Os autores agradecem Matthias Peter e seu grupo do Instituto de Bioquímica da ETH em Zurique, onde estes métodos têm sido desenvolvidos. Este trabalho foi financiado pela Fundação de Ciência Nacional Suíço.

1. Medidas Microscopia <ol><li> Inocular 5 ml de meio sintético com levedura. </li><li> Crescer as células a 30 ° C durante a noite. </li><li> Medir a OD 600 da cultura durante a noite a na manhã seguinte. </li><li> Dilui-se a cultura durante a noite em 5 ml de meio sintético de OD 600 de 0,05. </li><li> Crescer a cultura diluída a 30 ° C durante pelo menos 4 horas. </li><li> Preparar 3 vezes concentrado (0,6 M) de NaCl em meio sintético. </li><li> Prepara-se uma solução de 1 mg / ml de Concanavalina A (ConA) em PBS. </li><li> Filtrado ~ 200 mL de solução para o poço de ConA corrediça. </li><li> Deixe descansar por 30 min. </li><li> Remover solução ConA. </li><li> Adicionar 150 mL de H 2 O para o poço. </li><li> Retirar H 2 O. </li><li> Medida OD600 da cultura de células. </li><li> Prepare 300 mL de cultura de células em OD 600 = 0,02 em um microtubo de 1,5 ml. </li><li> Sonicar as células num banho de água durante 45 segundos. </li><li> Vortex brevemente a microtube. </li><li> Sonicar as células num banho de água durante 45 segundos. </li><li> Vortex brevemente o microtubo. </li><li> Adicionar 200 mL de cultura de células para o bem. </li><li> Esperar 30 minutos para permitir que as células se depositam no fundo do poço. </li><li> Colocar o bem corrediça sobre o microscópio. </li><li> Selecione as configurações de iluminação para o canal fluorescente para ser gravado. </li><li> Seleccionar as configurações de iluminação por duas imagens de campo claro (um pouco fora do foco: 3 um abaixo do plano focal para permitir uma adequada segmentação das células). </li><li> Selecione os intervalos de tempo para a medição de lapso de tempo </li><li> Selecione os campos de visão a imagem. </li><li> Iniciar a aquisição de alguns fotogramas. </li><li> Pausa a aquisição para adicionar os 100 ml de 0,6 M NaCl médio. </li><li> Retomar imagem. </li></ol> 2. Medidas Citometria de Fluxo <ol><li> Inocular 5 ml de meio sintético com levedura. </li><li> Crescer a 30 ° C durante a noite. </li><li> Medidaa DO600 da cultura durante a noite a na manhã seguinte. </li><li> Dilui-se a cultura durante a noite em 5 ml de meio sintético de OD 600 de 0,1. </li><li> Crescer a 30 ° C durante pelo menos 4 horas, para atingir uma DO 600 de 0,2-0,4. </li><li> Preparar a solução de cicloheximida 1 mg / ml em H 2 O. </li><li> Preparar 3 vezes concentrado (0,6 M) de NaCl em meio sintético. </li><li> Preparar um microtubo de 1,5 mL com 100 uL de 0,6 M de NaCl média para cada ponto de tempo a ser medidos. </li><li> No tempo 0, adicionar 200 mL de cultura de células a cada microtubo. </li><li> Incubar, sob agitação, a 30 ° C. </li><li> No tempo t, adicionar 30 mL cicloheximida para um microtubo. </li><li> Repita o passo 2.11 para todos os momentos desejados. </li><li> Incubar todas microtubos durante pelo menos 45 minutos e até 3 horas a 30 ° C com agitação. </li><li> Prepare os tubos de FACS com 400 mL PBS. </li><li> Sonicar das células em banho de água durante 1 min. </li><li> Vortex brevemente os microtubos. </li><li> Filhoicate das células em banho de água durante 1 min. </li><li> Vortex brevemente os microtubos. </li><li> Adicionar 100 ul de cultura de células a partir de cada microtubo no seu correspondente tubo de FACS. </li><li> Selecione o laser de excitação 488 nm e 530/30 nm filtro passa-banda para a detecção. </li><li> Teste não expressar e expressar totalmente amostra para verificar se eles estão na faixa de sensibilidade do detector. </li><li> Medir 10.000 células por cada amostra adquirida. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Gasch, A. P., Spellman, P. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+expression+programs+in+the+response+of+yeast+cells+to+environmental+changes.">Genomic expression programs in the response of yeast cells to environmental changes.</a> Molecular biology of the cell. 11 (12), 4241-4257 (2000).</li><li>de Nadal, E., Zapater, M., Alepuz, P. M., Sumoy, L., Mas, G., Posas, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MAPK+Hog1+recruits+Rpd3+histone+deacetylase+to+activate+osmoresponsive+genes.">The MAPK Hog1 recruits Rpd3 histone deacetylase to activate osmoresponsive genes.</a> Nature. 427 (6972), 370-374 (2004).</li><li>Ghaemmaghami, S., Huh, W. -. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+analysis+of+protein+expression+in+yeast.">Global analysis of protein expression in yeast.</a> Nature. 425 (6959), 737-741 (2003).</li><li>Wu, J. -. Q., Pollard, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Counting+cytokinesis+proteins+globally+and+locally+in+fission+yeast.">Counting cytokinesis proteins globally and locally in fission yeast.</a> Science. 310 (5746), 310-314 (2005).</li><li>Colman-Lerner, A., Gordon, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulated+cell-to-cell+variation+in+a+cell-fate+decision+system.">Regulated cell-to-cell variation in a cell-fate decision system.</a> Nature. 437 (7059), 699-706 (2005).</li><li>Acar, M., Becskei, A., van Oudenaarden, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancement+of+cellular+memory+by+reducing+stochastic+transitions.">Enhancement of cellular memory by reducing stochastic transitions.</a> Nature. 435 (7039), 228-232 (2005).</li><li>Pelet, S., Rudolf, F., Nadal-Ribelles, M., de Nadal, E., Posas, F., Peter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+activation+of+the+HOG+MAPK+pathway+regulates+bimodal+gene+expression.">Transient activation of the HOG MAPK pathway regulates bimodal gene expression.</a> Science. 332 (6030), 732-735 (2011).</li><li>de Nadal, E., Casadome, L., Posas, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+the+MEF2-like+transcription+factor+Smp1+by+the+stress-activated+Hog1+mitogen-activated+protein+kinase.">Targeting the MEF2-like transcription factor Smp1 by the stress-activated Hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 (1), 229-237 (2003).</li><li>Elowitz, M. B., Levine, A. J., Siggia, E. D., Swain, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stochastic+gene+expression+in+a+single+cell.">Stochastic gene expression in a single cell.</a> Science. 297 (5584), 1183-1186 (2002).</li><li>Pelet, S., Dechant, R., Lee, S. S., van Drogen, F., Peter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+integrated+image+analysis+platform+to+quantify+signal+transduction+in+single+cells.">An integrated image analysis platform to quantify signal transduction in single cells.</a> Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro. 4 (10), 1274-1282 (2012).</li><li>Carpenter, A. E., Jones, T. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CellProfiler:+image+analysis+software+for+identifying+and+quantifying+cell+phenotypes.">CellProfiler: image analysis software for identifying and quantifying cell phenotypes.</a> Genome biology. 7 (10), R100 (2006).</li><li>Chernomoretz, A., Bush, A., Yu, R., Gordon, A., Colman-Lerner, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+Cell-ID+1.4+with+R+for+microscope-based+cytometry.">Using Cell-ID 1.4 with R for microscope-based cytometry.</a> Current protocols in molecular biology. Chapter 14, Unit 14.18 (2008).</li><li>Dimopoulos, S., Mayer, C., Rudolf, F., Stelling, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automatic+Single+Cell+Segmentation+in+a+Variety+of+Microscopy+Images.">Automatic Single Cell Segmentation in a Variety of Microscopy Images.</a> Current protocols in molecular biology. , (2012).</li><li>Miyawaki, A., Nagai, T., Mizuno, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+protein+fluorophore+formation+and+engineering.">Mechanisms of protein fluorophore formation and engineering.</a> Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 7 (5), 557-562 (2003).</li><li>Hersen, P., McClean, M. N., Mahadevan, L., Ramanathan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signal+processing+by+the+HOG+MAP+kinase+pathway.">Signal processing by the HOG MAP kinase pathway.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (20), 7165-7170 (2008).</li><li>Pepperkok, R., Ellenberg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+fluorescence+microscopy+for+systems+biology.">High-throughput fluorescence microscopy for systems biology.</a> Nature reviews Molecular cell biology. 7 (9), 690-696 (2006).</li></ol>

Os autores declaram que não têm interesses financeiros concorrentes.

Microscopia O tratamento do poço com ConA é um passo essencial para assegurar uma imagem adequada das células. Porque ConA tem uma baixa solubilidade em PBS (5 mg / ml), o processo de filtração permite a remoção de grandes agregados que se encontram presentes na solução não filtrada e interferem com a imagem latente. Células prender de forma relativamente forte à superfície tratada e a adição da solução de indução não deve perturbar a localização das células, o que permit...

A sinalização por meio de cascatas de transdução de muitas vezes termina com a expressão de proteínas. A caracterização desse perfil de expressão é um elemento chave para a compreensão da função das vias biológicas. A identificação do espectro de sobre-regulada de proteínas e sua dinâmica de activação pode ser alcançada por diversas técnicas, tais como as micro-matrizes, transferências de Northern ou Western blot 1-3. No entanto, essas técnicas de média a resposta de uma população inteira de células. Para compreender a regulação fina da expressão de proteínas, é desejável reunir as medições ao nível da célula individual. O ideal é que estas medidas também deve fornecer dados quantitativos passíveis de desenvolver modelos matemáticos da via subjacente. Microscopia e citometria de fluxo são duas técnicas, as quais são idealmente adequados para entregar tais medições quantitativas de uma única célula. A marcação de proteínas endógeno com uma proteína fluorescente pode be utilizada para quantificar o nível de expressão 4. No entanto, uma vez que a adição de uma grande porção fluorescente no terminal da proteína pode torná-la não-funcional, isto é, muitas vezes mais desejável gerar repórteres de expressão específicas com base em um promotor dirigindo a expressão de uma construção fluorescente. Esta proteína repórter é exógeno ao sistema celular e, portanto, não influencia os eventos de sinalização que estão ocorrendo na célula. Ambos microscopia e citometria de fluxo têm sido amplamente utilizados no campo de sinalização de levedura. Como exemplos; Colman-Lerner e colaboradores correlacionados, em células individuais, a expressão de acasalamento repórteres específicos e constitutivamente expressos por microscopia para quantificar o ruído em levedura acasalamento cascata de transdução de sinal 5, Acar e colegas utilizados citometria de fluxo para estudar a rede reguladora controlando a expressão dos genes GAL 6. Em um estudo anterior 7, nós usamos uma associaçem uma dessas duas técnicas para estudar a saída expressão do alto glicerol osmolaridade (HOG) via em brotamento da levedura. Este mitógeno proteína quinase ativada (MAPK) é desencadeada por estresse hiper-osmótico. Isso resulta na activação dos Hog1 MAPK, que transloca-se para o núcleo da célula para induzir um programa transcricional resultando na expressão de cerca de 300 genes. Para estudar este processo, que tinha engenharia um repórter com base na expressão do promotor STL1 (um gene induzido especificamente em resposta à actividade Hog1 8) dirigindo a expressão de uma proteína fluorescente Vénus quádruplo (p STL1-qV). A citometria de fluxo medições revelaram a presença de duas populações de células no nível de tensão intermédia (NaCl 0,1 M), com apenas uma fracção da população que expressa o repórter fluorescente. Nós usamos a microscopia para investigar mais este comportamento e descobriu que este ruído na expressão da proteína foi governada por fatores intrínsecos 9. Nós could observar, ainda, que as células com um nível semelhante de atividade Hog1 poderia exibir resultados muito diferentes de expressão. A combinação destas duas técnicas permitiram-nos demonstrar como a remodelação lenta dos genes de resposta ao stress influenciou a expressão resultados ao nível da célula individual 7. Neste trabalho, usamos a expressão da p STL1-qV repórter induzida pelo choque hiper-osmótico como um exemplo da quantificação da expressão da proteína por microscopia e citometria de fluxo. A mesma cepa submetidos a 0,2 M NaCl estresse foi estudado com ambas as técnicas. Isto irá permitir-nos para destacar algumas das principais diferenças nestas duas técnicas altamente complementares.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			 <td></td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td>Reagent</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Yeast Nitrogen Base</td>
			 <td>ForMedium</td>
			 <td>CYN6202</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>CSM amino-acid mix</td>
			 <td>ForMedium</td>
			 <td>DCS0011</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Concanavalin A</td>
			 <td>GE Healthcare</td>
			 <td>17-0450-01</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Cycloheximide</td>
			 <td>Fluka Aldrich Sigma</td>
			 <td>C7698</td>
			 <td>Toxic</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>ySP9</td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td>W303Mata leu2::LEU2-pSTL1-quadrupleV enus</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>pSP34</td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td>pRS305 pSTL1 (-800 -0) - quadruple V enus</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td></td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td>Material</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Microscope</td>
			 <td>Nikon</td>
			 <td>Ti-Eclipse</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Microscope control software</td>
			 <td>Micro-manager</td>
			 <td>Ver 1.4.11</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Incubation chamber</td>
			 <td>LIS</td>
			 <td>The Box</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Fluorescence light source</td>
			 <td>Lumencor</td>
			 <td>SpectraX</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Camera</td>
			 <td>Hamamatsu</td>
			 <td>Flash 4.0</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Flow cytometer</td>
			 <td>BD</td>
			 <td>FACS calibur</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Sonicator bath</td>
			 <td>Telesonic</td>
			 <td>TUC-150</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>8-well-slide </td>
			 <td>Thermo Lab-tek</td>
			 <td>155409</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>96-well-plate</td>
			 <td>Matrical bioscience</td>
			 <td>MGB096-1-2-LG</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>FACS tube</td>
			 <td>BD Falcon</td>
			 <td>352054</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

temporal quantification of mapk induced expression in single yeast cells

A quantificação da expressão gênica no nível da célula única descobre novos mecanismos de regulação obscurecidos em medições realizadas a nível da população. Dois métodos baseados em citometria de fluxo e microscopia são apresentados para demonstrar a forma como esses dados podem ser adquiridos. A expressão de um repórter fluorescente induzida após a activação da MAPK alta osmolaridade glicerol via em levedura é usada como um exemplo. As vantagens específicas de cada método são realçados. A citometria de fluxo mede um grande número de células (10.000) e proporciona uma medida direta da dinâmica da expressão proteica independente da cinética de maturação lenta da proteína fluorescente. Imagiologia de células vivas por microscopia por contraste é limitada para a medição da forma amadurecida do repórter no menor número de células. No entanto, os conjuntos de dados gerados por esta técnica pode ser extremamente ricos graças às combinações de vários jornalistas e à informação espacial e temporalobtido a partir de células individuais. A combinação destes dois métodos de medição pode oferecer novos insights sobre a regulação da expressão de proteínas por vias de sinalização.

Microscopia As células de levedura que ostentam a expressão repórter p-STL1 qV (ySP9 7) foram ligados ao fundo do poço de deslizamento e colocado sob o microscópio. As células foram estimuladas pela adição de meio de pressão directamente para dentro do poço, durante o decurso da sessão de imagem. Isso nos permite adquirir algumas imagens das células antes da indução da via e seguir o seu destino após a estimulação. No presente caso, as células foram seguido...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Temporal Quantification of MAPK Induced Expression in Single Yeast Cells at JoVE.com

Temporal Quantification of MAPK Induced Expression in Single Yeast Cells

Dois métodos complementares baseados em citometria de fluxo e microscopia são apresentadas, que permitem a quantificação, no nível de uma única célula, da dinâmica da expressão de genes induzidos pela activação de uma via de MAPK em levedura.

A quantificação temporal da expressão MAPK induzida em células de levedura Solteiro

The quantification of gene expression at the  single cell level uncovers novel regulatory mechanisms obscured in measurements  performed at the population ...

temporal-quantification-mapk-induced-expression-single-yeast

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

8.4K visualizações.  University of Lausanne.  Dois métodos complementares baseados em citometria de fluxo e microscopia são apresentadas, que permitem a quantificação, no nível de uma única célula, da dinâmica da expressão de genes induzidos pela activação de uma via de MAPK em levedura. 

Vídeo: Temporal Quantification of MAPK Induced Expression in Single Yeast Cells

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 1

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Members of the orthopox genus include variola, the causative agent of human small pox, monkeypox, and vaccinia (VAC), the prototypic member of the virus family. Within the relatively large (~ 200 kb) vaccinia genome, three classes of genes are encoded: early, intermediate, and late. While all three classes are transcribed by virally-encoded RNA polymerases, each class serves a different function in the life cycle of the virus. Poxviruses utilize multiple strategies for modulation of the host cellular environment during infection. In order to understand regulation of both host and virus gene expression, we have utilized genome-wide approaches to analyze transcript abundance from both virus and host cells. Here, we demonstrate time course infections of HeLa cells with Vaccinia virus and sampling RNA at several time points post-infection. Both host and viral total RNA is isolated and amplified for hybridization to microarrays for analysis of gene expression.

Protocol for Vaccinia infection of HeLa cells and analysis of host and viral gene expression. Part 1 of 3.

Infecção pelo Vírus Vaccinia e Análise Temporal da Expressão Gênica de Vírus: Parte 1

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells.  Members of ...

Biologia

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Members of the orthopox genus include variola, the causative agent of human small pox, monkeypox, and vaccinia (VAC), the prototypic member of the virus family. Within the relatively large (~ 200 kb) vaccinia genome, three classes of genes are encoded: early, intermediate, and late. While all three classes are transcribed by virally-encoded RNA polymerases, each class serves a different function in the life cycle of the virus. Poxviruses utilize multiple strategies for modulation of the host cellular environment during infection. In order to understand regulation of both host and virus gene expression, we have utilized genome-wide approaches to analyze transcript abundance from both virus and host cells. Here, we demonstrate time course infections of HeLa cells with Vaccinia virus and sampling RNA at several time points post-infection. Both host and viral total RNA is isolated and amplified for hybridization to microarrays for analysis of gene expression.

Protocol for Vaccinia infection of HeLa cells and analysis of host and viral gene expression. Part 2 of 3.

Infecção pelo Vírus Vaccinia e Análise Temporal da Expressão Gênica de Vírus: Parte 2

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3

Protocol for Vaccinia infection of HeLa cells and analysis of host and viral gene expression. Part 3 describes the process of fluorescently labeling the amplified RNA from both host and viral samples by amino allyl coupling of dyes. Part 3 of 3.

Infecção pelo Vírus Vaccinia e Análise Temporal da Expressão Gênica de Vírus: Parte 3

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

Usando o Sistema de Eletroporação Gene Pulser MXcell para transfectar pilhas com Alta Eficiência

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Expression of Recombinant Proteins in the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris

Protein expression in the microbial eukaryotic host Pichia pastoris offers the possibility to generate high amounts of recombinant protein in a fast and easy to use expression system.
As a single-celled microorganism P. pastoris is easy to manipulate and grows rapidly on inexpensive media at high cell densities. Being a eukaryote, P. pastoris is able to perform many of the post-translational modifications performed by higher eukaryotic cells and the obtained recombinant proteins undergo protein folding, proteolytic processing, disulfide bond formation and glycosylation [1].
As a methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris is capable of metabolizing methanol as its sole carbon source. The strong promoter for alcohol oxidase, AOX1, is tightly regulated and induced by methanol and it is used for the expression of the gene of interest. Accordingly, the expression of the foreign protein can be induced by adding methanol to the growth medium [2; 3].
Another important advantage is the secretion of the recombinant protein into the growth medium, using a signal sequence to target the foreign protein to the secretory pathway of P. pastoris. With only low levels of endogenous protein secreted to the media by the yeast itself and no added proteins to the media, a heterologous protein builds the majority of the total protein in the medium and facilitates following protein purification steps [3; 4].
The vector used here (pPICZ&alpha;A) contains the AOX1 promoter for tightly regulated, methanol-induced expression of the gene of interest; the &alpha;-factor secretion signal for secretion of the recombinant protein, a Zeocin resistance gene for selection in both E. coli and Pichia and a C-terminal peptide containing the c-myc epitope and a polyhistidine (6xHis) tag for detection and purification of a recombinant protein. We also show western blot analysis of the recombinant protein using the specific Anti-myc-HRP antibody recognizing the c-myc epitope on the parent vector.

Expression of Recombinant Proteins in the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris

The protocol describes protein expression using the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The preparation of electrocompetent yeast cells, transformation of the vector with the gene of interest into P. pastoris and yeast DNA purification are also performed. Western blot analysis and protein purification build the last steps in this protein expression protocol.

Expressão de proteínas recombinantes em levedura metilotróficas Pichia pastoris</em

Protein expression in the microbial eukaryotic host Pichia pastoris offers the possibility to generate high amounts of recombinant protein in a fast and ...

Identification of Growth Inhibition Phenotypes Induced by Expression of Bacterial Type III Effectors in Yeast

Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria use a type III secretion system to translocate a suite of effector proteins into the cytosol of host cells. Within the cell, type III effectors subvert host cellular processes to suppress immune responses and promote pathogen growth. Numerous type III effectors of plant and animal bacterial pathogens have been identified to date, yet only a few of them are well characterized. Understanding the functions of these effectors has been undermined by a combination of functional redundancy in the effector repertoire of a given bacterial strain, the subtle effects that they may exert to increase virulence, roles that are possibly specific to certain infection stages, and difficulties in genetically manipulating certain pathogens. Expression of type III effectors in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae may allow circumventing these limitations and aid to the functional characterization of effector proteins. Because type III effectors often target cellular processes that are conserved between yeast and other eukaryotes, their expression in yeast may result in growth inhibition phenotypes that can be exploited to elucidate effector functions and targets. Additional advantages to using yeast for functional studies of bacterial effectors include their genetic tractability, information on predicted functions of the vast majority of their ORFs, and availability of numerous tools and resources for both genome-wide and small-scale experiments. Here we discuss critical factors for designing a yeast system for the expression of bacterial type III effector proteins. These include an appropriate promoter for driving expression of the effector gene(s) of interest, the copy number of the effector gene, the epitope tag used to verify protein expression, and the yeast strain. We present procedures to induce expression of effectors in yeast and to verify their expression by immunoblotting. In addition, we describe a spotting assay on agar plates for the identification of effector-induced growth inhibition phenotypes. The use of this protocol may be extended to the study of pathogenicity factors delivered into the host cell by any pathogen and translocation mechanism.

In this video, we describe a procedure for the expression of bacterial type III effectors in yeast and the identification of effector-induced growth inhibition phenotypes. Such phenotypes can be subsequently exploited to elucidate effector functions and targets.

Identificação de fenótipos inibição do crescimento induzido pela expressão de Effectors Tipo III bacteriana em Yeast

Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria use a type III secretion system to translocate a suite of effector proteins into the cytosol of host cells. Within ...

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

Usando um contador de células automatizadas para simplificar Estudos da Expressão Gênica: Knockdown siRNA de Expressão IL-4 Gene Dependente em células NAMALWA

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a particular transcriptional program in order to mount an appropriate and coordinated cellular response. The cell possesses several oxygen sensor enzymes that require molecular oxygen as cofactor for their activity. These range from prolyl-hydroxylases to histone demethylases. The majority of studies analyzing cellular responses to hypoxia are based on cellular populations and average studies, and as such single cell analysis of hypoxic cells are seldom performed. Here we describe a method of analysis of global RNA synthesis at the single cell level in hypoxia by using Click-iT RNA imaging kits in an oxygen controlled workstation, followed by microscopy analysis and quantification.&nbsp; Using cancer cells exposed to hypoxia for different lengths of time, RNA is labeled and measured in each cell. This analysis allows the visualization of temporal and cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis following hypoxic stress.

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis.

Análise da Global RNA Síntese no nível da célula única seguinte hipóxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...

Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) assay in tobacco epidermal cells, from testing protein-protein interaction to monitoring spatial distribution of signal transduction in plant cells. In this protocol, we used the BiFC assay to show that the interaction and the signaling between the Arabidopsis MAPKKK YODA and MAPK6 occur at the plasma membrane. When the scaffold protein BASL was co-expressed, the YODA-MAPK interaction redistributed and spatially co-polarized with CFP-BASL. This modified tobacco expression system allows for quick examination of signaling localization and dynamic changes (less than 4 days) and can accommodate multiple of fluorescent protein colors (at least three). We also presented detailed methods to quantify protein distribution (asymmetric spatial localization, or &#34;polarization&#34;) in tobacco cells. This advanced tobacco expression system has a potential to be used widely for quick testing of dynamic signaling events in live plant cells.

At the subcellular level, signaling events are dynamically modulated by developmental and environmental cues. Here we describe a protocol that employs the tobacco transient expression system to monitor dynamic protein-protein interaction and to disclose spatial organization of signal transduction in plant cells.

Imagiologia reorganização espacial de uma via de sinalização MAPK Utilizar o sistema de expressão transitória do Tabaco

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular ...

Using Microfluidic Devices to Measure Lifespan and Cellular Phenotypes in Single Budding Yeast Cells

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects on the lifespan across species. However, the molecular causes of aging and death remain elusive. To gain a systematic understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying yeast aging, we need high-throughput methods to measure lifespan and to quantify various cellular and molecular phenotypes in single cells. Previously, we developed microfluidic devices to track budding yeast mother cells throughout their lifespan while flushing away newborn daughter cells. This article presents a method for preparing microfluidic chips and for setting up microfluidic experiments. Multiple channels can be used to simultaneously track cells under different conditions or from different yeast strains. A typical setup can track hundreds of cells per channel and allow for high-resolution microscope imaging throughout the lifespan of the cells. Our method also allows detailed characterization of the lifespan, molecular markers, cell morphology, and the cell cycle dynamics of single cells. In addition, our microfluidic device is able to trap a significant amount of fresh mother cells that can be identified by downstream image analysis, making it possible to measure the lifespan with higher accuracy.

This article presents a protocol optimized for the production of microfluidic chips and the setup of microfluidic experiments to measure the lifespan and cellular phenotypes of single yeast cells.

Usando dispositivos microfluídicos medir Longevidade e Celular fenótipos em células individuais levedura de brotamento

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects ...