomic adenoviral elements necessary to enhance recPVs production as well as the parvovirus VP gene unit5. The use of Ad-VP-helper, allows production of rec-PVs using a protocol that relies entirely on viral infection steps (as opposed to plasmid transfection), making possible the use of cell lines that are difficult to transfect (e.g. NB324K) (Fig. 2). We present a method that greatly improves the amount of recombinant virus produced, reducing both the production time and costs, without affecting the quality of the final product5. In addition, large scale production of recPV (in suspension cells and bioreactors) is now conceivable.

Here we describe a protocol based only on cell infection, which improves the efficiency of recombinant parvovirus production by more than 100 fold in comparison to other protocols in use. This protocol relies on the use of a novel adenovirus 5-based helper containing the parvovirus VP transcription unit (Ad-VP).

Effiziente rekombinanten Parvovirus Produktion mit Hilfe von Adenovirus-abgeleiteten Systemen

Rodent parvoviruses (PV) such as rat H-1PV and MVM, are small icosahedral, single stranded, DNA viruses. Their genome includes two promoters P4 and P38 ...

Detection of True IgE-expressing Mouse B Lineage Cells

B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) is a process wherein initially expressed IgM switches to other IgH isotypes, such as IgA, IgE and IgG. Measurement of IgH CSR in vitro is a key method for the study of a number of biologic processes ranging from DNA recombination and repair to aspects of molecular and cellular immunology. In vitro CSR assay involves the flow cytometric measurement surface Ig expression on activated B cells. While measurement of IgA and IgG subclasses is straightforward, measurement of IgE by this method is problematic due to soluble IgE binding to Fc&#949;RII/CD23 expressed on the surface of activated B cells. Here we describe a unique procedure for accurate measurement of IgE-producing mouse B cells that have undergone CSR in culture. The method is based on trypsin-mediated cleavage of IgE-CD23 complexes on cell surfaces, allowing for detection of IgE-producing B lineage cells by cytoplasmic staining. This procedure offers a convenient solution for flow cytometric analysis of CSR to IgE.

In vitro analysis of class switch recombination in mice is challenging due to cytophilic IgE molecules bound to Fc receptors on the surface of B cells. We describe a method for IgE detection using trypsin-mediated cleavage of surface-bound IgE prior to fixation and permeabilization for cytoplasmic fluorescence staining.

Der Nachweis von IgE-Wahre exprimierenden Maus B Lineage Cells

B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) is a process wherein initially expressed IgM switches to other IgH ...

Generation of Recombinant Human IgG Monoclonal Antibodies from Immortalized Sorted B Cells

Finding new methods for generating human monoclonal antibodies is an active research field that is important for both basic and applied sciences, including the development of immunotherapeutics. However, the techniques to identify and produce such antibodies tend to be arduous and sometimes the heavy and light chain pair of the antibodies are dissociated. Here, we describe a relatively simple, straightforward protocol to produce human recombinant monoclonal antibodies from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using immortalization with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Toll-like receptor 9 activation. With an adequate staining, B cells producing antibodies can be isolated for subsequent immortalization and clonal expansion. The antibody transcripts produced by the immortalized B cell clones can be amplified by PCR, sequenced as corresponding heavy and light chain pairs and cloned into immunoglobulin expression vectors. The antibodies obtained with this technique can be powerful tools to study relevant human immune responses, including autoimmunity, and create the basis for new therapeutics.

Synthesis of human monoclonal antibodies is the first step in studies aimed at unraveling the pathophysiological mechanisms of auto-antibody-mediated immune responses. We have developed a protocol to generate recombinant human immunoglobulin G (IgG) monoclonal antibodies from blood sorted B cells, including B-cell isolation, antibody cloning and in vitro synthesis.

Erzeugung von rekombinanten humanen IgG monoklonalen Antikörpern aus Immortalisierte Sortiert B Cells

Finding new methods for generating human monoclonal antibodies is an active research field that is important for both basic and applied sciences, ...

Retroviral Transduction of Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells to Generate T-cell Receptor Retrogenic Mice

T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is essential in the development and differentiation of T cells in the thymus and periphery, respectively. The vast array of TCRs proves studying a specific antigenic response difficult. Therefore, TCR transgenic mice were made to study positive and negative selection in the thymus as well as peripheral T cell activation, proliferation and tolerance. However, relatively few TCR transgenic mice have been generated specific to any given antigen. Thus, studies involving TCRs of varying affinities for the same antigenic peptide have been lacking. The generation of a new TCR transgenic line can take six or more months. Additionally, any specific backcrosses can take an additional six months. In order to allow faster generation and screening of multiple TCRs, a protocol for retroviral transduction of bone marrow was established with stoichiometric expression of the TCR&#945; and TCR&#946; chains and the generation of retrogenic mice. Each retrogenic mouse is essentially a founder, virtually negating a founder effect, while the length of time to generate a TCR retrogenic is cut from six months to approximately six weeks. Here we present a rapid and flexible alternative to TCR transgenic mice that can be expressed on any chosen background with any particular TCR.

We present a rapid and flexible protocol for a single T cell receptor (TCR) retroviral-based in vivo expression system. Retroviral vectors are used to transduce bone marrow progenitor cells to study T cell development and function of a single TCR in vivo as an alternative to TCR transgenic mice.

Retrovirale Transduktion von Knochenmark-Progenitorzellen zu generieren T-Zell-Rezeptor Retrogenic Mäuse

T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is essential in the development and differentiation of T cells in the thymus and periphery, respectively.  The vast array ...

Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins

Stromal interaction molecule-1 (STIM1) is a type-I transmembrane protein located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membranes (PM). ER-resident STIM1 regulates the activity of PM Orai1 channels in a process known as store operated calcium (Ca2+) entry which is the principal Ca2+ signaling process that drives the immune response. STIM1 undergoes post-translational N-glycosylation at two luminal Asn sites within the Ca2+ sensing domain of the molecule. However, the biochemical, biophysical, and structure biological effects of N-glycosylated STIM1 were poorly understood until recently due to an inability to readily obtain high levels of homogeneous N-glycosylated protein. Here, we describe the implementation of an in vitro chemical approach which attaches glucose moieties to specific protein sites applicable to understanding the underlying effects of N-glycosylation on protein structure and mechanism. Using solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy we assess both efficiency of the modification as well as the structural consequences of the glucose attachment with a single sample. This approach can readily be adapted to study the myriad glycosylated proteins found in nature.

Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins

Biochemical and structural analyses of glycosylated proteins require relatively large amounts of homogeneous samples. Here, we present an efficient chemical method for site-specific glycosylation of recombinant proteins purified from bacteria by targeting reactive Cys thiols.

Targeting Cystein Thiole für in-vitro- standortspezifische Glykosylierung von rekombinanten Proteinen

Stromal interaction molecule-1 (STIM1) is a type-I transmembrane protein located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membranes (PM). ER-resident ...

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Despite the exceptional infectivity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vivo, where only three viral genomes can result in a chronicity of experimentally infected chimpanzees, most in vitro models require several hundreds to thousands of viral genomes per cell in order to initiate a transient infection. Additionally, static 2D cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) allow only short-term studies due to their rapid dedifferentiation. Here, we describe 3D liver-on-a-chip cultures of PHH, either in monocultures or in cocultures with other nonparenchymal liver-resident cells. These offer a significant improvement to studying long-term HBV infections with physiological host cell responses. In addition to facilitating drug efficacy studies, toxicological analysis, and investigations into pathogenesis, these microfluidic culture systems enable the evaluation of curative therapies for HBV infection aimed at eliminating covalently closed, circular (ccc)DNA. This presented method describes the set-up of PHH monocultures and PHH/Kupffer cell co-cultures, their infection with purified HBV, and the analysis of host responses. This method is particularly applicable to the evaluation of long-term effects of HBV infection, treatment combinations, and pathogenesis.

&quot;Liver-on-a-Chip&quot; Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

The goal of this protocol is to provide a step-by-step guide to perform 3-D &#34;liver-on-a-chip&#34; infection experiments with the hepatitis B virus.

"Leber-on-a-Chip" Kulturen der primäre Hepatozyten und Kupffer Zellen für Hepatitis B-Virus-Infektion

Despite the exceptional infectivity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vivo, where only three viral genomes can result in a chronicity of experimentally ...

Retroviral Overexpression of CXCR4 on Murine B-1a Cells and Adoptive Transfer for Targeted B-1a Cell Migration to the Bone Marrow and IgM Production

As cell function is influenced by niche-specific factors in the cellular microenvironment, methods to dissect cell localization and migration can provide further insight on cell function. B-1a cells are a unique B cell subset in mice that produce protective natural IgM antibodies against oxidation-specific epitopes that arise during health and disease. B-1a cell IgM production differs depending on B-1a cell location, and therefore it becomes useful from a therapeutic standpoint to target B-1a localization to niches supportive of high antibody production. Here we describe a method to target B-1a cell migration to the bone marrow by retroviral-mediated overexpression of the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Gene induction in primary murine B cells can be challenging and typically yields low transfection efficiencies of 10-20% depending on technique. Here we demonstrate that retroviral transduction of primary murine B-1a cells results in 30-40% transduction efficiency. This method utilizes adoptive cell transfer of transduced B-1a cells into B cell-deficient recipient mice so that donor B-1a cell migration and localization can be visualized. This protocol can be modified for other retroviral constructs and can be used in diverse functional assays post-adoptive transfer, including analysis of donor cell or host cell phenotype and function, or analysis of soluble factors secreted post B-1a cell transfer. The use of distinct donor and recipient mice differentiated by CD45.1 and CD45.2 allotype and the presence of a GFP reporter within the retroviral plasmid could also enable detection of donor cells in other, immune-sufficient mouse models containing endogenous B cell populations.

Here we describe a method for retroviral overexpression and adoptive transfer of murine B-1a cells to examine in vivo B-1a cell migration and localization. This protocol can be extended for diverse downstream functional assays including quantification of donor B-1a cell localization or analysis of donor cell-derived secreted factors post-adoptive transfer.

Retrovirale Überexpression von CXCR4 auf murine B-1a-Zellen und Adoptivtransfer für gezielte B-1a-Zellmigration zur Knochenmark- und IgM-Produktion

As cell function is influenced by niche-specific factors in the cellular microenvironment, methods to dissect cell localization and migration can provide ...

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Subtitles

Rekombinanten retroviralen Produktion und Infektion von B-Zellen