This work was supported by NIH grant P20RR018766 and a grant from the ABMRF/Foundation for Alcohol Research.

1. Animals
<ol>
 <li>All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the National Institute of Health (NIH publication No. 85-12, revised 1996). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, 270-350 g body wt) were housed in a controlled temperature (22 &deg;C) and controlled illumination (12:12 h light dark cycle) environment. After arrival, the rats were submitted to...

<ol>
	<li>Chakraborty, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphatic+system:+a+vital+link+between+metabolic+syndrome+and+inflammation.">Lymphatic system: a vital link between metabolic syndrome and inflammation.</a> Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1207, 94-94 (2010).</li><li>Zawieja, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphatic+biology+and+the+microcirculation:+past,+present+and+future.">Lymphatic biology and the microcirculation: past, present and future.</a> Microcirculation. 12, 141-141 (2005).</li><li>Benoit, J. N., Zawieja, D. C., Goodman, A. H., Granger, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+intact+mesenteric+lymphatic+pump+and+its+responsiveness+to+acute+edemagenic+stress.">Characterization of intact mesenteric lymphatic pump and its responsiveness to acute edemagenic stress.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 257, H2059-H2059 (1989).</li><li>Davis, M. J., Davis, A. M., Ku, C. W., Gashev, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myogenic+constriction+and+dilation+of+isolated+lymphatic+vessels.">Myogenic constriction and dilation of isolated lymphatic vessels.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 296, H293-H293 (2009).</li><li>Dougherty, P. J., Davis, M. J., Zawieja, D. C., Muthuchamy, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+sensitivity+and+cooperativity+of+permeabilized+rat+mesenteric+lymphatics.">Calcium sensitivity and cooperativity of permeabilized rat mesenteric lymphatics.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 294, R1524-R1524 (2008).</li><li>Fay, F. S., Shlevin, H. H., Granger, W. C., Taylor, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aequorin+luminescence+during+activation+of+single+isolated+smooth+muscle+cells.">Aequorin luminescence during activation of single isolated smooth muscle cells.</a> Nature. 280, 506-506 (1979).</li><li>Wang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+myosin+light+chain+phosphorylation+decreases+rat+mesenteric+lymphatic+contractile+activity.">Inhibition of myosin light chain phosphorylation decreases rat mesenteric lymphatic contractile activity.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 297, 726-726 (2009).</li><li>Karaki, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+movements,+distribution,+and+functions+in+smooth+muscle.">Calcium movements, distribution, and functions in smooth muscle.</a> Pharmacol. Rev. 49, 157-157 (1997).</li><li>Ratz, P. H., Berg, K. M., Urban, N. H., Miner, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+smooth+muscle+calcium+sensitivity:+KCl+as+a+calcium-sensitizing+stimulus.">Regulation of smooth muscle calcium sensitivity: KCl as a calcium-sensitizing stimulus.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. 288, C769-C769 (2005).</li><li>Somlyo, A. P., Somlyo, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ca2++sensitivity+of+smooth+muscle+and+nonmuscle+myosin+II:+modulated+by+G+proteins,+kinases,+and+myosin+phosphatase.">Ca2+ sensitivity of smooth muscle and nonmuscle myosin II: modulated by G proteins, kinases, and myosin phosphatase.</a> Physiol. Rev. 83, 1325-1325 (2003).</li><li>Souza-Smith, F. M., Kurtz, K. M., Molina, P. E., Breslin, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptation+of+mesenteric+collecting+lymphatic+pump+function+following+acute+alcohol+intoxication.">Adaptation of mesenteric collecting lymphatic pump function following acute alcohol intoxication.</a> Microcirculation. 17, 514-514 (2010).</li><li>Breslin, J. W., Yuan, S. Y., Wu, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VEGF-C+alters+barrier+function+of+cultured+lymphatic+endothelial+cells+through+a+VEGFR-3-dependent+mechanism.">VEGF-C alters barrier function of cultured lymphatic endothelial cells through a VEGFR-3-dependent mechanism.</a> Lymphat. Res. Biol. 5, 105-105 (2007).</li><li>Shirasawa, Y., Benoit, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stretch-induced+calcium+sensitization+of+rat+lymphatic+smooth+muscle.">Stretch-induced calcium sensitization of rat lymphatic smooth muscle.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 285, H2573-H2573 (2003).</li><li>Imtiaz, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pacemaking+through+Ca2++stores+interacting+as+coupled+oscillators+via+membrane+depolarization.">Pacemaking through Ca2+ stores interacting as coupled oscillators via membrane depolarization.</a> Biophys. J. 92, 3843-3843 (2007).</li><li>Muller, J. M., Davis, M. J., Kuo, L., Chilian, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+coronary+endothelial+cell+Ca2++concentration+during+shear+stress-+and+agonist-induced+vasodilation.">Changes in coronary endothelial cell Ca2+ concentration during shear stress- and agonist-induced vasodilation.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 276, 1706-1706 (1999).</li><li>Ferrusi, I., Zhao, J., van Helden, D., von der Weid, P. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclopiazonic+acid+decreases+spontaneous+transient+depolarizations+in+guinea+pig+mesenteric+lymphatic+vessels+in+endothelium-dependent+and+-independent.">Cyclopiazonic acid decreases spontaneous transient depolarizations in guinea pig mesenteric lymphatic vessels in endothelium-dependent and -independent.</a> 286, H2287-H2287 (2004).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

A novel combination of methods was employed to study intrinsic pumping of lymphatic vessels. The ability to simultaneously measure changes in [Ca2+]i and diameter in pumping lymphatics will allow for studies of the relative contributions of Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-sensitizing signaling pathways in the overall mechanism governing the lymphatic contractile cycle.
The lymphatic contractile cycle consists of phasic contractions superimposed over tone. Th...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1. Ringer 5x Stock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdChemical</td>
<td>Company</td>
<td>Catalog Number</td>
<td>Amount </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
<td>EMD</td>
<td>SX0420-3</td>
<td>35 g</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
<td>J.T. Baker</td>
<td>3040</td>
<td>1.75 g</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Calcium Chloride</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>C-3881</td>
<td>1.47 g</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Magnesium Sulfate</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M-9397</td>
<td>1.44 g</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sterile Filtered Water</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>Bring to 1 L</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sterile filter into autoclaved bottles and stores at 4 &deg;C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2. MOPS buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chemical</td>
<td>Company</td>
<td>Catalog Number</td>
<td>Amount </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MOPS</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M3183</td>
<td>125.6 g</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sterile Filtered Water</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>Bring to 1 L</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sterile filter into autoclaved bottles and stores at 4 &deg;C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3. Albumin Physiological Salt Solution (APSS)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chemical</td>
<td>Company</td>
<td>Catalog Number</td>
<td>Amount </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ringer stock (5x)</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>200 mL </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mops Buffer</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>5 mL </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sodium Phosphate</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S-9638</td>
<td>0.168 g</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sodium Pyruvate</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P5280</td>
<td>0.22 g</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EDTA sodium salt</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>ED2SS</td>
<td>0.0074 g</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Glucose</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>G7528</td>
<td>0.901 g</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Albumin, Bovine</td>
<td>USB</td>
<td>10856</td>
<td>10 g</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sterile Filtered Water</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>Bring to 1 L</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Adjust pH to 7.4 at 37&deg; C, then sterile filter into autoclaved bottles and store at 4 &deg;C.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Table 1. Specific Reagents Used. Store all at 4 &deg;C.

measurement of cytosolic ca2+ in isolated contractile lymphatics

Lymphatic vessels comprise a multifunctional transport system that maintains fluid homeostasis, delivers lipids to the central circulation, and acts as a surveillance system for potentially harmful antigens, optimizing mucosal immunity and adaptive immune responses1. Lymph is formed from interstitial fluid that enters blind-ended initial lymphatics, and then is transported against a pressure gradient in larger collecting lymphatics. Each collecting lymphatic is made up of a series of segments called lymphangions, separated by bicuspid valves that prevent backflow. Each lymphangion possesses a contractile cycle that propels lymph against a pressure gradient toward the central circulation2. This phasic contractile pattern is analogous to the cardiac cycle, with systolic and diastolic phases, and with a lower contraction frequency4. In addition, lymphatic smooth muscle generates tone and displays myogenic constriction and dilation in response to increases and decreases in luminal pressure, respectively5. A hybrid of molecular mechanisms that support both the phasic and tonic contractility of lymphatics are thus proposed.
Contraction of smooth muscle is generally regulated by the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) plus sensitivity to Ca2+, of the contractile elements in response to changes in the environment surrounding the cell6. [Ca2+]i is determined by the combination of the movement of Ca2+ through plasma membrane ligand or voltage gated Ca2+ channels and the release and uptake of Ca2+ from internal stores. Cytosolic Ca2+ binds to calmodulin and activates enzymes such as myosin light chain (MLC) kinase (MLCK), which in turn phosphorylates MLC leading to actin-myosin-mediated contraction8. However, the sensitivity of this pathway to Ca2+ can be regulated by the MLC phosphatase (MLCP)9. MLCP activity is regulated by Rho kinase (ROCK) and the myosin phosphatase inhibitor protein CPI-17.
Here, we present a method to evaluate changes in [Ca2+]i over time in isolated, perfused lymphatics in order to study Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-sensitizing mechanisms of lymphatic smooth muscle contraction. Using isolated rat mesenteric collecting lymphatics we studied stretch-induced changes in [Ca2+]i and contractile activity. The isolated lymphatic model offers the advantage that pressure, flow, and the chemical composition of the bath solution can be tightly controlled. [Ca2+]i was determined by loading lymphatics with the ratiometric, Ca2+-binding dye Fura-2. These studies will provide a new approach to the broader problem of studying the different molecular mechanisms that regulate phasic contractions versus tonic constriction in lymphatic smooth muscle.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Cytosolic Ca2+ in Isolated Contractile Lymphatics at JoVE.com

Measurement of Cytosolic Ca2+ in Isolated Contractile Lymphatics

We introduce an approach to evaluate the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in isolated lymphatics to study Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-sensitizing mechanisms of lymphatic smooth muscle contraction.

Measurement of Cytosolic Ca2+ in Isolated Contractile Lymphatics

Lymphatic vessels comprise a multifunctional transport system that maintains fluid homeostasis, delivers lipids to the central circulation, and acts as a ...

measurement-of-cytosolic-ca2-in-isolated-contractile-lymphatics

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

13.5K visualizações.  Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Nós introduzimos uma abordagem para avaliar o Ca citosólico 2 + Concentração no sistema linfático isolado para estudar Ca 2 +-Dependente e Ca 2 + Sensibilizante mecanismos de contração do músculo liso linfático.