We would like to thank Dr. Nicholas J. Ashbolt and Dr. G. Shay Fout for their review of the manuscript.

1. Preparação de material de vidro e Carcaças de filtro <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Salvo disposição em contrário, esterilizar todos os copos, caixas de filtro e soluções a 121 ° C por 15 min. Para garantir a esterilidade, cobrir todas as aberturas ou as superfícies expostas, quer com a folha de alumínio ou papel fixada com fita antes da esterilização. </li><li> Montar aparelho de filtração, anexando carcaça do filtro (47 mm de diâmetro) para 1 L Erlenmeyer braço lateral. Recolha filtros necessários: 47 milímetros de diâmetro electropositivos / electronegative filtros de disco. </li><li> Prepare 1 L de 1,5% de extracto de carne de bovino (floculação; produz partículas de flocos quando o pH da solução é reduzido para 3,5, ou não-floculação, o que não agregar a pH 3,5), com 0,05 M de glicina, por dissolução de 15 g de extracto de carne em 1 L de água desionizada e adição de 3,75 g de glicina. NOTA: extractos de carne não-floculantes irá requerer a adição de celite antes da concentração terciária. </li><li> Adicionar eluição polyph aditivo de sódioosphate de extracto de carne a uma concentração de 0,1%. </li><li> Adicionar uma solução de ácido clorídrico M, gota a gota, a mistura de extrato de carne, o pH da solução de pH desejado. Extracto de carne autoclave durante 15-30 min a 121 ° C. </li><li> Meça 0,1 g de pó fino, médio ou grande celite de partículas (para uso com o não-floculação apenas extrato de carne). </li><li> Prepare vácuo / aspiração, anexando tubo compatível para Erlenmeyer de braço lateral e para a saída de vácuo. </li></ol> 2. Preparação de Soluções e vírus Stock <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Prepare 1 litro de 1 M de HCl. </li><li> Prepare 1 L de NaOH 1M. </li><li> Preparar a solução de PBS 1x (NaCl 137 mM, KCl 2,7 mM, 1,47 mM de K 2 PO 4, e 4,3 mM de NaH 2 PO 4). <ol><li> Ajustar o pH de 1x PBS a 9,0 usando NaOH 1 M. </li></ol></li><li> Prepare e diluir vírus estoque para 10 4 -10 5 número mais provável (NMP) ml -1 misturando 1 ml de vírus estoque com 9 ml de PBS (pH7), como anteriormente descrito 8,13. Armazenar a -80 ° C em alíquotas de 1 ml. <ol><li> Esterilizar estoque de vírus por meio de filtragem seringa (0,22 tamanho dos poros) para remover contaminantes potenciais. </li></ol></li><li> Água da torneira sem cloro <ol><li> Medida 1 L de água da torneira esterilizada utilizando um cilindro graduado estéril e despeje em um copo de 2 L contendo uma barra magnética. </li><li> Adicionar 0,7 g de tiossulfato de sódio e misturar até dissolver grânulos. Ajustar o pH da água da torneira para 7-7,5, se necessário usando 1 M HCl ou solução de NaOH 1 M. </li><li> Spike vírus Thaw (1 ml) e adicionar volume inteiro de pico para 1 L de água sem cloro torneira esterilizada. Mistura-se durante 10 min. </li><li> Preparar um método em branco (sem água declorada adenovírus) com cada experimento e processo da mesma maneira como a amostra enriquecida. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Preparação de filtro Millipore Aparelho <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Retirar cobertura estéril sobre caixa do filtro. Garantirbom ajuste entre a caixa do filtro bacia superior e inferior da tela do filtro para evitar a fuga de amostra durante a filtração. </li><li> Retirar cobertura estéril a partir de 1 frasco L Erlenmeyer. Assegure-se que a cortiça da unidade de filtro se encaixa perfeitamente na abertura superior do balão de Erlenmeyer, criar uma boa vedação. </li><li> Remover bacia superior do filtro do filtro de tela menor e coloque 47 milímetros disco filtro electropositive diretamente sobre a tela com uma pinça estéril. Anexar caixa do filtro tigela para a tela de fundo e bloquear no lugar por torção anti-horário. </li></ol> 4. Toque em Filtragem de água (Concentração Primário) <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Medir 100 ml de vírus cravado água da torneira usando estéril proveta graduada. </li><li> Despeje 100 ml de vírus cravado a água da torneira em carcaça de filtro contendo um filtro de 47 milímetros de vidro plissado / celulose ou de um filtro de disco de fibra nano-alumina / vidro. </li><li> Deixe a água passar lentamente pelo filtro. Aplicar vácuo suave para remover os resíduos restantes oágua da torneira f da superfície do filtro. </li><li> Se utilizando tratamento com tripsina, adicionar 5 ml de tripsina a 0,25% para filtrar superfície e incubar durante 5 min. </li><li> Lavar tripsina da superfície do filtro com 50 ml de água desionizada estéril. </li></ol> 5. Vírus de eluição Filtrar <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Remover caixa do filtro de 2 balão L Erlenmeyer, e coloque-frasco de 250 ml de braço lateral. </li><li> Medir 100 ml de extrato de carne usando proveta graduada. Juntar cuidadosamente 100 ml de extrato de carne em carcaça de filtro. </li><li> Permitir extrato de carne bovina para derramar através do filtro, captando extrato de carne em um pequeno (250 ml) Erlenmeyer. Aplicar vácuo para puxar através de extrato de carne residual de filtro. </li></ol> 6. Celite Concentração Secundário <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Frascos de transferência contendo os vírus eluídas a uma placa de agitação. Adicionar estéril barra magnética e lugar na placa de agitação, mistura para criar ligeiro vórtice. </li><li> Adicionar 0,1 g de celiteem pó a 100 ml de extracto de carne e permitir celite para dispersar. Coloque sonda pH estéril em extrato de carne. </li><li> Adicionar gota a gota 1 M HCl de extrato de carne bovina para atingir pH 4.0. Permitir que a mistura lentamente, durante 10 min. </li><li> Colocar 47 milímetros pré-filtro no alojamento do filtro (como descrito anteriormente) utilizando um balão de Erlenmeyer de 2 L. </li><li> Despeje 100 ml de extrato de carne / mistura celite sobre pré-filtro. Permitir extrato de carne bovina para derramar through. Aplique uma leve vácuo para puxar através de extrato de carne residual de filtro. </li><li> Coloque clipe de tubo de metal no final do bico caixa do filtro. Anexar estéril 15 ml tubo de coleta de polipropileno para o clipe tubo de metal. Coloque caixa do filtro de volta para Erlenmeyer. </li><li> Adicionar 5 ml de tampão 1x PBS, pH 9.0 sobre celite recolhido em pré-filtro. </li><li> Permitir PBS a gotejar através de pré-filtro. Aplique uma leve vácuo para puxar através PBS residual em 15 ml tubo de coleta. </li></ol> 7. Floculação Organic Concentração Secundário <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>Transfira os copos contendo o vírus eluída a uma placa de agitação. Adicionar estéril barra magnética a 100 ml de extrato de carne e misture para criar ligeiro vórtice. </li><li> Coloque sonda pH estéril em extrato de carne. </li><li> Adicione 1 HCl M gota a gota a extrato de carne e ajustar o pH para 3,5. Mistura-se durante 30 min. </li><li> Verter o eluído em 250 ml de tubos de centrífuga cónicos e centrifugar a 2500 xg durante 15 min a 4 ºC. </li><li> Deitar fora sobrenadante tomando cuidado para não para não perturbar o sedimento. Ressuspender o sedimento em 5 ml de 1x PBS, pH 9. </li><li> Centrifugar a suspensão a 4000 xg durante 10 min a 4 ºC. Retirar o sobrenadante e descartar o pellet. </li><li> Ajustar o pH a 7-7,5, filtro de esterilização através de filtro de seringa de 0,22 um e congelamento a -80 ° C. </li></ol> 8. Viral Extraction Nucleic Acid <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Extrai-se os ácidos nucleicos virais utilizando um kit comercial adequado de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. </li></ol> &lt;p class = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 9. AdV 40/41 qPCR <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Use iniciadores e sondas, bem como mistura de reacção e perfis de ciclos térmicos como publicado 8,13. NOTA: O limite de detecção estimado para o ensaio é de cerca de 5 unidades de qPCR por reacção. </li><li> Adicionar componentes de misturas de amplificação por PCR em concentrações como se segue: Tris 10 mM (pH 8,3), KCl 50 mM, 4,5 mM de MgCl 2, 10 mM dNTPs, 10 uM iniciadores e sonda de 1 uM e 0,5 jil de polimerase de modo a que os volumes finais de 45 ul pode ser adicionado ao número adequado de poços no prazo de uma placa de 96 poços de reacção de PCR. </li><li> Carga 45 ul de mistura de amplificação de PCR a cada poço adequado de uma de 96 poços, de reacção rápida placa de PCR. </li><li> Adiciona-se 5 ul de amostra de ADN extraído a poços apropriados da placa de PCR. </li><li> Espelho com vedação da tampa resistente ao calor, girar a placa para mover as gotas para o fundo da PCR poços da placa. </li><li> Definir ciclos de amplificação de PCR como Follows: 95 ° C durante 10 min, seguido de 40 ciclos de 95 ° C durante 15 seg e 60 ° C durante 1 min. </li></ol> 10. Análise de Dados <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Analisar as medições em triplicado de diluições em série de 5 vezes das amostras distribuidas 1: 5 a 1: 625 de diluição intervalo, a fim de determinar o número mais provável (MPN) das partículas virais, como anteriormente descrito 8,13. </li><li> Analise diluições em série de 5 vezes de picos experimentais adenovirus abrangendo 1: 5 a 1: 15.625 gama de diluição, a fim de determinar o número mais provável (MPN) das partículas virais. </li><li> Usando a calculadora EPA MPN (http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/online.html), ajustar a calculadora para contabilizar tipo de diluição (1: 5 ou 1:10), o número de diluições realizadas e número de duplicados de amostras em séries de diluição. </li><li> Realizar log 10 de transformação dos dados, seguido por normalização para uma unidade de volume (por exemplo, 1 ml, 100 ml, etc. </em&gt;). Calcular as recuperações para dada experiência por divisão do número de partículas virais presentes na amostra concentra com o número de partículas virais presentes em pontos experimentais. </li><li> Avaliar o efeito das diferentes variáveis ​​experimentais (por exemplo, diferentes tipos de Celite, gamas de pH, os diferentes tipos de filtros e diferentes técnicas de concentração secundários) sobre recuperações por AdV realizar testes estatísticos paramétricos ou não-paramétricos (por exemplo, teste-t emparelhado, um ou dois -way ANOVA), dependendo da distribuição dos dados e do desenho experimental. </li></ol>

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No competing financial interests. 
The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

Filtros electropositiva são úteis na concentração vírus de água; no entanto, estes filtros podem diferir na sua estrutura e composição, que por sua vez poderia alterar a sua eficácia. Para agravar este problema, as estruturas do capsídeo e encargos variam entre cepas de vírus que requerem ser adaptados técnicas de concentração para garantir a recuperação óptima 15. Através de modificações simples das técnicas de concentração existentes (por exemplo, filtros electropositivos, ex...

Vírus entéricos humanos são importantes causadoras doenças transmitidas pela água 1-3, mas são geralmente presentes em números baixos nas águas ambientais contaminados, tornando difícil a sua detecção, sem concentração. Os procedimentos usados ​​para concentrar os vírus incluem, tipicamente, uma etapa de filtração, seguido por eluição do filtro, e concentração secundária do eluato filtro. Um procedimento de filtração comum se baseia em uso de membranas carregadas, tais como filtros electropositivos (recentemente revisados ​​em 4,5). Estes filtros dependem de captura de vírus em suspensão em água usando interacções electrostáticas entre a superfície de filtro (carregado positivamente) e partículas de vírus segmentados (carregada negativamente). Dois filtros electropositivos que estão disponíveis comercialmente confiam nesta tecnologia, os filtros de vidro / celulose e nano-alumina / fibra de vidro. Os custos de filtro de vidro / celulose são até 10 vezes maior do que a nano-alumina / fibra de vidro, o que limita o uso do vidro / cefiltros llulose para monitoramento de vírus de rotina. Estudos recentes concluíram que as diferenças são nominais entre estes dois filtros em recuperação de enterovírus de 6,7 água do ambiente, o que justifica o uso de um filtro alternativa mais barata. Outras opções de filtros, como filtros electronegativos e de fibra de vidro foram estudadas, no entanto, que quer impor ao pré-tratamento da água de nascente (filtros electronegativos) ou não estão disponíveis comercialmente (filtros de fibra de vidro). O desenvolvimento de processos de concentração de vírus tenha focado principalmente na optimização das técnicas de concentração primária (filtros), a fim de melhorar a recuperação de vírus a partir de água. No entanto, os procedimentos de concentração secundários, os quais reduzem o volume de eluente, tipicamente de 1 L para mililitro volumes, também pode ter um impacto significativo sobre a recuperação de vírus 8. Concentração Secundária de vírus entéricos normalmente se baseia em um agente de floculação, como alguns tipos de extrato de carne bovina (floccu orgânicamento) ou floculação leite desnatado 9-12 para remover partículas do vírus a partir de superfícies de filtro. Recentemente, um outro processo de concentração secundária utilizando extracto de carne juntamente com a adição de Celite (partícula fina) mostrou-se promissor para a recuperação de adenovírus, enterovírus, e norovírus 8,13,14. Obras de concentração de celite sob princípios semelhantes aos do método de floculação orgânico em que as partículas de vírus para anexar e são libertados de partículas (ou flocos de celite), alterando o pH da solução de suspensão. As comparações entre estas duas técnicas de concentração secundários foram avaliadas em recuperação de adenovírus cravado (Adv) tipos 40 e 41 8. Este estudo concluiu que as duas técnicas de concentração secundários foram estatisticamente semelhantes em recuperação de adenovírus. No entanto, o método de floculação biológica requer um 30 min. de incubação a pH 3,5, enquanto que a técnica de celite requer uma incubação mais curto (10 minutos) a pH 4,0. O flocculat orgânicaião também requer a utilização de equipamento de laboratório caro (centrífugas), para recolher as partículas de flocos durante a concentração terciária, a técnica de celite em contraste utiliza apenas equipamentos básicos de laboratório (filtração no vácuo) para separar as partículas de celite suspensão. Determinadas combinações de filtros e técnicas de eluição secundárias pode também afectar as recuperações de vírus. Um estudo concluiu que certas combinações de (filtros) electropositivos primárias e secundárias técnicas de concentração (Celite ou floculação orgânica) teve um impacto significativo de recuperação de adenovirus 13. Estes resultados sugerem que a optimização é necessária, a fim de recuperar o vírus alvo de forma óptima a partir de uma dada matriz de água quando se utiliza estas técnicas. Optimization é um demorado, árduo processo muitos pesquisadores evitam ativamente desde inúmeras variáveis ​​serão avaliadas (tipo de filtro / marca, solução de eluição pH, Celite / floculação orgânica). Para este study, foi desenvolvido um processo para identificar as condições óptimas para a concentração de vírus a partir da água utilizando adenovírus humano cravado estirpes 40 e 41. Presumivelmente, uma vez que cada tipo de vírus exibe uma morfologia única e capsídeo cápside carga específica, protocolos de concentração pode necessitar de ser optimizado para cada vírus alvo, a fim de alcançar a recuperação viral ideal. Este estudo fornece uma abordagem para AdV 40 e 41 concentração por: 1) avaliar as recuperações de vírus na água da torneira usando discos de filtro electropositivos seguidos de 2) avaliação de um método de floculação orgânica estabelecida versus a técnica de celite como uma concentração secundária, e 3) avaliação da tampões de eluição para a concentração terciária.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="786">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Adenovirus 40 stock</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VR-931</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Adenovirus 41 stock</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VR-930</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Sodium Thiosulfate</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fluka Chemical Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">72051</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Celites #577</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fluka Chemical Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22142</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">NanoCeram 47mm</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Argonide</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">1MDS 47mm</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6408502</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">AP-20 Prefilter 47mm</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Millipore Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AP2004700</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Glycine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50046-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Sodium Polyphosphate</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">390930010</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Hydrochloric Acid</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A481-212</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">BBL Beef Extract</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">212303</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Difco Beef Extract</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">211520</td>
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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:231px;">ABI 7900 Real-time PCR system</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">ABI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Stainless Steel Filter Housing</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Millipore Corp.</td>
			<td>XX2004720</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Blood DNA Extraction Kit</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Qiagen&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">EPA MPN Calculator</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/online.html</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a small volume procedure for viral concentration from water

Small-scale concentration of viruses (sample volumes 1-10 L, here simulated with spiked 100 ml water samples) is an efficient, cost-effective way to identify optimal parameters for virus concentration. Viruses can be concentrated from water using filtration (electropositive, electronegative, glass wool or size exclusion), followed by secondary concentration with beef extract to release viruses from filter surfaces, and finally tertiary concentration resulting in a 5-30 ml volume virus concentrate. In order to identify optimal concentration procedures, two different electropositive filters were evaluated (a glass/cellulose filter [1MDS] and a nano-alumina/glass filter [NanoCeram]), as well as different secondary concentration techniques; the celite technique where three different celite particle sizes were evaluated (fine, medium and large) followed by comparing this technique with that of the established organic flocculation method. Various elution additives were also evaluated for their ability to enhance the release of adenovirus (AdV) particles from filter surfaces. Fine particle celite recovered similar levels of AdV40 and 41 to that of the established organic flocculation method when viral spikes were added during secondary concentration. The glass/cellulose filter recovered higher levels of both, AdV40 and 41, compared to that of a nano-alumina/glass fiber filter. Although not statistically significant, the addition of 0.1% sodium polyphosphate amended beef extract eluant recovered 10% more AdV particles compared to unamended beef extract.

<html> Seleção Celite Três tipos diferentes de celite foram testados antes da selecção da variante com melhor desempenho. Celites com multa de partículas de tamanho médio produzido as maiores recuperações de adenovírus. Uso de celites maiores percentagens de recuperação mais baixas para ambos AdV40 e 41 (gama de 32% -100%) (Figura 1). A recuperação média de adenovirus 40 eram de 144% ± 52% (multa), 115% ± 28% (média) e 82% ± 53% celites (grande) de partícu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Small Volume Procedure for Viral Concentration from Water at JoVE.com

A Small Volume Procedure for Viral Concentration from Water

An approach was developed for identifying optimal viral concentration conditions for small volume water samples using spikes of human adenovirus. The techniques described here are used to identify concentration parameters for other viral targets, and applied to large-scale viral concentration experimentation.

Um Procedimento volume pequeno para Concentração Viral da Água

Small-scale concentration of viruses (sample volumes 1-10 L, here simulated with spiked 100 ml water samples) is an efficient, cost-effective way to ...

a-small-volume-procedure-for-viral-concentration-from-water

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

10.0K visualizações.  U.S. EPA. An approach was developed for identifying optimal viral concentration conditions for small volume water samples using spikes of human adenovirus. The techniques described here are used to identify concentration parameters for other viral targets, and applied to large-scale viral concentration experimentation. 

Vídeo: A Small Volume Procedure for Viral Concentration from Water

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) loading from lake sediments can account for a substantial portion of the total P load in eutrophic, and some mesotrophic, lakes. Laboratory determination of P release rates from sediment cores is one approach for determining the role of internal P loading and guiding management decisions. Two principal alternatives to experimental determination of sediment P release exist for estimating internal load: in situ measurements of changes in hypolimnetic P over time and P mass balance. The experimental approach using laboratory-based sediment incubations to quantify internal P load is a direct method, making it a valuable tool for lake management and restoration.
Laboratory incubations of sediment cores can help determine the relative importance of internal vs. external P loads, as well as be used to answer a variety of lake management and research questions. We illustrate the use of sediment core incubations to assess the effectiveness of an aluminum sulfate (alum) treatment for reducing sediment P release. Other research questions that can be investigated using this approach include the effects of sediment resuspension and bioturbation on P release.
The approach also has limitations. Assumptions must be made with respect to: extrapolating results from sediment cores to the entire lake; deciding over what time periods to measure nutrient release; and addressing possible core tube artifacts. A comprehensive dissolved oxygen monitoring strategy to assess temporal and spatial redox status in the lake provides greater confidence in annual P loads estimated from sediment core incubations.

Lake eutrophication is a water quality issue worldwide, making the need to identify and control nutrient sources critical. Laboratory determination of phosphorus release rates from sediment cores is a valuable approach for determining the role of internal phosphorus loading and guiding management decisions.

Determinados pelo Laboratório Fósforo Flux do Lago Sedimentos como medida de Fósforo Interno Carregando

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) ...

Ambiente

A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) Fluorometry

Conventional methods for experimental manipulation of microalgae have employed large volumes of culture (20 ml to 5 L), so that the culture can be subsampled throughout the experiment1&#8211;7. Subsampling of large volumes can be problematic for several reasons: 1) it causes variation in the total volume and the surface area:volume ratio of the culture during the experiment; 2) pseudo-replication (i.e., replicate samples from the same treatment flask8) is often employed rather than true replicates (i.e., sampling from replicate treatments); 3) the duration of the experiment is limited by the total volume; and 4) axenic cultures or the usual bacterial microbiota are difficult to maintain during long-term experiments as contamination commonly occurs during subsampling.
The use of microtiter plates enables 1 ml culture volumes to be used for each replicate, with up to 48 separate treatments within a 12.65 x 8.5 x 2.2 cm plate, thereby decreasing the experimental volume and allowing for extensive replication without subsampling any treatment. Additionally, this technique can be modified to fit a variety of experimental formats including: bacterial-algal co-cultures, algal physiology tests, and toxin screening9&#8211;11. Individual wells with an alga, bacterium and/or co-cultures can be sampled for numerous laboratory procedures including, but not limited to: WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) fluorometry, microscopy, bacterial colony forming unit (cfu) counts and flow cytometry. The combination of the microtiter plate format and WATER-PAM fluorometry allows for multiple rapid measurements of photochemical yield and other photochemical parameters with low variability between samples, high reproducibility and avoids the many pitfalls of subsampling a carboy or conical flask over the course of an experiment.

A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated WATER-PAM Fluorometry

The goal of this procedure is to demonstrate the reproducibility and adaptability of using a microtiter plate format for microalgal screening. This rapid screen combines WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) fluorometry to measure photosynthetic yield as an indicator of Photosystem II (PSII) health with small volume bacterial-algal co-cultures.

A Volume Bioassay pequeno para avaliar Bacteriana / fitoplâncton Co-cultura utilizando água-Pulse-Amplitude Modulada (água-PAM) Fluorometria

Conventional methods for experimental manipulation of microalgae have employed large volumes of culture (20 ml to 5 L), so that the culture can be ...

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most experiments examine only two or a few levels of CA concentration and a single soil type, but if CA can be varied as a gradient from subambient to superambient concentrations on multiple soils, we can discern whether past ecosystem responses may continue linearly in the future and whether responses may vary across the landscape. The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility applies a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 CA gradient to Blackland prairie plant communities established on lysimeters containing clay, silty clay, and sandy soils. The gradient is created as photosynthesis by vegetation enclosed in in temperature-controlled chambers progressively depletes carbon dioxide from air flowing directionally through the chambers. Maintaining proper air flow rate, adequate photosynthetic capacity, and temperature control are critical to overcome the main limitations of the system, which are declining photosynthetic rates and increased water stress during summer. The facility is an economical alternative to other techniques of CA enrichment, successfully discerns the shape of ecosystem responses to subambient to superambient CA enrichment, and can be adapted to test for interactions of carbon dioxide with other greenhouse gases such as methane or ozone.

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility creates a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 linear carbon dioxide gradient in temperature-controlled chambers housing grassland plant communities on clay, silty clay, and sandy soil monoliths. The facility is used to determine how past and future carbon dioxide levels affect grassland carbon cycling.

A CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Facility Concentração Gradiente para Teste CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Enriquecimento do solo e efeitos sobre a função da pastagem de Ecossistemas

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

Um método simples para a extração automatizada de fase sólida das amostras de água para análise imunológica de Pequenas Poluentes

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

Extracting Metrics for Three-dimensional Root Systems: Volume and Surface Analysis from In-soil X-ray Computed Tomography Data

Plant roots play a critical role in plant-soil-microbe interactions that occur in the rhizosphere, as well as processes with important implications to climate change and crop management. Quantitative size information on roots in their native environment is invaluable for studying root growth and environmental processes involving plants. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for in situ root scanning and analysis. We aimed to develop a costless and efficient tool that approximates the surface and volume of the root regardless of its shape from three-dimensional (3D) tomography data. The root structure of a Prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) specimen was imaged using XCT. The root was reconstructed, and the primary root structure was extracted from the data using a combination of licensed and open-source software. An isosurface polygonal mesh was then created for ease of analysis. We have developed the standalone application imeshJ, generated in MATLAB1, to calculate root volume and surface area from the mesh. The outputs of imeshJ are surface area (in mm2) and the volume (in mm3). The process, utilizing a unique combination of tools from imaging to quantitative root analysis, is described. A combination of XCT and open-source software proved to be a powerful combination to noninvasively image plant root samples, segment root data, and extract quantitative information from the 3D data. This methodology of processing 3D data should be applicable to other material/sample systems where there is connectivity between components of similar X-ray attenuation and difficulties arise with segmentation.

A methodology for obtaining visual and quantitative root structure information from X-ray computed tomography data acquired in-soil is presented.

Extraindo Métricas para sistemas radiculares tridimensionais: Análise de volume e de superfície de In-solo X-ray tomografia computadorizada de dados

Plant roots play a critical role in plant-soil-microbe interactions that occur in the rhizosphere, as well as processes with important implications to ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

Monólito escavação para Coupled Hidrológicos, geoquímicos e microbiológicos Investigações

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Extração de Pesticidas Organoclorados de Pelotização de Plástico e Análise de Tipo de Plástico

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

Capturando o fluxo ponderado água e partículas em suspensa de canais agrícolas durante eventos de drenagem

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with herbaceous plants. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique needed for restoring degraded Everglade tree islands. The design is patterned after a natural Everglades process that creates floating peat islands, which allows tree survival and growth in flooded conditions and often leads to the development of tree islands. Commercially available peat bags were used as the medium for the growth and establishment of potted native tree saplings. The pop-up configuration floated initially and provided additional elevation to minimize inundation, with a single native tree species sapling and a single tree fertilizer spike. During a 3 year study involving 105 pop-ups, most plants survived (80%) and many thrived. Determining whether this technique can establish trees on a degraded tree island will require longer studies and extensive field tests.

This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique for restoring degraded Everglades tree islands that experience inundation. The design creates an island (pop-up) which floats initially and adds elevation to promote tree survival and growth under flooded conditions.

Uma simples técnica de plantação para restabelecer as árvores onde ocorre a inundação frequente

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), with little effort and high reliability. The phosphonate, e.g., nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid (NTMP), is brought into contact with the GFH in a rotator in a solution buffered by an organic acid (e.g., acetic acid) or Good buffer (e.g., 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid) [MES] and N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid [CAPSO]) in a concentration of 10 mM for a specific time in 50 mL centrifuge tubes. Subsequently, after membrane filtration (0.45 &#181;m pore size), the total phosphorus (total P) concentration is measured using a specifically developed determination method (ISOmini). This method is a modification and simplification of the ISO 6878 method: a 4 mL sample is mixed with H2SO4 and K2S2O8 in a screw cap vial, heated to 148-150 &#176;C for 1 h and then mixed with NaOH, ascorbic acid and acidified molybdate with antimony(III) (final volume of 10 mL) to produce a blue complex. The color intensity, which is linearly proportional to the phosphorus concentration, is measured spectrophotometrically (880 nm). It is demonstrated that the buffer concentration used has no significant effect on the adsorption of phosphonate between pH 4 and 12. The buffers, therefore, do not compete with the phosphonate for adsorption sites. Furthermore, the relatively high concentration of the buffer requires a higher dosage concentration of oxidizing agent (K2S2O8) for digestion than that specified in ISO 6878, which, together with the NaOH dosage, is matched to each buffer. Despite the simplification, the ISOmini method does not lose any of its accuracy compared to the standardized method.

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric hydroxide, with little effort and high reliability. In a buffered solution, the phosphonate is brought into contact with the adsorbent using a rotator and then analyzed via a miniaturized phosphorus determination method.

Procedimento otimizado para determinar a adsorção de fosfonatos para Granular hidróxido férrico, usando um método de determinação de fósforo miniaturizado

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric ...