We thank Dr. Gilles Dupuis for critical reading of the manuscript. 
Funding
This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, grant # MOP-126173. C.M.D is a member of the Fonds de la Recherche en Sant&#233; (FRSQ)-funded Centre de Recherche Clinique &#201;tienne LeBel.

1. Preparação das soluções de calibração para pH celular <ol><li> Adicionar os seguintes compostos de cinco tubos cónicos de 50 ml separados para preparar soluções a 5 para ser utilizados para a calibração: <ul><li> De NaCl (1 ml de 1 M de NaCl) (NaCl 1 M = 0,58 g em 10 ml de H 2 0) </li><li> KCl (6,75 ml de 1 M de KCl) (1 M KCl = 0,75 g em 10 ml de H 2 0) </li><li> Glucose (1 ml de 1 M de D-glicose) (1M de D-Glucose = 1,80 g em 10 ml de H 2 0) </li><li> MgS0 4 (0,05 ml de 1 M de MgSO4) (1 M MgSO4 = 1,20 g em 10 ml de H 2 0) </li><li> HEPES 20 mM (1 ml de HEPES 1M) (HEPES 1 M = 2,38 g em 10 ml de H 2 0) </li><li> CaCl2 (0,05 ml de 1M de CaCl2) (1 M CaCl2 = 1,47 g em 10 ml de H 2 0) Prepare todas as soluções em duas vezes destilada H 2 O (DDH 2 O). </li></ul></li><li> Complete cada solução com 35 ml de ddH2O e misturar com um agitador magnético até entãolução é alcançado. </li><li> Ajustar o pH de cada solução com 1 N de KOH ou HCl 1 N para se obter os valores de 5,5, 6,0, 6,5, 7,0 e 7,5 de pH. Em seguida, ajustar o volume com água desionizada até um volume final de 50 ml. </li><li> Medida 5 mg de nigericina e adicioná-lo ao 670 ul de EtOH absoluto para se preparar uma solução de 10 mM de nigericina estoque. Atenção: nigericina é altamente tóxico e deve ser manuseado com muito cuidado (luvas, óculos de segurança e máscara). Misture a solução por inversão até a nigericina esteja completamente dissolvido. </li><li> Adicionar 0,05 ml de nigericina 10 mM (concentração final 10 uM) a cada solução de calibração. Nigericina é um ionóforo que aumenta a permeabilidade da membrana da célula e causa de equilíbrio do pH intracelular e extracelular, na presença de uma concentração de despolarização de K + extracelular. </li><li> Soluções de calibração podem ser armazenados até 1 mês a 4 ° C </li></ol> 2. Preparação celular <ol><li> Sob um Safet biológicay capuz, as células de semente de 35 milímetros x 10 milímetros em pratos de cultura de 2 ml de meio de crescimento suplementado com 10% de soro fetal bovino e antibióticos. Utilizar a quantidade de células necessárias para assegurar cerca de 50% de confluência após 24 hr. NOTA: Em nossos experimentos, usamos a linha de células HT-1080 e placa 1 x 10 5 células por placa de cultura. </li><li> Determinar o número de pratos de cultura necessárias para a 5 pratos de cultura adicionais experimento e placa a ser usada para a calibração. </li><li> Pratos de cultura em lugar de um de 37 ° C / 5% de CO2 durante pelo menos 24 horas. </li></ol> 3. Preparação de Sondas de pH sensores <ol><li> Prepare uma solução estoque 1M da sonda fluorescente pH 8 hidroxipireno-1, 3,6 trissulfónico, sal trissódico (HPTS / piranina) em DDH 2 a 0. Esta solução deve ser armazenada à temperatura ambiente e protegida da luz. </li><li> Prepara-se uma solução de reserva de 1 mM de 5 - (e-6)-carboxil seminaphthorhodafluor acetoximetil éster de etilo (C-SNARF-01:00; chamado Thereaepois SNARF-1) através da dissolução de 1 mg de SNARF-1 em 1,76 ml de DMSO. Misture bem por pipetagem repetida. SNARF-1 solução deve ser armazenada a -20 ° C e protegida da luz. </li></ol> 4. Labeling celular <ol><li> Dezasseis horas antes de imagem ao vivo de células, adicionar 2 ml de solução de estoque 1M HPTS (concentração final 1 mM) para cada placa de cultura contendo 2 ml de meio completo. </li><li> Retorne os pratos de cultura para a incubadora. A sonda HPTS é célula-impermeant, portanto, a etiqueta organelas a sonda deve ser tomada por pinocitose. Esta condição implica que as incubações das células com HPTS são realizadas em meio de cultura suplementado com soro. </li><li> Após a incubação com HPTS, lavar as células duas vezes com PBS estéril e adicionar 2 ml de meio isento de soro, durante pelo menos 2 horas. A incubação com SNARF-1 tem de ser realizada em meio isento de soro, porque o soro pode impedir a absorção da sonda. </li><li> Adicionam-se 10 ul de uma SNARF-1 de solução stock a 1 mM para se obter afinal concentração de 5 uM e permitir que as células a incubar durante 20 minutos a 37 ° C, sob luz fraca. C-1-SNARF concentração e tempo de incubação pode variar de acordo com o tipo de célula. </li><li> No final da incubação, lavar as células duas vezes em PBS estéril e adicionar 2 ml de meio isento de soro. </li></ol> 5. Adição de pH moduladores <ol><li> Para avaliar se o método pode detectar alterações de pH nas células, diferentes reagentes que modulam o pH intracelular pode ser usado: <ul><li> Bafilomicina A1, um inibidor específico da V-ATPase 5 </li><li> Isoforma permutador Na + / H + 1 (NHE-1) 6 </li><li> NH4Cl, uma base fraca que aumenta o pH intracelular 7 </li></ul><ol><li> Preparar soluções estoque de reagentes mencionados acima: <ul><li> Bafilomicina A1: acrescentar 10 ug de bafilomicina A1 a 160 ul de DMSO para se obter uma solução stock de 100 uM </li><li> EIPA: adicionar 25 mg de EIPA para 1,67 ml de metanol a obtina concentração final de 50 mM </li><li> NH4Cl: dissolver 0,53 g de cloreto de amónio em 10 ml de ddH2O para obter uma concentração final de 1 mM. </li></ul> Nota: Todas as soluções de reserva deve ser mantida a 4 ° C, excepto para bafilomicina A1, que deve ser armazenada a -20 ° C e protegida da luz. </li><li> Em pratos de cultura separados, adicionar um dos reagentes, tal como descrito abaixo: <ul><li> 2 ul de 100 uM bafilomicina A1 (concentração final 100 nM) </li><li> 1 ul de EIPA 50 mM (concentração final 25 uM) </li><li> 40 ul de 1M de NH 4 Cl (concentração final 20 mM) </li></ul></li><li> Incubar as células durante 30 min a 37 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Vá para a aquisição de imagem. </li></ol> 6. Especificações do Microscópio de imagem de células vivas e configurações de aquisição <ol><li> Realize imagens ao vivo de células usando uma objetiva de 40X montado em um invertido digitalização microscopia confocal espectralpe equipado com um estágio XY motorizada, uma câmara de vidro que acomoda placas de cultura de fundo em um ambiente controlado (temperatura, umidade, CO 2) fase incubadora. </li><li> O instrumento confocal (Olympus FV1000) usada aqui está equipado com: <ul><li> Um laser de diodo 405 nm </li><li> Um laser de argônio de 40 mW (458 nm, 488 nm, 515 nm) </li><li> Um laser neon hélio (543 nm) </li><li> Objetivo de fluorita de 10x, NA0.4 </li><li> Um objectivo LUCPLFLN 40X, NA0.60 </li><li> Um objectivo óleo PLAPONSC PLANO APO 60X, NA1.4 </li><li> Um espelho dicróico 405/458/488/543 DM </li><li> A SDM 560 e um SDM 640 filtros dicróicas </li><li> Um filtro de barreira BA655-755 </li><li> A BS20/80 divisor de feixe </li><li> O software de análise de dados para a aquisição e análise de imagem, </li></ul></li><li> Uma vez que a incubadora estágio tem aquecido até 37 ° C e o microscópio está configurado, coloque um prato de cultura previamente incubadas com HPTS e SNARF-1 para a câmara de estágio imagem confocal. </li><li> Aepois de localizar uma área de interesse, ajuste as configurações de aquisição de software Figura 1. <ul><li> Configure dois conjuntos de canais virtuais. </li><li> Iniciar a primeira fase que corresponde ao HPTS excitação a 405 nm e coleta de emissão em 505-525 nm e SNARF-1 de excitação em 543 nm e coleta de emissão em 570-600 nm. </li><li> Inicie a segunda fase que corresponde ao HPTS excitação em 458 nm e coleta de emissão em 505-525 nm e SNARF-1 de excitação em 543 nm e coleta de emissão em 640 - 650 nm. </li><li> A abertura confocal está definido para 175 um por padrão e abertura ideal precisa ser configurado manualmente em 300 mm. </li><li> Tome Imagem por empilhamento de série secções ópticas horizontais (800 x 800 pixels) de 0,4 m de espessura. </li></ul></li></ol> NOTA: uma objetiva de 40X é útil para observar várias células simultaneamente e funciona bem para a visão organela. No entanto, a resolução espacial e intensidade do sinal são better conseguido usando uma objetiva de óleo 60X. Além disso, não há excitação ou de emissão de conversa cruzada entre os dois corantes. 7. Calibração de Sondas de pH de sensoriamento <ol><li> Antes da calibração, remover o meio da placa de cultura previamente incubadas com HPTS e SNARF-1, lavar duas vezes com PBS estéril e, em seguida, adicionar 2 ml de uma das cinco soluções de calibração. </li><li> Coloque o prato de cultura na câmara de estágio confocal. </li><li> Vá para a aquisição de imagens de lapso de tempo de acordo com as seguintes definições: <ol><li> Defina o número de imagens e tempo de duração do intervalo para o experimento. NOTA: Normalmente usamos um intervalo de 1 min entre as imagens por até 30 min. </li><li> Programe o obturador para fechar entre a aquisição de cada imagem. </li></ol></li><li> Gravar a intensidade de fluorescência por minuto em um software de folha de cálculo e de determinar o momento em que a intensidade de fluorescência é constante. PH intracelular é geralmente estável depois de 15 - 20 min. </li><li> REPEAT os passos 7.1 a 7.4 usando um novo prato de cultura para cada solução de calibração restante. </li></ol> 8. Aquisição de Dados <ol><li> Uma vez que a calibração foi feito, adquirir dados de amostra 4-5 campos escolhidos aleatoriamente contendo 15-20 células por campo. Duas imagens são obtidas para cada campo: um para rotulagem HPTS (vesículas) e o segundo para SNARF-1 rotulagem (citosol). </li><li> A fluorescência de fundo (zona extracelular) é subtraído digitalmente imagens fluorescentes de ambas as sondas. Vesículas rotulados e citosol de suas respectivas imagens armazenadas são selecionados usando uma máscara binária. Para cada sonda de pH-sensing, intensidades de fluorescência são medidos em uma escala numérica (0-4,095 escala de nível de cinza). A intensidade média de todos os pixels na organelo ou citoplasma é calculada e os valores são utilizados para calcular os rácios de fluorescência. </li></ol> 9. Data Analysis <ol><li> Vários pacotes de software estão comercialmente disponíveis para a análise de dados. IstoSoftware FluoView. </li><li> Em uma planilha, valores de registro e calcular índices de fluorescência da seguinte forma: No caso de HPTS, R = (F 458 nm / F 405 nm) e, no caso de SNARF-1, R = (F 644 nm / F 584 nm ). </li><li> Plotar os dados usando o software de gráficos científica como GraphPad Prism. A trama deve representar proporções de fluorescência (eixo Y) como uma função do pH (eixo X). Ajuste de curva é obtida por meio de regressão não-linear. </li><li> Recolhe intensidades de fluorescência das amostras, conforme descrito no passo 8.2 e calcular rácios de fluorescência. Use as curvas de calibração para transformar proporções em valores de pH. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Demaurex, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=pH+Homeostasis+of+cellular+organelles.">pH Homeostasis of cellular organelles.</a> News Physiol Sci. 17, 1-5 (2002).</li><li>Webb, B. A., Chimenti, M., Jacobson, M. P., Barber, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dysregulated+pH:+a+perfect+storm+for+cancer+progression.">Dysregulated pH: a perfect storm for cancer progression.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 11, 671-677 (2011).</li><li>Hinton, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Function+of+a+subunit+isoforms+of+the+V-ATPase+in+pH+homeostasis+and+in+vitro+invasion+of+MDA-MB231+human+breast+cancer+cells.">Function of a subunit isoforms of the V-ATPase in pH homeostasis and in vitro invasion of MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells.</a> J Biol Chem. 284, 16400-16408 (2009).</li><li>Overly, C. C., Lee, K. D., Berthiaume, E., Hollenbeck, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+measurement+of+intraorganelle+pH+in+the+endosomal-lysosomal+pathway+in+neurons+by+using+ratiometric+imaging+with+pyranine.">Quantitative measurement of intraorganelle pH in the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in neurons by using ratiometric imaging with pyranine.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 92, 3156-3160 (1995).</li><li>Drose, S., Altendorf, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bafilomycins+and+concanamycins+as+inhibitors+of+V-ATPases+and+P-ATPases.">Bafilomycins and concanamycins as inhibitors of V-ATPases and P-ATPases.</a> J Exp Biol. 200, 1-8 (1997).</li><li>Pedersen, S. F., King, S. A., Nygaard, E. B., Rigor, R. R., Cala, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NHE1+inhibition+by+amiloride-+and+benzoylguanidine-type+compounds.+Inhibitor+binding+loci+deduced+from+chimeras+of+NHE1+homologues+with+endogenous+differences+in+inhibitor+sensitivity.">NHE1 inhibition by amiloride- and benzoylguanidine-type compounds. Inhibitor binding loci deduced from chimeras of NHE1 homologues with endogenous differences in inhibitor sensitivity.</a> J Biol Chem. 282, 19716-19727 (2007).</li><li>Alfonso, A., Cabado, A. G., Vieytes, M. R., Botana, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium-pH+crosstalks+in+rat+mast+cells:+cytosolic+alkalinization,+but+not+intracellular+calcium+release,+is+a+sufficient+signal+for+degranulation.">Calcium-pH crosstalks in rat mast cells: cytosolic alkalinization, but not intracellular calcium release, is a sufficient signal for degranulation.</a> Br J Pharmacol. 130, 1809-1816 (2000).</li><li>Han, J., Burgess, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+indicators+for+intracellular+pH.">Fluorescent indicators for intracellular pH.</a> Chem Rev. 110, 2709-2728 (2010).</li><li>Giuliano, K. A., Gillies, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+intracellular+pH+of+BALB/c-3T3+cells+using+the+fluorescence+of+pyranine.">Determination of intracellular pH of BALB/c-3T3 cells using the fluorescence of pyranine.</a> Anal Biochem. 167, 362-371 (1987).</li><li>Willoughby, D., Thomas, R., Schwiening, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+intracellular+pH+changes+on+resting+cytosolic+calcium+in+voltage-clamped+snail+neurones.">The effects of intracellular pH changes on resting cytosolic calcium in voltage-clamped snail neurones.</a> J Physiol. 530, 405-416 (2001).</li></ol>

No conflict of interest declared.

Medição de pH quantitativa em imagens ao vivo de células de diferentes compartimentos celulares é necessário para medir com precisão as variações de pH em respostas das células aos desafios externos. No entanto, um dos principais obstáculos que resta é fácil e visam especificamente compartimentos celulares. A este respeito, alguns estudos puseram em evidência o uso de HPTS como um indicador de pH intracelular introduzido nas células por electroporação ou microinjecção 8-10. Estas técnicas s...

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="872">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="4" height="20" style="height:20px;width:872px;">Solutions for calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fischer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L-11621</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fischer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M-12445</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">D-Glucose (dextrose)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fischer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D16-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fischer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M65-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fischer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M-1612</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Deionized water</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Nigericin</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Calbiochem</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">481990</td>
			<td>Toxic by inhalation or in contact with skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:315px;">Keep protected from the light at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:315px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Culture dishes &#8709; 35mm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">354456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="4" height="20" style="height:20px;width:872px;">pH-sensing probes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:303px;">8-Hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H-348</td>
			<td>Keep away from the light at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:303px;">5-(and-6)-Carboxy SNARF&#174;-1, Acetoxymethyl Ester, Acetate</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-1271</td>
			<td>Keep away from the light and humidity at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Dimethyl Sufoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fischer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP231-1&#160;</td>
			<td>Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="4" height="20" style="height:20px;width:872px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) 100X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fischer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M-12445</td>
			<td>20 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fischer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S369-1</td>
			<td>115 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">J.T Baker</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3246-01</td>
			<td>20 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Deionized water</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Bring to 1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Autoclave and adjust pH to 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="4" height="20" style="height:20px;width:872px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) 1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">PBS 100X</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>50 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fischer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L-11621</td>
			<td>40,5 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Deoinized water</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Bring to 5 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="4" height="20" style="height:20px;width:872px;">pH modulators</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">&#160;Bafilomycin A1</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B-1793</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fischer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A649-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simultaneous ph measurement in endocytic and cytosolic compartments in living cells using confocal microscopy

Intracellular pH is tightly regulated and differences in pH between the cytoplasm and organelles have been reported1. Regulation of cellular pH is crucial for homeostatic control of physiological processes that include: protein, DNA and RNA synthesis, vesicular trafficking, cell growth and cell division. Alterations in cellular pH homeostasis can lead to detrimental functional changes and promote progression of various diseases2. Various methods are available for measuring intracellular pH but very few of these allow simultaneous measurement of pH in the cytoplasm and in organelles. Here, we describe in detail a rapid and accurate method for the simultaneous measurement of cytoplasmic and organellar pH by using confocal microscopy on living cells3. This goal is achieved with the use of two pH-sensing ratiometric dyes that possess selective cellular compartment partitioning. For instance, SNARF-1 is compartmentalized inside the cytoplasm whereas HPTS is compartmentalized inside endosomal/lysosomal organelles. Although HPTS is commonly used as a cytoplasmic pH indicator, this dye can specifically label vesicles along the endosomal-lysosomal pathway after being taken up by pinocytosis3,4. Using these pH-sensing probes, it is possible to simultaneously measure pH within the endocytic and cytoplasmic compartments. The optimal excitation wavelength of HPTS varies depending on the pH while for SNARF-1, it is the optimal emission wavelength that varies. Following loading with SNARF-1 and HPTS, cells are cultured in different pH-calibrated solutions to construct a pH standard curve for each probe. Cell imaging by confocal microscopy allows elimination of artifacts and background noise. Because of the spectral properties of HPTS, this probe is better suited for measurement of the mildly acidic endosomal compartment or to demonstrate alkalinization of the endosomal/lysosomal organelles. This method simplifies data analysis, improves accuracy of pH measurements and can be used to address fundamental questions related to pH modulation during cell responses to external challenges.

Para a medição simultânea de pH em ambos os compartimentos da célula intracelular e endossomal / lisossomal, foram usadas as sondas de pH de detecção fluorescente raciométrica Snarf-1 e HPTS. SNARF-1 é restrita ao compartimento citosólico enquanto HPTS permite a medição de o compartimento endossomal / lisossomal raciométrica pH. Carregamento celular com HPTS para 16 horas permite a sua localização seletiva em endossomas / 4 lisossomos. Um exemplo típico de fluorescência registada a partir de c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous pH Measurement in Endocytic and Cytosolic Compartments in Living Cells using Confocal Microscopy at JoVE.com

Simultaneous pH Measurement in Endocytic and Cytosolic Compartments in Living Cells using Confocal Microscopy

Several methods are available for measuring intracellular pH but very few of these allow simultaneous measurement of cytoplasmic and organellar pH. Here, we describe in detail a rapid and accurate methodology to simultaneously measure cytoplasmic and vesicular pH by ratiometric imaging of living cells.

Medição simultânea em pH endocítica e citossólicos Compartimentos em células vivas usando microscopia confocal

Intracellular pH is tightly regulated and differences in pH between the cytoplasm and organelles have been reported1. Regulation of cellular pH is crucial ...

simultaneous-ph-measurement-endocytic-cytosolic-compartments-living

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.9K visualizações.  Université de Sherbrooke. Several methods are available for measuring intracellular pH but very few of these allow simultaneous measurement of cytoplasmic and organellar pH. Here, we describe in detail a rapid and accurate methodology to simultaneously measure cytoplasmic and vesicular pH by ratiometric imaging of living cells. 

Vídeo: Simultaneous pH Measurement in Endocytic and Cytosolic Compartments in Living Cells using Confocal Microscopy

Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to replenish depleted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ stores1,2. Since Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger, it is not surprising to see that SOCE plays important roles in a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, gene transcription and motility. Due to its wide occurrence in nearly all cell types, including epithelial cells and skeletal muscles, this pathway has received great interest3,4. However, the heterogeneity of SOCE characteristics in different cell types and the physiological function are still not clear5-7.
The functional channel properties of SOCE can be revealed by patch-clamp studies, whereas a large body of knowledge about this pathway has been gained by fluorescence-based intracellular Ca2+ measurements because of its convenience and feasibility for high-throughput screening. The objective of this report is to summarize a few fluorescence-based methods to measure the activation of SOCE in monolayer cells, suspended cells and muscle fibers5,8-10. The most commonly used of these fluorescence methods is to directly monitor the dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ using the ratio of F340nm and F380nm (510 nm for emission wavelength) of the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator Fura-2. To isolate the activity of unidirectional SOCE from intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ extrusion, a Mn2+ quenching assay is frequently used. Mn2+ is known to be able to permeate into cells via SOCE while it is impervious to the surface membrane extrusion processes or to ER uptake by Ca2+ pumps due to its very high affinity with Fura-2. As a result, the quenching of Fura-2 fluorescence induced by the entry of extracellular Mn2+ into the cells represents a measurement of activity of SOCE9. Ratiometric measurement and the Mn+2 quenching assays can be performed on a cuvette-based spectrofluorometer in a cell population mode or in a microscope-based system to visualize single cells. The advantage of single cell measurements is that individual cells subjected to gene manipulations can be selected using GFP or RFP reporters, allowing studies in genetically modified or mutated cells. The spatiotemporal characteristics of SOCE in structurally specialized skeletal muscle can be achieved in skinned muscle fibers by simultaneously monitoring the fluorescence of two low affinity Ca2+ indicators targeted to specific compartments of the muscle fiber, such as Fluo-5N in the SR and Rhod-5N in the transverse tubules9,11,12.

The extent of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) can be monitored using fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. Mn2+ quenching of such indicators assays SOCE in cultured cells and skeletal muscle fibers. A technique allowing spatial and temporal resolution of SOCE by confocal imaging of mechanically skinned muscle fibers is also described.

Fluorescência baseada em Medição da loja operada entrada de cálcio em células vivas: a partir de células cancerosas cultivadas em fibra muscular esquelética

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to ...

Biologia

Measurement of Vacuolar and Cytosolic pH In Vivo in Yeast Cell Suspensions

Vacuolar and cytosolic pH are highly regulated in yeast cells and occupy a central role in overall pH homeostasis. We describe protocols for ratiometric measurement of pH in vivo using pH-sensitive fluorophores localized to the vacuole or cytosol. Vacuolar pH is measured using BCECF, which localizes to the vacuole in yeast when introduced into cells in its acetoxymethyl ester form. Cytosolic pH is measured with a pH-sensitive GFP expressed under control of a yeast promoter, yeast pHluorin. Methods for measurement of fluorescence ratios in yeast cell suspensions in a fluorimeter are described. Through these protocols, single time point measurements of pH under different conditions or in different yeast mutants have been compared and changes in pH over time have been monitored. These methods have also been adapted to a fluorescence plate reader format for high-throughput experiments. Advantages of ratiometric pH measurements over other approaches currently in use, potential experimental problems and solutions, and prospects for future use of these techniques are also described.

Measurement of Vacuolar and Cytosolic pH In Vivo in Yeast Cell Suspensions

Vacuolar and cytosolic pH can be measured in live yeast (S. cerevisiae) cells using ratiometric fluorescent dyes localized to specific cellular compartments. We describe procedures for measuring vacuolar pH with BCECF-AM, which localizes to the vacuole in yeast, and cytosolic pH with a cytosolic ratiometric pH-sensitive GFP (yeast pHluorin).

Medição do valor pH vacuolar e Cytosolic<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Em Suspensions célula de levedura

Vacuolar and  cytosolic pH are highly regulated in yeast cells and occupy a central role in  overall pH homeostasis. We describe  protocols for ...

Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy

Time-lapse imaging is a technique that allows for the direct observation of the process of morphogenesis, or the generation of shape. Due to their optical clarity and amenability to genetic manipulation, the zebrafish embryo has become a popular model organism with which to perform time-lapse analysis of morphogenesis in living embryos. Confocal imaging of a live zebrafish embryo requires that a tissue of interest is persistently labeled with a fluorescent marker, such as a transgene or injected dye. The process demands that the embryo is anesthetized and held in place in such a way that healthy development proceeds normally. Parameters for imaging must be set to account for three-dimensional growth and to balance the demands of resolving individual cells while getting quick snapshots of development. Our results demonstrate the ability to perform long-term in vivo imaging of fluorescence-labeled zebrafish embryos and to detect varied tissue behaviors in the cranial neural crest that cause craniofacial abnormalities. Developmental delays caused by anesthesia and mounting are minimal, and embryos are unharmed by the process. Time-lapse imaged embryos can be returned to liquid medium and subsequently imaged or fixed at later points in development. With an increasing abundance of transgenic zebrafish lines and well-characterized fate mapping and transplantation techniques, imaging any desired tissue is possible. As such, time-lapse in vivo imaging combines powerfully with zebrafish genetic methods, including analyses of mutant and microinjected embryos.

Time-lapse confocal imaging is a powerful technique useful for characterizing embryonic development. Here, we describe the methodology and characterize craniofacial morphogenesis in wild-type, as well as pdgfra, smad5, and smo mutant embryos.

Analisando Craniofacial morfogênese em Zebrafish Usando 4D microscopia confocal

Time-lapse imaging is a technique that allows for the direct observation of the process of morphogenesis, or the generation of shape. Due to their optical ...

In vivo Clonal Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Marked by Five Fluorescent Proteins using Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy

We developed and validated a fluorescent marking methodology for clonal tracking of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with high spatial and temporal resolution to study in vivo hematopoiesis using the murine bone marrow transplant experimental model. Genetic combinatorial marking using lentiviral vectors encoding fluorescent proteins (FPs) enabled cell fate mapping through advanced microscopy imaging. Vectors encoding five different FPs: Cerulean, EGFP, Venus, tdTomato, and mCherry were used to concurrently transduce HSPCs, creating a diverse palette of color marked cells. Imaging using confocal/two-photon hybrid microscopy enables simultaneous high resolution assessment of uniquely marked cells and their progeny in conjunction with structural components of the tissues. Volumetric analyses over large areas reveal that spectrally coded HSPC-derived cells can be detected non-invasively in various intact tissues, including the bone marrow (BM), for extensive periods of time following transplantation. Live studies combining video-rate multiphoton and confocal time-lapse imaging in 4D demonstrate the possibility of dynamic cellular and clonal tracking in a quantitative manner.

In vivo Clonal Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Marked by Five Fluorescent Proteins using Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy

Combinatorial 5 fluorescent proteins marking of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells allows in vivo clonal tracking via confocal and two-photon microscopy, providing insights into bone marrow hematopoietic architecture during regeneration. This method allows non-invasive fate mapping of spectrally-coded HSPCs-derived cells in intact tissues for extensive periods of time following transplantation.

In vivo Clonal Rastreamento de Stem hematopoiéticas e células progenitoras Marcado por cinco proteínas fluorescentes usando confocal e microscopia multifotônica

We developed and validated a fluorescent marking methodology for clonal tracking of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with high spatial and ...

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry

A variety of cellular processes, both physiological and pathophysiological, require or are governed by calcium, including exocytosis, mitochondrial function, cell death, cell metabolism and cell migration to name but a few. Cytosolic calcium is normally maintained at low nanomolar concentrations; rather it is found in high micromolar to millimolar concentrations in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial matrix and the extracellular compartment. Upon stimulation, a transient increase in cytosolic calcium serves to signal downstream events. Detecting changes in cytosolic calcium is normally performed using a live cell imaging set up with calcium binding dyes that exhibit either an increase in fluorescence intensity or a shift in the emission wavelength upon calcium binding. However, a live cell imaging set up is not freely accessible to all researchers. Alternative detection methods have been optimized for immunological cells with flow cytometry and for non-immunological adherent cells with a fluorescence microplate reader. Here, we describe an optimized, simple method for detecting changes in epithelial cells with flow cytometry using a single wavelength calcium binding dye. Adherent renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, which are normally difficult to load with dyes, were loaded with a fluorescent cell permeable calcium binding dye in the presence of probenecid, brought into suspension and calcium signals were monitored before and after addition of thapsigargin, tunicamycin and ionomycin.

Calcium is involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological signaling pathways. Live cell imaging requires specialized equipment and can be time consuming. A quick, simple method using a flow cytometer to determine relative changes in cytosolic calcium in adherent epithelial cells brought into suspension was optimized.

Medidas cálcio citosólico em células epiteliais renais por citometria de fluxo

A variety of cellular processes, both physiological and pathophysiological, require or are governed by calcium, including exocytosis, mitochondrial ...

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes within individual endothelial cells (ECs). These processes are critical for homeostatic maintenance such as wound healing, and are also crucial in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. EC morphology is defined by the organization of the cytoskeleton, a tightly regulated system of actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics that is known to control EC branching, polarity and directional migration, essential components of angiogenesis. To study MT dynamics, we used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis of fluorescently-labeled MT plus-ends to investigate MT growth dynamics and the regulation of EC branching morphology and directional migration. Time-lapse imaging of living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was performed following transfection with fluorescently-labeled MT End Binding protein 3 (EB3) and Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK)-specific cDNA constructs to evaluate effects on MT dynamics. PlusTipTracker software was used to track EB3-labeled MT plus ends in order to measure MT growth speeds and MT growth lifetimes in time-lapse images. This methodology allows for the study of MT dynamics and the identification of how localized regulation of MT dynamics within sub-cellular regions contributes to the angiogenic processes of EC branching and migration.

Protocols for Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) culture, transient transfection of fluorescently-labeled markers of microtubule growth, live-cell imaging and automated analysis of interphase microtubule growth dynamics are detailed.

De alta resolução de imagem Time-lapse e análise automatizada de microtúbulos Dynamics em Viver umbilical humano Células Endoteliais da Veia

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes ...

Simultaneous Measurement of Mitochondrial Calcium and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Live Cells by Fluorescent Microscopy

Apart from their essential role in generating ATP, mitochondria also act as local calcium (Ca2+) buffers to tightly regulate intracellular Ca2+ concentration. To do this, mitochondria utilize the electrochemical potential across their inner membrane (&#916;&#936;m) to sequester Ca2+. The influx of Ca2+ into the mitochondria stimulates three rate-limiting dehydrogenases of the citric acid cycle, increasing electron transfer through the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes. This stimulation maintains &#916;&#936;m, which is temporarily dissipated as the positive calcium ions cross the mitochondrial inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix.
We describe here a method for simultaneously measuring mitochondria Ca2+ uptake and &#916;&#936;m in live cells using confocal microscopy. By permeabilizing the cells, mitochondrial Ca2+ can be measured using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator Fluo-4, AM, with measurement of &#916;&#936;m using the fluorescent dye tetramethylrhodamine, methyl ester, perchlorate (TMRM). The benefit of this system is that there is very little spectral overlap between the fluorescent dyes, allowing accurate measurement of mitochondrial Ca2+ and &#916;&#936;m simultaneously. Using the sequential addition of Ca2+ aliquots, mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake can be monitored, and the concentration at which Ca2+ induces mitochondrial membrane permeability transition and the loss of &#916;&#936;m determined.

Mitochondria can utilize the electrochemical potential across their inner membrane (&#916;&#936;m) to sequester calcium (Ca2+), allowing them to shape cytosolic Ca2+ signaling within the cell. We describe a method for simultaneously measuring mitochondria Ca2+ uptake and &#916;&#936;m in live cells using fluorescent dyes and confocal microscopy.

Medição simultânea de mitocondrial de cálcio e mitocondrial potencial de membrana em células vivas por Microscopia fluorescente

Apart from their essential role in generating ATP, mitochondria also act as local calcium (Ca2+) buffers to tightly regulate intracellular Ca2+ ...

A Graphical User Interface for Software-assisted Tracking of Protein Concentration in Dynamic Cellular Protrusions

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex signaling mechanisms underlying filopodial initiation, elongation and subsequent stabilization or retraction, it is crucial to determine the spatio-temporal protein activity in these dynamic structures. To analyze protein function in filopodia, we recently developed a semi-automated tracking algorithm that adapts to filopodial shape-changes, thus allowing parallel analysis of protrusion dynamics and relative protein concentration along the whole filopodial length. Here, we present a detailed step-by-step protocol for optimized cell handling, image acquisition and software analysis. We further provide instructions for the use of optional features during image analysis and data representation, as well as troubleshooting guidelines for all critical steps along the way. Finally, we also include a comparison of the described image analysis software with other programs available for filopodia quantification. Together, the presented protocol provides a framework for accurate analysis of protein dynamics in filopodial protrusions using image analysis software.

We present a software solution for semi-automated tracking of relative protein concentration along the length of dynamic cellular protrusions.

Uma interface de usuário gráfica para rastreamento assistido por software da concentração de proteínas em protrusões celulares dinâmicas

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex ...

Probing mRNA Kinetics in Space and Time in Escherichia coli using Two-Color Single-Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) allows for counting the absolute number of mRNAs in individual cells. Here, we describe an application of smFISH to measure the rates of transcription and mRNA degradation in Escherichia coli. As smFISH is based on fixed cells, we perform smFISH at multiple time points during a time-course experiment, i.e., when cells are undergoing synchronized changes upon induction or repression of gene expression. At each time point, sub-regions of an mRNA are spectrally distinguished to probe transcription elongation and premature termination. The outcome of this protocol also allows for analyzing intracellular localization of mRNAs and heterogeneity in mRNA copy numbers among cells. Using this protocol many samples (~50) can be processed within 8 h, like the amount of time needed for just a few samples. We discuss how to apply this protocol to study the transcription and degradation kinetics of different mRNAs in bacterial cells.

Probing mRNA Kinetics in Space and Time in Escherichia coli using Two-Color Single-Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

This protocol describes an application of single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) to measure the in vivo kinetics of mRNA synthesis and degradation.

Sondando cinética mRNA no espaço e no tempo em Escherichia coli usando fluorescência de molécula única de duas cores na hibridização situ

Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) allows for counting the absolute number of mRNAs in individual cells. Here, we describe an ...

Measurement of 3-Dimensional cAMP Distributions in Living Cells using 4-Dimensional (x, y, z, and &lambda;) Hyperspectral FRET Imaging and Analysis

Cyclic AMP is a second messenger that is involved in a wide range of cellular and physiological activities. Several studies suggest that cAMP signals are compartmentalized, and that compartmentalization contributes to signaling specificity within the cAMP signaling pathway. The development of F&#1255;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) based biosensors has furthered the ability to measure and visualize cAMP signals in cells. However, these measurements are often confined to two spatial dimensions, which may result in misinterpretation of data. To date, there have been only very limited measurements of cAMP signals in three spatial dimensions (x, y, and z), due to the technical limitations in using FRET sensors that inherently exhibit low signal to noise ratio (SNR). In addition, traditional filter-based imaging approaches are often ineffective for accurate measurement of cAMP signals in localized subcellular regions due to a range of factors, including spectral crosstalk, limited signal strength, and autofluorescence. To overcome these limitations and allow FRET-based biosensors to be used with multiple fluorophores, we have developed hyperspectral FRET imaging and analysis approaches that provide spectral specificity for calculating FRET efficiencies and the ability to spectrally separate FRET signals from confounding autofluorescence and/or signals from additional fluorescent labels. Here, we present the methodology for implementing hyperspectral FRET imaging as well as the need to construct an appropriate spectral library that is neither undersampled nor oversampled to perform spectral unmixing. While we present this methodology for measurement of three-dimensional cAMP distributions in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs), this methodology could be used to study spatial distributions of cAMP in a range of cell types.

Measurement of 3-Dimensional cAMP Distributions in Living Cells using 4-Dimensional x, y, z, and &amp;lambda; Hyperspectral FRET Imaging and Analysis

Due to inherent low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of F&#1255;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) based sensors, measurement of cAMP signals has been challenging, especially in three spatial dimensions. Here, we describe a hyperspectral FRET imaging and analysis methodology that allows measurement of cAMP distribution in three spatial dimensions.

Medição de distribuições 3-dimensionales cAMP em células vivas usando imagens e análises hiperespectrais de FRET 4-Dimensional (x, y, z e λ) Hiperespectrais

Cyclic AMP is a second messenger that is involved in a wide range of cellular and physiological activities. Several studies suggest that cAMP signals are ...