Gostaríamos de agradecer aos membros do laboratório Lee pelas valiosas discussões sobre o manuscrito. Trabalho no laboratório Lee foi apoiada por doações de Robertson Investigator Award of New York Stem Cell Foundation e de Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund (Tedco).

1. Preparação de celular e Mídia (Dia 1) <ol><li> Cultura e expandir de fibroblastos humanos com meio DMEM contendo 10% de FBS. </li><li> Placa de fibroblastos humanos (Figura 1) para uma placa de 24 poços a uma densidade apropriada por poço no dia antes da transdução. NOTA: As seguintes diluições em série são recomendados (200K, 100K, 50K, 25K, 12.5K e 6.25K) porque diferentes tipos de células têm diferentes capacidade de fixação. </li><li> Incubar as células durante mais um dia em 37 ° C, 5% de CO2, garantindo as células foram totalmente colada e estendida. </li></ol> 2. Execute Transdução (dia 2) <ol><li> No dia da transdução, verificar a densidade celular e escolheu os poços de densidade mais eficientes (Figura 2). É melhor escolher três densidades diferentes: alta (80 ~ 90%), médio (50 ~ 70%) e baixa (20 ~ 40%). </li><li> Pelo menos 1 hora antes de transdução, aspirar o fibroblmeios de ast a partir das células e alterar novas 300 ul de meio de fibroblastos. </li><li> Remover um conjunto de quatro diferentes tubos de vírus Sendai da -80 ° C de armazenamento. Descongelar a cada tubo ao mesmo tempo em um banho de água a 37 C ° por alguns segundos e, em seguida, tomar os tubos fora do banho de água. Depois disso, o descongelamento à temperatura ambiente; tubos de centrifugação a 6.000 xg por 10 segundos e coloque-os em gelo até o uso. Não voltar a congelar e descongelar o vírus uma vez que os títulos não vai manter. </li><li> Adicionar os volumes indicados de cada um dos quatro tubos de vírus Sendai (Oct-4, Klf-4, c-Myc e Sox-2) para tubos de micro-centrífuga. Certifique-se de que a solução é bem misturada, pipetando cuidadosamente. Por exemplo, se 50K células / poço de uma placa de 24 poços para a transdução lookwell: (Titer base no Certificado de Análise da Life Technologies, pode ser diferente de um lote para outro) Tubo hOct-4 = 6,0 x 10 7 OIC, 3 MOI = 5 mL Tubo hSox-2 = 6,5 x 10 7 OIC, 3 MOI = 4,6 μ; L Tubo hKlf-4 = 6,3 x 10 7 OIC, 3 MOI = 4,8 mL Tubo hc-Myc = 7,8 x 10 7 OIC, 3 MOI = 3,8 mL Total = 18.2 ul de mistura de quatro factores de vírus / um poço (50K células) de placa de 24 poços </li><li> Dependendo densidades celulares; adicionar 2X, 1X, e volume de 0,5 X de a mistura de vírus no poço. Agitar suavemente a placa da frente para trás, esquerda e direita (2X: 36,4 mL de mistura de vírus, 1X: 18,2 ul e 0,5 X: 9,1 mL). </li><li> Colocar as células em 37 ° C, 5% de CO 2 incubadora e incubar durante a noite. </li></ol> 3. Substituição de Meio de Cultura (dia 3 e dia 5) <ol><li> 24 horas após a transdução, substituir o meio com 500 mL meio de fibroblastos fresco. </li><li> No dia 5, mudar Médio com a mídia de fibroblastos fresco. </li></ol> 4. Prepare MEF Pratos para o Co-cultura (dia 8) <ol><li> Preparar células MEF em placas de cultura de 60 milímetros, com 10% de FBS continha um meio DMEM day antes passaging o fibroblasto transdução em células-alimentadoras MEF. Nota: Estamos usando 5 x 10 5 de MEF em cada 60 milímetros prato. </li></ol> 5. Comecem a co-cultura com células transduzidas células alimentadoras MEF (dia 9) <ol><li> Antes de cultivo de células transduzidas, aspirado 10% FBS contida meios DMEM de pratos alimentadoras MEF e adicione fresco 10% FBS continha meio DMEM. </li><li> Remover o meio a partir dos fibroblastos transduzidos que estão na placa de 24 poços e lavam as células uma vez com STP-D. Adicionar 200 mL de 0,25% tripsina / EDTA para as células de fibroblasto inthe placa de 24 poços. Depois de menos de 5 minutos de incubação com tripsina / EDTA, quando as células começam a separar a partir da placa, recolher as células com meio de crescimento no tubo de 15 ml. Em seguida, centrifugar-los em 6000 xg por 4 min. NOTA: O agrupamento 2X, 1X, 0.5X e vírus fibroblastos transduzidas é recomendado. </li><li> Remova o meio sobrenadante e lavar a re-suspensãoo aglomerado de células com 4-5 ml de meio fresco para a neutralização de fibroblastos a partir de tripsina. Em seguida, centrifugar-los em 135 g durante 4 min. </li><li> Células da placa como série de diluição de densidade e começam a co-cultura com os meios de fibroblastos para MEF: tal como 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64 e 1/128 por 60 mm prato. Dependendo da taxa de morte celular durante a primeira semana de transdução, não ser necessário diluir a 1/2 ou 1/128 densidade. Pôr de lado as restantes células para extrair o RNA total como um controlo positivo para o transgene de RT-PCR. </li><li> Colocar placas de 60 mm em 37 ° C, 5% de CO2 durante a noite. </li></ol> 6. Alimente embrionárias humanas Médio Stem Cell e monitorar o Cells (dia 10) <ol><li> No dia seguinte, mudar de mídia para mídia ES fibroblastos humanos com 10 mM Y-27632. Depois disso, alterar médio diário com meio ES humano: 800 ml + 200 ml de DMEM/F12 KO substituição Serum + 10 ml de L-glutamina + 10 ml de MEM 10 mM de ácidos aminados mínimos não essenciais+ 1 ml de 2-mercaptoetanol + 10 ng / mL de Factor de Crescimento de Fibroblastos básico. </li><li> Fazer uma mudança de mídia diária com a mídia ES humanos frescos. Depois de uma semana, verifique os pratos uma vez por 2 a 3 dias sob um microscópio para a formação de aglomerados de células ES de colônia-like. Dependendo do tipo de célula, a cultura irá demorar mais ou menos tempo, antes colónias são encontrados. </li></ol> 7. Escolher o-tronco pluripotentes induzidas colônias de células e expandir as células (dia 20 ~) <ol><li> Três semanas após a transdução, as colônias devem aparecer crescido adequadamente para a colheita. </li><li> Um dia antes de escolher as colônias, preparar alimentador MEF em placa de 24 poços. NOTA: Nós estamos usando 12,5 x 10 5 de MEF em uma placa de 24 poços. </li><li> No dia seguinte, mudar médio de pratos MEF de mídia para mídia ES fibroblastos humanos com 10 mM Y-27632. Escolher manualmente uma colônia de cada vez sob o microscópio no picking-capa e fazer pedaços menores por pipetagem e transferi-lospara recém-preparado MEF dishes.Try escolher vários clones. </li><li> Passagem e expandir-se a cada poço de uma placa de 24 poços para uma placa de 6 bem inicialmente. Então, a partir de 6 bem-placa a um 60 milímetros pratos antes ainda de propagação. </li></ol> 8. Caracterização de iPSCs Humana (após 10 passagens) <ol><li> Imunofluorescência <ol><li> Placa iPSCs humanos em placa de 24 poços e cultura durante 4-5 dias com mudança de mídia diária. </li><li> Para iniciar ensaio de imunofluorescência, lavar a placa com D-PBS uma vez. Em seguida, fixar as células imediatamente em 0,4% de paraformaldeído durante 30 min. Depois disso lavar três vezes em D-PBS durante 5 min. </li><li> Tratar as células fixas com 0,1% de Triton X-100 em PBS durante 15 min à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Aspirar a solução permeablization (0,1% de triton X-100 a solução), em seguida, adicionar uma solução de bloqueio de BSA a 0,5% durante 1 hora à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Executar uma detecção de Nanog, Oct-4, SSEA (específico do estágio embrionário antigbr) e TRA-1-81 (antigénio de rejeição de tumor) através de um anticorpo anti-humano em solução de BSA a 0,5% (veja a tabela de materiais para a taxa de diluição do anticorpo). Incubar Anticorpo primário durante 2 horas à temperatura ambiente. Em seguida, lavar três vezes em D-PBS durante 5 min cada. </li><li> Verifique usando microscopia de fluorescência após 1 hora de incubação com 488 anticorpos IgG de cabra anti-rato Alexa Fluor como 2 nd anticorpo, que são diluídos 1:2000 em solução de BSA a 0,5% à temperatura ambiente. Mancha todos os núcleos de cada células alimentadoras MEF e hiPSCs com DAPI. </li></ol></li><li> RT-PCR de Confirmação Transgene <ol><li> Extrair ARNm total de sedimento celular utilizando reagentes de extracção do ARN. </li><li> Fazer uma transcrição reversa em alíquotas (1 jig) do ARN total e o cDNA resultante para a amplificação por PCR de transcriptase reversa. </li><li> Preparar as misturas de PCR para conter 2 ul de molde de ADNc, 10 ul de 2X PCR master mix, 2 ul de 2 pmol de iniciadores(Para frente: 1 ml e inverter: 1 ml) e 6 mL de DW. Para detectar a expressão do gene, fazer a RT-PCR com os iniciadores listados na Tabela 1. </li><li> Realizar a RT-PCR com o gene GAPDH como um controlo para a eficiência das reacções de amplificação. Visualizar e analisar o produto de PCR por electroforese em gel de agarose 1%. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Reprogramação de células somáticas humanas para hiPSCs detém promessas sem precedentes na biologia básica, medicina pessoal, e transplante 12. Anteriormente, as gerações iPSC humanos necessários vírus de DNA que tem risco de integração no genoma do hospedeiro, que pode criar mutações genéticas indesejáveis ​​que limitam outras aplicações clínicas, tais como desenvolvimento de medicamentos e terapias de transplante 13. Com esta razão, muitos estudos foram relatados para gerar...

Células estaminais embrionárias humanas (hESCs) têm a capacidade de se auto-renovar pluripotência in vitro e têm, o que poderia ser potencialmente útil para a modelagem de doenças, para a triagem de drogas e para desenvolver terapias baseadas em células para tratar lesões e doenças do tecido. No entanto, hESCs tem uma limitação para a terapia de reposição celular por causa de barreiras imunológicas, oncológicas e éticos, e estudar genes de doenças relacionadas, hESCs específicos da doença poderia ser isolado por meio de diagnóstico genético pré-implantação (PGD) se aproxima, mas ainda é tecnicamente desafiador e as doações de embriões são muito raros. Estes problemas estão relacionados com o progresso na biologia das células estaminais, o que levou ao desenvolvimento de células estaminais pluripotentes induzidas (hiPSCs). IPSCs humanos são geneticamente reprogramadas a partir de células somáticas adultas humanas e abrigam células-tronco pluripotentes como características semelhantes a hESCs, o que os torna uma fonte útil para a medicina regenerativa, como ddescoberta tapete, modelagem de doença e terapia celular em pacientes específicos 1,2 maneira. Até agora, existem vários métodos para gerar iPSCs humanos, incluindo mediada por vírus (retrovírus e adenovírus) 3, non-vírus mediada (sistema BAC e vetores de transfecção) 4 transduções genes e proteínas do sistema de entrega 5-7. Embora a entrega de genes mediada por vírus pode garantir um certo nível de eficiência, vectores virais pode deixar pegada genética, porque eles se integram nos cromossomas do hospedeiro para expressar genes de reprogramação de uma maneira descontrolada. Mesmo quando a integração viral de fatores de transcrição podem ativar ou desativar genes do hospedeiro 8, ele pode causar uma aberração genética inesperado eo risco de desenvolvimento de neoplasias 5,9. Por outro lado, a introdução directa de proteínas ou RNA em células somáticas foram relatados, mas tem algumas desvantagens, tais como, transf repetido trabalho intensivoexão e baixo nível de reprogramação 7,10. Mesmo epissómico e não integrante de adenovírus, de vírus adeno-associados, vectores de plasmídeo e ainda são relativamente menos eficiente 11. Por estas razões, é plausível para escolher métodos de reprogramação não-integração com alta eficácia de geração iPSC e menos anormalidades genéticas. Neste estudo, utilizamos uma reprogramação baseado Sendai-vírus. Este método é conhecido como sendo não integrado no genoma do hospedeiro e produz consistentemente iPSCs humanos sem integração do transgene.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1109">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">CytoTune-iPS Reprogramming Kit</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1378002</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">CF-6,MEFs, neomycin-resistant, mitomycin C treated&#160;</td>
			<td>Global stem</td>
			<td>GSC-6105M&#160;</td>
			<td>5X105/6cm or 12.5X105/24 well plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin EDTA 0.25% Trypsin with EDTA 4Na 1X</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">invitrogen</td>
			<td>25200114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM/F-12 medium</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">&#160;invitrogen</td>
			<td>11330-032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">24-well Cell Culture Plate, flat-bottom with lid</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">BD</td>
			<td>353935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">Y-27632</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">TOCRIS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1254</td>
			<td>10 uM (Stock: 10 mM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">basic fibroblast growth factor</td>
			<td>LIFE TECHNOLOGIES&#160;</td>
			<td>PHG0263</td>
			<td>10 ng (Stock : 100 ug)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">Knock-out serum replacement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10828028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (D-MEM, DMEM) (1X), liquid (high glucose)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">&#160;invitrogen</td>
			<td>11965118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Thermo Scientific Fermentas</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30071.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-Glutamine-200 mM (100X), liquid</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td>1/100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution, 100X</td>
			<td>LIFE TECHNOLOGIES&#160;</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td>1/100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-Mercaptoethanol (1,000X), liquid</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hausser Phase Contrast Hemacytometers</td>
			<td>Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td>02-671-54</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EmbryoMax 0.1% Gelatin Solution</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ES-006-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">SSEA-4</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">DSHB</td>
			<td>MC-813-70</td>
			<td>1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-Tra-1-81</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">cell signaling</td>
			<td>4745S</td>
			<td>1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mouse monoclonal Oct4 antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC-5279</td>
			<td>1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">Nanog</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>AF1997</td>
			<td>1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">Alexa Flouor 488 goat anti-mouse</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>948492</td>
			<td>1/2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DPBS (Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline), 1X without calcium &#38; magnesium</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit</td>
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			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">PCR Master Mix [2X]</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trizol</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596018</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">picking hood</td>
			<td>NuAire</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;NU-301&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">dissecting scope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ745</td>
			<td></td>
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efficient generation human induced pluripotent stem cells from human somatic cells with sendai-virus

Há alguns anos, a criação de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas (iPSCs humanos) marcou o início de uma nova era na área da biomedicina. Os usos potenciais de iPSCs humanos incluem modelagem patogênese de doenças genéticas humanas, a terapia celular autóloga após a correção do gene, e triagem de drogas personalizado, fornecendo uma fonte de células relevantes e sintomas específicos para cada paciente. No entanto, existem vários obstáculos a ultrapassar, tais como a eliminação da expressão do transgene factor de reprogramação remanescente após a produção iPSCs humanos. Mais importante ainda, a expressão do transgene residual em iPSCs humanos indiferenciadas poderia dificultar diferenciações adequadas e desencaminhar a interpretação em fenótipos vitro relevante doença. Com isso, iPSCs humanos sem transgene livre de integração e / ou que tenham sido desenvolvidos usando vários métodos, tais como adenovírus, o sistema piggyBac, minicírculo vetor, vetores epissomais, entrega direta e proteína sintetizada mRNA. No entanto, a eficiência de reprogramming usando métodos livre de integração é bastante baixo na maioria dos casos. Aqui, apresentamos um método para isolar iPSCs humanos usando Sendai-vírus (vírus RNA) sistema de reprogramação base. Este método de reprogramação mostra resultados consistentes e de alta eficiência em termos de rentabilidade.

Normalmente fibroblastos infectados não apresentam quaisquer alterações morfológicas nos vários dias após a transdução de vírus Sendai, mas cinco dias depois, eles começam a ter formas diferentes (Figura 1). Conforme descrito em um painel direito da Figura 1, as células não têm morfologia de fibroblastos típico mais. Eles têm uma forma redonda e núcleo maior do que o citoplasma. Mesmo quando a transdução é realizada em 80% de confluência celular, parece que eles são...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus at JoVE.com

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

Aqui, apresentamos o nosso método estabelecido para reprogramar células somáticas humanas em iPSCs humanos sem transgene com o vírus Sendai, que mostra resultado consistente e maior eficiência.

Eficiente Geração induzida pelo homem células-tronco pluripotentes a partir de células somáticas humanas com Sendai-vírus

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs ...

efficient-generation-human-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-from-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

22.2K visualizações.  Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  Aqui, apresentamos o nosso método estabelecido para reprogramar células somáticas humanas em iPSCs humanos sem transgene com o vírus Sendai, que mostra resultado consistente e maior eficiência. 

Vídeo: Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Human Fibroblasts with the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set

In 2006, Yamanaka and colleagues first demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated delivery and expression of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 is capable of inducing the pluripotent state in mouse fibroblasts.1 The same group also reported the successful reprogramming of human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using human versions of the same transcription factors delivered by retroviral vectors.2 Additionally, James Thomson et al. reported that the lentivirus-mediated co-expression of another set of factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28) was capable of reprogramming human somatic cells into iPS cells.3
iPS cells are similar to ES cells in morphology, proliferation and the ability to differentiate into all tissue types of the body. Human iPS cells have a distinct advantage over ES cells as they exhibit key properties of ES cells without the ethical dilemma of embryo destruction. The generation of patient-specific iPS cells circumvents an important roadblock to personalized regenerative medicine therapies by eliminating the potential for immune rejection of non-autologous transplanted cells.
Here we demonstrate the protocol for reprogramming human fibroblast cells using the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set. We also show that cells reprogrammed with this set begin to show iPS morphology four days post-transduction. Using the Stemolecule Y27632, we selected for iPS cells and observed correct morphology after three sequential rounds of colony picking and passaging. We also demonstrate that after reprogramming cells displayed the pluripotency marker AP, surface markers TRA-1-81, TRA-1-60, SSEA-4, and SSEA-3, and nuclear markers Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog.

We demonstrate the protocol for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human somatic cells using lentivirus-mediated delivery of the human factors Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28. Pluripotency was confirmed by morphology and the presence of embryonic stem (ES) cell-specific markers.

Geração de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas pela reprogramação fibroblastos humanos com o Lentivirus TF Stemgent Humanos Set

In 2006, Yamanaka and colleagues first demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated delivery and expression of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 is capable of inducing ...

Biologia

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs)1. While improvements in several gene delivery methods have been described2-9, transfection remains a capricious process for HESCs, and has not yet been reported in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this video, we demonstrate how our lab routinely transfects and nucleofects human iPSCs using plasmid with an enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) reporter. Human iPSCs are adapted and maintained as feeder-free cultures to eliminate the possibility of feeder cell transfection and to allow efficient selection of stable transgenic iPSC clones following transfection. For nucleofection, human iPSCs are pre-treated with ROCK inhibitor11, trypsinized into small clumps of cells, nucleofected and replated on feeders in feeder cell-conditioned medium to enhance cell recovery. Transgene-expressing human iPSCs can be obtained after 6 hours. Antibiotic selection is applied after 24 hours and stable transgenic lines appear within 1 week. Our protocol is robust and reproducible for human iPSC lines without altering pluripotency of these cells.

Despite recent advancements in genetic modification, transfection of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) remains a capricious process. To our knowledge, systematic and efficient methods to transfect human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not been reported. Here, we describe robust protocols to efficiently transfect and nucleofect human iPSCs.

Transfectando e Nucleofecting células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human ...

Efficient Derivation of Human Cardiac Precursors and Cardiomyocytes from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based transplantation or by cardiac tissue engineering1-3. Cardiomyocytes become terminally-differentiated soon after birth and lose their ability to proliferate. There is no evidence that stem/progenitor cells derived from other sources, such as the bone marrow or the cord blood, are able to give rise to the contractile heart muscle cells following transplantation into the heart1-3. The need to regenerate or repair the damaged heart muscle has not been met by adult stem cell therapy, either endogenous or via cell delivery1-3. The genetically stable human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have unlimited expansion ability and unrestricted plasticity, proffering a pluripotent reservoir for in vitro derivation of large supplies of human somatic cells that are restricted to the lineage in need of repair and regeneration4,5. Due to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease worldwide and acute shortage of donor organs, there is intense interest in developing hESC-based therapies as an alternative approach. However, how to channel the wide differentiation potential of pluripotent hESCs efficiently and predictably to a desired phenotype has been a major challenge for both developmental study and clinical translation. Conventional approaches rely on multi-lineage inclination of pluripotent cells through spontaneous germ layer differentiation, resulting in inefficient and uncontrollable lineage-commitment that is often followed by phenotypic heterogeneity and instability, hence, a high risk of tumorigenicity6-8 (see a schematic in Fig. 1A). In addition, undefined foreign/animal biological supplements and/or feeders that have typically been used for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of hESCs may make direct use of such cell-specialized grafts in patients problematic9-11. To overcome these obstacles, we have resolved the elements of a defined culture system necessary and sufficient for sustaining the epiblast pluripotence of hESCs, serving as a platform for de novo derivation of clinically-suitable hESCs and effectively directing such hESCs uniformly towards clinically-relevant lineages by small molecules12 (see a schematic in Fig. 1B). After screening a variety of small molecules and growth factors, we found that such defined conditions rendered nicotinamide (NAM) sufficient to induce the specification of cardiomesoderm direct from pluripotent hESCs that further progressed to cardioblasts that generated human beating cardiomyocytes with high efficiency (Fig. 2). We defined conditions for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent hESCs without an intervening multi-lineage embryoid body stage, enabling well-controlled efficient derivation of a large supply of human cardiac cells across the spectrum of developmental stages for cell-based therapeutics.

We have established a protocol for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent human embryonic stem cells maintained under defined conditions with small molecules, which enables derivation of a large supply of human cardiac progenitors and functional cardiomyocytes for cardiovascular repair.

Derivação eficiente dos recursos humanos Precursores cardíaca e Cardiomyocytes pluripotentes a partir de células estaminais embrionárias humanas com a indução de moléculas pequenas

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based ...

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) in the presence of sodium butyrate 1-3. We used this method to reprogram late passage (&gt;p10) human adult fibroblasts derived from Friedreich's ataxia patient (GM03665, Coriell Repository). The reprogramming approach includes highly efficient transduction protocol using repetitive centrifugation of fibroblasts in the presence of virus-containing media. The reprogrammed hiPSC colonies were identified using live immunostaining for Tra-1-81, a surface marker of pluripotent cells, separated from non-reprogrammed fibroblasts and manually passaged 4,5. These hiPSC were then transferred to Matrigel plates and grown in feeder-free conditions, directly from the reprogramming plate. Starting from the first passage, hiPSC colonies demonstrate characteristic hES-like morphology. Using this protocol more than 70% of selected colonies can be successfully expanded and established into cell lines. The established hiPSC lines displayed characteristic pluripotency markers including surface markers TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4, as well as nuclear markers Oct3/4, Sox2 and Nanog. 
The protocol presented here has been established and tested using adult fibroblasts obtained from Friedreich's ataxia patients and control individuals 6, human newborn fibroblasts, as well as human keratinocytes.

We present a protocol for efficient reprogramming of human somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) and identification of correctly reprogrammed hiPSC by live staining with Tra-1-81 antibody.

Seleção e isolamento de colônias de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas a partir de fibroblastos adultos reprogramado

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding ...

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent and an invaluable cellular sources for in vitro disease modeling and regenerative medicine1. It has been previously shown that human somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency by ectopic expression of four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc) and become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)2-4 . Like hESCs, human iPSCs are pluripotent and a potential source for autologous cells. Here we describe the protocol to reprogram human fibroblast cells with the four reprogramming factors cloned into GFP-containing retroviral backbone4. Using the following protocol, we generate human iPSCs in 3-4 weeks under human ESC culture condition. Human iPSC colonies closely resemble hESCs in morphology and display the loss of GFP fluorescence as a result of retroviral transgene silencing. iPSC colonies isolated mechanically under a fluorescence microscope behave in a similar fashion as hESCs. In these cells, we detect the expression of multiple pluripotency genes and surface markers.

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

A method to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via retrovirus-mediated ectopic expression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC is described. A practical way to identify human iPSC colonies based on GFP expression is also discussed.

Reprogramação de células somáticas humanas em células tronco pluripotentes induzidas (iPSCs) usando vetor retroviral com GFP

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent and an invaluable cellular sources for in vitro disease modeling and regenerative medicine1. It has ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

Geração de camundongos derivadas de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Using the STEMCCA Lentiviral Vector

Through the ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, human somatic cells can be converted to a pluripotent state, generating so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)1-4. Patient-specific iPSCs lack the ethical concerns that surround embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and would bypass possible immune rejection. Thus, iPSCs have attracted considerable attention for disease modeling studies, the screening of pharmacological compounds, and regenerative therapies5.
We have shown the generation of transgene-free human iPSCs from patients with different lung diseases using a single excisable polycistronic lentiviral Stem Cell Cassette (STEMCCA) encoding the Yamanaka factors6. These iPSC lines were generated from skin fibroblasts, the most common cell type used for reprogramming. Normally, obtaining fibroblasts requires a skin punch biopsy followed by expansion of the cells in culture for a few passages. Importantly, a number of groups have reported the reprogramming of human peripheral blood cells into iPSCs7-9. In one study, a Tet inducible version of the STEMCCA vector was employed9, which required the blood cells to be simultaneously infected with a constitutively active lentivirus encoding the reverse tetracycline transactivator. In contrast to fibroblasts, peripheral blood cells can be collected via minimally invasive procedures, greatly reducing the discomfort and distress of the patient. A simple and effective protocol for reprogramming blood cells using a constitutive single excisable vector may accelerate the application of iPSC technology by making it accessible to a broader research community. Furthermore, reprogramming of peripheral blood cells allows for the generation of iPSCs from individuals in which skin biopsies should be avoided (i.e. aberrant scarring) or due to pre-existing disease conditions preventing access to punch biopsies.
Here we demonstrate a protocol for the generation of human iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using a single floxed-excisable lentiviral vector constitutively expressing the 4 factors. Freshly collected or thawed PBMCs are expanded for 9 days as described10,11 in medium containing ascorbic acid, SCF, IGF-1, IL-3 and EPO before being transduced with the STEMCCA lentivirus. Cells are then plated onto MEFs and ESC-like colonies can be visualized two weeks after infection. Finally, selected clones are expanded and tested for the expression of the pluripotency markers SSEA-4, Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81. This protocol is simple, robust and highly consistent, providing a reliable methodology for the generation of human iPSCs from readily accessible 4 ml of blood.

Here we show a simple and effective protocol for the generation of human iPSCs from 3-4 ml of peripheral blood using a single lentiviral reprogramming vector. Reprogramming of readily available blood cells promises to accelerate the utilization of iPSC technology by making it accessible to a broader research community.

Geração de Células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas a partir de sangue periférico usando o STEMCCA Lentivirus Vector

Through the ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, human somatic cells can be converted to a pluripotent state, ...

Rapid and Efficient Generation of Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Multititre Plate Format

Existing protocols for the generation of neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are often tedious in that they are multistep procedures involving the isolation and expansion of neural precursor cells, prior to terminal differentiation. In comparison to these time-consuming approaches, we have recently found that combined inhibition of three signaling pathways, TGF&beta;/SMAD2, BMP/SMAD1, and FGF/ERK, promotes rapid induction of neuroectoderm from hPSCs, followed by immediate differentiation into functional neurons. Here, we have adapted our procedure to a novel multititre plate format, to further enhance its reproducibility and to make it compatible with mid-throughput applications. It comprises four days of neuroectoderm formation in floating spheres (embryoid bodies), followed by a further four days of differentiation into neurons under adherent conditions. Most cells obtained with this protocol appear to be bipolar sensory neurons. Moreover, the procedure is highly efficient, does not require particular expert skills, and is based on a simple chemically defined medium with cost-efficient small molecules. Due to these features, the procedure may serve as a useful platform for further functional investigation as well as for cell-based screening approaches requiring human sensory neurons or neurons of any type.

Protocols for neuronal differentiation of pluripotent human stem cells (hPSCs) are often time-consuming and require substantial cell culture skills. Here, we have adapted a small molecule-based differentiation procedure to a multititre plate format, allowing simple, rapid, and efficient generation of human neurons in a controlled manner.

Geração rápida e eficiente de neurônios a partir de células-tronco pluripotentes humanas, em um formato de placa Multititre

Existing protocols for the generation of neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are often tedious in that they are  multistep procedures ...

Generation of Human Cardiomyocytes: A Differentiation Protocol from Feeder-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is essential first to generate functional human cardiomyocytes (CMs). The use of these cells in drug discovery and toxicology studies would also be highly beneficial, allowing new pharmacological molecules for the treatment of cardiac disorders to be validated pre-clinically on cells of human origin. Of the possible sources of CMs, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are among the most promising, as they can be derived directly from readily accessible patient tissue and possess an intrinsic capacity to give rise to all cell types of the body 1. Several methods have been proposed for differentiating iPS cells into CMs, ranging from the classical embryoid bodies (EBs) aggregation approach to chemically defined protocols 2,3. In this article we propose an EBs-based protocol and show how this method can be employed to efficiently generate functional CM-like cells from feeder-free iPS cells.

Pluripotent stem cells, either embryonic or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, constitute a valuable source of human differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes. Here, we will focus on cardiac induction of iPS cells, showing how to use them to obtain functional human cardiomyocytes through an embryoid bodies-based protocol.

Geração de cardiomiócitos Humanos: Um Protocolo de Diferenciação de Feeder livres Humanos células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is ...

Episomal Reprogramming of Dermal Fibroblasts to Generate Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs)

Episomal Reprogramming of Dermal Fibroblasts to Generate Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (HiPSCs)  

To begin, take a flask of cultured fibroblast cells, coat a 10-centimeter cell culture plate suitable for hiPSC culture with four milliliters of cold coating solution per plate, and incubate the plate for one hour at 37 degrees Celsius. Afterward, remove the media from the fibroblasts and wash them with four milliliters of pre-warmed PBS per flask. Aspirate the PBS and associate the fibroblasts with four milliliters of Trypsin-EDTA per flask by incubating for five to seven minutes at 37 degrees Celsius.Monitor cell detachment using a phase contrast microscope, and if needed, tap against the side of the flask to detach the cells from the plastic surface. Transfer the detached cells to a 50-milliliter conical tube and wash the empty flasks with six milliliters of pre-warmed fibroblast medium. Collect and pool the remaining cells in the conical tube.Then centrifuge the cells at 200 g for five minutes at 20 degrees Celsius. Aspirate the supernatant and re-suspend the cell pellet in three milliliters of fresh, pre-warmed PBS. Count the cells, transfer 1.5 times 10 to the sixth fibroblasts into a new conical tube and fill up with PBS to the five millimeter mark.Centrifuge the tube at 200 g for five minutes at 20 degrees Celsius. Discard the supernatant, re-suspend the cell pellet in five milliliters of electroporation medium, and centrifuge again. In the meantime, aspirate the coating solution from the coated 10-centimeter cell culture plate and add seven milliliters of pre-warmed fibroblast medium.At the end of the centrifugation, discard the supernatant and re-suspend the cell pellet in electroporation medium with a concentration of 1.5 times 10 to the sixth cells in 250 microliters. Transfer the 250 microliter cell suspension to an electroporation cuvette with a four millimeter gap distance. Next, prepare a plasma transfection mix by adding four micrograms of each plasmid to a total volume of 50 microliters of electroporation medium.Transfer the transfection mix to the cuvette, mix gently by flicking, and electroporate with one pulse at 280 volts. Finally, transfer 150 microliters of the electroporated fibroblasts to the prepared 10-centimeter cell culture plate. Agitate the plate thrice in all directions to distribute the cells, and incubate overnight.Fibroblasts present in a long, spindle-like phenotype, the size of 150 to 300 nanometers. After reprogramming, colonies with 50 micrometer small hiPSCs occur displaying distinct borders. The hiPSCs are distinguished by a high nuclei to body ratio and increased proliferation rate.