The authors have nothing to disclose.

Todos os procedimentos e testes comportamentais foram aprovadas pelo Conselho de Ética em Pesquisa Animal da Universidade MacEwan sob o protocolo número 06-11-12, que está em conformidade com o Conselho Canadense para as diretrizes do Animal Care para o cuidado e uso de animais de experimentação. 1. Prepare Tanques Dosagem, soluções e esquema de administração <ol><li> Preparar um esquema de administração de tal modo que os animais são doseados no mesmo ambiente e durante o mesmo tempo do dia a fim de evitar quaisquer confunde de tempo ou de polarização a estímulos visuais. </li><li> Obter o maior número, 1,5 L, tanques de desova de polipropileno claras idênticos como necessárias para o número de tamanhos de grupo. Utilização grupos de 8 peixes por tanque, o que permite por 2 grupos de peixe a ser testado por dia mais tarde no procedimento (ver etapa 3). Use um tanque de retenção e um tanque de dosagem por grupo (2x número total de grupos). <ol><li> Coloque 400 mm em todas as inserções de desova tanques de retenção. Fmal os tanques com água habitat ou água de osmose reversa na temperatura correta (de peixe-zebra, 25-28 ° C), que é consistente com o peixe temperatura são normalmente alojados em. NOTA: Não pode haver interações químicas indesejadas entre algumas drogas e os componentes químicos da água habitat tamponada. Nesta situação, usar água de osmose reversa tamponada com sais de aquário mínimo ou nenhum para a administração da droga, bem como para os grupos de controle. </li><li> Certifique-se de que os tanques estão em um ambiente neutro para evitar peixes condicionado a estímulos visuais externos durante a administração. </li></ol></li><li> Preparar a solução de fármaco. Misturar a quantidade apropriada de água com a droga habitat nos tanques de desova. Preparar a solução de etanol a 0,2% por combinação de 3 ml de um etanol de alto grau (95% de etanol não desnaturado) com 1,497 ml de água. Preparar a solução de etanol a 1,4% por combinação de 21 mL de etanol com 1479 ml de água. </li></ol> 2. A compensação Peixes e Ethanol Procedimento Administração <ol><li> Peixe cuidadosamente líquida de seus tanques de habitats e transferência para o tanque de retenção apropriado contendo a inserção de desova. Idealmente, abrigar o peixe na inserção de desova para eliminar compensação por completo. </li><li> Com todos os peixes em seus respectivos tanques de retenção, levante com cuidado a desova inserir fora do tanque de retenção e colocá-lo no tanque de solução droga apropriada (Figura 1A). <ol><li> Anote o tempo de dosagem, conforme necessário. Use 30 min em solução de etanol para o processo descrito aqui. </li><li> Se possível, tenha assistentes ajudar com a transferência de todos os grupos experimentais para a solução da droga ao mesmo tempo para garantir o tempo de dosagem precisa. Em alternativa, transferir um grupo de cada vez e manter o controle de dosagem vezes (Figura 1A) &#39;grupos individuais. </li></ol></li><li> No final do período de dosagem necessária, remover o peixe a partir da solução de etanol com cuidado levantando a inserção de desovapara fora da solução do fármaco e colocando suavemente de volta para o tanque de retenção. </li><li> Gentilmente net o peixe nos tanques de conservação e colocá-los de volta para seu habitat até a próxima vez a administração programada, ou coloque a desova inserir de volta para o tanque de retenção para eliminar compensação. </li><li> Como mencionado anteriormente, se possível, dentro dos parâmetros do equipamento de animais habitação, casa dos animais do mesmo tanque de desova e inserção que é utilizada como o tanque de retenção. Isto irá eliminar compensação completamente durante o processo de administração. </li></ol> 3. Teste Comportamental <ol><li> Obter uma luz / escuro arena de 9,5 centímetros de largura por 55 cm de comprimento e 9,5 cm de profundidade com um piso impermeável branco (Figura 1B). Cole papel não-reflexiva impermeável branco e preto para as paredes internas da arena usando velcro, com metade da arena coberta de branco e metade coberto de preto. Encher a arena a uma profundidade de 5 cm de altura com água a uma temperatura de habitat de 25-28 ° C. Manutain esta temperatura durante todo o teste. </li><li> Minimalize estímulos visuais externos através da construção de um cerco de três lados branco para a arena para situar-se em. Certifique-se de área de testes tem difundir iluminação superior que não causa reflexos na superfície da água, mas é suficientemente brilhante para o software de rastreamento de movimento, ou pós quantificação manual do -hoc a partir de imagens de vídeo. </li><li> Coloque a arena no recinto e definir os parâmetros de gravação e análise de movimento do software de rastreamento de comportamento. Defina a duração de teste para 5-15 min, dependendo da questão de pesquisa. NOTA: Aqui, usamos 5 min. </li><li> Transportar o grupo de peixes a ser testado para a área de pesquisa no tanque de habitat e colocá-los do lado de fora do gabinete arena. Aclimatar o peixe por 10 min. </li><li> Gentilmente net um peixe do grupo e local apropriado no centro da luz / Arena escuro, tendo a certeza de soltar o peixe quando é posicionada paralela ao longo eixo da arena para avoID de influenciar os resultados do peixe para a luz ou zona escura. </li><li> Comece comportamento gravação imediatamente depois que o animal é liberado. Preste atenção para os problemas de software com acompanhamento de peixe ou de peixe que salta ou congelamento. Girar a arena 180 ° depois de metade dos sujeitos foram testados para prevenir quaisquer confunde devido a preconceitos resultantes da qual a extremidade da arena está orientado para a extremidade aberta do invólucro. </li><li> Após o julgamento terminou, gentilmente net e retire o peixe da arena para um tanque ou tanque de habitat. </li></ol> 4. Análise <ol><li> Examine o tempo gasto na luz contra as zonas escuras. Para cada grupo e cada peixe, obter o tempo relativo gasto nas zonas claras e escuras e analisar usando um teste t uma amostra (ou teste de Wilcoxon para dados não paramétricos; diferença de (metade do tempo de julgamento total) 150 sec) para determinar se os grupos preferem significativamente uma área sobre a outra. </li><li> Para comparar preferências, calcular a prefeíndice de rence, subtraindo o tempo gasto na zona de luz a partir do tempo gasto na zona escura e comparar as diferenças entre grupos. t- testes pode ser utilizado para comparar dois grupos. Compare vários grupos com um one-way análise de variância, utilizando o teste post hoc HSD de Tukey onde (ou teste de Kruskal-Wallis com comparações múltiplas de Dunn teste post hoc para dados não paramétricos) necessário. </li><li> Compare a velocidade, número de transições de zona, sinuosos, e imobilidade entre os grupos. Use one-way análise de variância, utilizando o teste post hoc HSD de Tukey onde (ou teste de Kruskal-Wallis com comparações múltiplas de Dunn teste post hoc para dados não paramétricos) necessário. </li></ol>

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Os autores reconhecem Joshua Gallup para o uso de seu equipamento de fotografia utilizada para a Figura 1. Este trabalho foi apoiado por um Conselho de Ciências Naturais e Pesquisa de Engenharia (NSERC) Canadá Descoberta de subvenção (para TJH).

Estudos anteriores envolvendo a administração da droga no peixe-zebra simplesmente invocada compensação peixes para transportá-los a partir de seu tanque de casa para a solução de drogas 12,16. Rede nem sempre é consistente e frequentemente leva mais tempo do que o esperado, devido à resposta de fuga do peixe-zebra, que tem variabilidade individual significativa. Métodos de transferência tradicionais, embora úteis, pode ser melhorado através da diminuição da quantidade de tempo total dos peixes...

O peixe-zebra (Danio rerio) é uma pequena espécie de teleósteos originárias da Índia que é um organismo modelo útil para um comportamental e médica 2,3 pesquisa. Peixe-zebra também são vulgarmente usado nos testes de várias substâncias farmacológicas, a fim de caracterizar o seu impacto sobre o comportamento. Vários dosagens e horários de administração de medicamentos têm sido utilizados para investigar o comportamento do peixe-zebra, após a administração de compostos tais como estimulantes 4, 5 e ansiolíticos etanol 6-8. Nosso laboratório tem investigado os efeitos de diferentes horários de administração de etanol sobre a ansiedade de peixe-zebra e locomoção no claro / escuro de ensaio bem validado 9, 20, também comumente referido como o ensaio scototaxic. Um novo método de administração de etanol foi desenvolvido para aumentar a eficiência de repetitivo, a administração diária ao longo de um longo período de tempo (21 dias) 6 </sacima&gt;. Métodos utilizados anteriormente eram práticos, no entanto, buscou-se desenvolver um método que reduz de compensação, com seus custos de tempo associados, e permitiu simultânea administração do fármaco de interesse para um grande número de peixes, precisamente cronometrado. Na pesquisa utilizando tradicional etanol, peixe-zebra são compensados ​​e transferido de um tanque para outro contendo a mistura apropriada de etanol e água 10-12. Enquanto este método é amplamente aceite, a compensação de peixe-zebra pode aumentar a variabilidade no tempo necessário para introduzir e remover o peixe a partir da solução da droga. Portanto, a exposição exacto para o composto de interesse pode variar durante o curso de uma experiência que envolve a administração repetida. Um método que reduz as fontes de decorrentes da variabilidade nos tempos de transporte de erro é, portanto, desejável. Com o nosso método, somos capazes de mover todos os peixes ao mesmo tempo, resultando em um tempo de dosagem idêntica em cada peixe. Após a exposição ao etanol (descrito aqui), peixe-zebra pode ser testado em qualquer númer de ensaios comportamentais, incluindo aqueles que avaliam a ansiedade. Dosagem grupos de peixes usando o novo método tem usos práticos além da capacidade de reproduzir com exatidão e padronizar a dosagem entre sujeitos e entre grupos de peixes. O advento de um novo software que permite o rastreamento de peixes múltiplos de uma só vez pode ver os pesquisadores utilizam nossos métodos para garantir a replicabilidade e precisão em seus experimentos. Considerando-se a utilização generalizada de peixe-zebra como um organismo modelo para neurociência comportamental, este método vai aumentar a eficiência e viabilidade em futuros estudos farmacológicos. No presente paradigma, um esquema de dosagem repetida foi empregado que aproximadamente espelha horários de consumo humano. Os peixes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para um dos três grupos: controle, diária moderada, ou semanal-compulsivos. O esquema de administração foi de 21 dias de duração, escolheu porque excedeu significativamente os tempos de exposição em estudos anteriores 7. Peixes controle recebeu a zero alcohol, peixe diariamente moderada receberam 0,2% de álcool, uma vez por dia e, semanalmente, binge peixe recebeu 1,4% de álcool, uma vez por semana. A tarefa de luz / escuro foi usado para avaliar a ansiedade após 2 dias de abstinência. Este é um teste relativamente simples de administrar, que utiliza uma arena rectangular em que as paredes de um lado, são de cor branca e no outro lado são escuros 9. Peixe-zebra adulto robustamente preferem o lado negro da arena em condições de controle 6,9,13. O aumento da ansiedade é operacionalmente definido como significativamente mais tempo gasto na zona escura, e diminuiu a ansiedade pode ser assumida quando o peixe passa relativamente mais tempo gasto na zona de luz. Com o software de rastreamento de movimento, outras variáveis ​​informativos também podem ser quantificados, incluindo velocidade média, a imobilidade, serpenteando, e zona de transição 14. O método de dosagem desenvolvido no nosso laboratório pode aplicar-se a qualquer pesquisa em que os compostos solúveis em água são administrados a um ou mais zebrafish. Muitos outros agentes farmacológicos que podem beneficiar desta metodologia estão sendo testadas em peixes-zebra. Comumente os compostos testados incluem a nicotina, clordiazepóxido, buspirona, e escopolamina, que são dissolvidos de um modo semelhante ao etanol; misturando a quantidade apropriada do produto químico em água. Portanto, o escopo geral deste procedimento é muito mais ampla e não limitada ao etanol. Além disso, após a dosagem com medicamentos para vários dias, a tarefa de luz / escuro é apenas um dos muitos testes comportamentais que podem ser empregadas. Após a administração de drogas ou durante a abstinência, outros ensaios populares que podem ser utilizados incluem o teste de mergulho novo tanque de 15 e testes de comportamento social, tais como empolamento 16. O procedimento a seguir irá delinear um método eficiente de repetidamente transferir grupos de peixes ou peixes individuais em soluções que contêm um composto farmacológico de interesse. Além disso, o processo de teste de ansiedade com o teste de luz / escuroem grupos de peixe que se encontram em retirada depois de ser exposto a longas listas da administração do álcool irá ser descrito.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Three Shelf benchtop housing system</td>
			<td>Aquatic Habitats</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td><a href="http://aquatichabitats.com/research-systems/z-hab-system/">http://aquatichabitats.com/research-systems/z-hab-system/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5L Spawning tank w/400 micron baffle</td>
			<td>Aquatic Habitats</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td><a href="http://aquatichabitats.com/consumables/tanks-lids-and-baffles/info/nursery-tank-and-baffles/">http://aquatichabitats.com/consumables/tanks-lids-and-baffles/info/nursery-tank-and-baffles/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pure Grain Ethanol</td>
			<td>Luxco, INC</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/fsproductdetail?storeId=10652&amp;aid=3759149&amp;store=Scientific">http://www.luxco.com/public/brands/brands.asp?brandid=21</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethovision XT Motion tracking software</td>
			<td>Noldus Information Technology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.noldus.com/animal-behavior-research/products/ethovision-xt">http://www.noldus.com/animal-behavior-research/products/ethovision-xt</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette</td>
			<td>Eppendorf Canada</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.eppendorf.ca/int/index.php?l=211&amp;pb=e396f9e705e754a3&amp;action=products&amp;contentid=1&amp;catalognode=9477.">http://www.eppendorf.ca/int/index.php?l=211&#38;pb=e396f9e705e754a3&#38;action=products&#38;contentid=1&#38;catalognode=9477.&#160;</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light/Dark Arena</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Construct as per procedure description. 9.5cm wide, 9.5cm deep, 55cm long</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel method of drug administration to multiple zebrafish (danio rerio) and the quantification of withdrawal

Anxiety testing in zebrafish is often studied in combination with the application of pharmacological substances. In these studies, fish are routinely netted and transported between home aquaria and dosing tanks. In order to enhance the ease of compound administration, a novel method for transferring fish between tanks for drug administration was developed. Inserts that are designed for spawning were used to transfer groups of fish into the drug solution, allowing accurate dosing of all fish in the group. This increases the precision and efficiency of dosing, which becomes very important in long schedules of repeated drug administration. We implemented this procedure for use in a study examining the behavior of zebrafish in the light/dark test after administering ethanol with differing 21 day schedules. In fish exposed to daily-moderate amounts of alcohol there was a significant difference in location preference after 2 days of withdrawal when compared to the control group. However, a significant difference in location preference in a group exposed to weekly-binge administration was not observed. 
This protocol can be generalized for use with all types of compounds that are water-soluble and may be used in any situation when the behavior of fish during or after long schedules of drug administration is being examined. The light/dark test is also a valuable method of assessing withdrawal-induced changes in anxiety.

Para manter a precisão e controlo em estudos farmacológicos com peixe-zebra é importante para o tempo de duração da administração de etanol de forma consistente e com precisão, tal como descrito acima. O nosso procedimento pode aumentar o rendimento e a facilidade do procedimento de dosagem. A administração de etanol no horário ou uma compulsão semanal ou diária moderada resultou em níveis de ansiedade alterados, medidos com o teste de claro / escuro, em comparação aos controles. Quando testados dois dia...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Method of Drug Administration to Multiple Zebrafish Danio rerio and the Quantification of Withdrawal at JoVE.com

A Novel Method of Drug Administration to Multiple Zebrafish Danio rerio and the Quantification of Withdrawal

A novel method for reducing variability when exposing fish to drugs is explained. Fish exposed to various patterns of ethanol exposure were found to have altered anxiety levels during withdrawal in a light/dark scototaxic assay.

Um novo método de Drug Administration para Multiple peixe zebra (<em&gt; Danio rerio</em&gt;) Ea quantificação da Retirada

Anxiety testing in zebrafish is often studied in combination with the application of pharmacological substances. In these studies, fish are routinely ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Novel Method of Drug Administration to Multiple Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the Quantification of Withdrawal

12.0K visualizações.  MacEwan University. A novel method for reducing variability when exposing fish to drugs is explained. Fish exposed to various patterns of ethanol exposure were found to have altered anxiety levels during withdrawal in a light/dark scototaxic assay.

Vídeo: A Novel Method of Drug Administration to Multiple Zebrafish Danio rerio and the Quantification of Withdrawal

Novel Apparatus and Method for Drug Reinforcement

Animal models of reinforcement have proven to be useful for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug addiction. Operant drug self-administration and conditioned place preference (CPP) procedures are expansively used in animal research to model various components of drug reinforcement, consumption, and addiction in humans. For this study, we used a novel approach to studying drug reinforcement in rats by combining traditional CPP and self-administration methodologies. We assembled an apparatus using two Med Associate operant chambers, sensory stimuli, and a Plexiglas-constructed neutral zone. These modifications allowed our experiments to encompass motivational aspects of drug intake through self-administration and drug-free assessment of drug/cue conditioning strength with the CPP test. In our experiments, rats self-administered cocaine (0.75 mg/kg/inj, i.v.) during either four (e.g., the "short-term") or eight (e.g., the "long-term") alternating-day sessions in an operant environment containing distinctive sensory cues (e.g., olfactory and visual). On the alternate days, in the other (differently-cued) operant environment, saline was available for self-infusion (0.1 ml, i.v.). Twenty-four hours after the last self-administration/cue-pairing session, a CPP test was conducted. Consistent with typical CPP findings, there was a significant preference for the chamber associated with cocaine self-administration. In addition, in animals undergoing the long-term experiment, a significant positive correlation between CPP magnitude and the number of cocaine-reinforced lever responses. In conclusion, this apparatus and approach is time and cost effective, can be used to examine a wide array of topics pertaining to drug abuse, and provides more flexibility in experimental design than CPP or self-administration methods alone.

Operant drug self-administration and conditioned place preference (CPP) procedures are expansively used in research to model various components of drug reinforcement, consumption, and addiction in humans. In this report, we combined traditional CPP and self-administration methods as a novel approach to studying drug reinforcement and addiction in rats.

Aparelho novo e Método para Reforço de Drogas

Animal models of reinforcement have proven to be useful for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug addiction.  Operant drug ...

Neurociência

Assessment of Ultrasonic Vocalizations During Drug Self-administration in Rats

Drug self-administration procedures are commonly used to study behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with human drug abuse, addiction and relapse. Various types of behavioral activity are commonly utilized as measures of drug motivation in animals. However, a crucial component of drug abuse relapse in abstinent cocaine users is "drug craving", which is difficult to model in animals, as it often occurs in the absence of overt behaviors. Yet, it is possible that a class of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in rats may be a useful marker for affective responses to drug administration, drug anticipation and even drug craving. Rats vocalize in ultrasonic frequencies that serve as a communicatory function and express subjective emotional states. Several studies have shown that different call frequency ranges are associated with negative and positive emotional states. For instance, high frequency calls ("50-kHz") are associated with positive affect, whereas low frequency calls ("22-kHz") represent a negative emotional state. This article describes a procedure to assess rat USVs associated with daily cocaine self-administration. For this procedure, we utilized standard single-lever operant chambers housed within sound-attenuating boxes for cocaine self-administration sessions and utilized ultrasonic microphones, multi-channel recording hardware and specialized software programs to detect and analyze USVs. USVs measurements reflect emotionality of rats before, during and after drug availability and can be correlated with commonly assessed drug self-administration behavioral data such lever responses, inter-response intervals and locomotor activity. Since USVs can be assessed during intervals prior to drug availability (e.g., anticipatory USVs) and during drug extinction trials, changes in affect associated with drug anticipation and drug abstinence can also be determined. In addition, determining USV changes over the course of short- and long-term drug exposure can provide a more detailed interpretation of drug exposure effects on affective functioning.

Drug self-administration and ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) are used as behavioral assessments in animal research, but rarely in combination. The purpose of this article is to describe the advantages of recording USVs during drug self-administration procedures to assess affective responses to drug experience.

Avaliação de vocalizações ultra-som durante Drogas auto-administração em ratos

Drug self-administration procedures are commonly used to study behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with human drug abuse, addiction and ...

Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography

Operant self-administration methods are commonly used to study the behavioral and pharmacological effects of many drugs of abuse, including ethanol. However, ethanol is typically self-administered orally, rather than intravenously like many other drugs of abuse. The pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs are more complex than intravenously administered drugs. Because understanding the relationship between the pharmacological and behavioral effects of ethanol requires knowledge of the time course of ethanol reaching the brain during and after drinking, we use in vivo microdialysis and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection to monitor brain dialysate ethanol concentrations over time. 
Combined microdialysis-behavioral experiments involve the use of several techniques. In this article, stereotaxic surgery, behavioral training and microdialysis, which can be adapted to test a multitude of self-administration and neurochemical centered hypotheses, are included only to illustrate how they relate to the subsequent phases of sample collection and dialysate ethanol analysis. Dialysate ethanol concentration analysis via gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection, which is specific to ethanol studies, is described in detail. Data produced by these methods reveal the pattern of ethanol reaching the brain during the self-administration procedure, and when paired with neurochemical analysis of the same dialysate samples, allows conclusions to be made regarding the pharmacological and behavioral effects of ethanol.

A method to determine the time course of ethanol concentration in the brains of rats during operant ethanol self-administration is described. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection is used to quantify ethanol in the dialysate samples, because it has the sensitivity required for the small volumes that are generated.

Microdiálise de etanol durante a operante determinação auto-administração de etanol e etanol por cromatografia gasosa

Operant self-administration methods are commonly used to study the behavioral and pharmacological effects of many drugs of abuse, including ethanol.  ...

Stab Wound Injury of the Zebrafish Adult Telencephalon: A Method to Investigate Vertebrate Brain Neurogenesis and Regeneration

Adult zebrafish have an amazing capacity to regenerate their central nervous system after injury. To investigate the cellular response and the molecular mechanisms involved in zebrafish adult central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and repair, we developed a zebrafish model of adult telencephalic injury.
In this approach, we manually generate an injury by pushing an insulin syringe needle into the zebrafish adult telencephalon. At different post injury days, fish are sacrificed, their brains are dissected out and stained by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization (ISH) with appropriate markers to observe cell proliferation, gliogenesis, and neurogenesis. The contralateral unlesioned hemisphere serves as an internal control. This method combined for example with RNA deep sequencing can help to screen for new genes with a role in zebrafish adult telencephalon neurogenesis, regeneration, and repair.

To shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of zebrafish adult neurogenesis and regeneration, we developed a protocol for invasive surgery causing mechanical injuries in the zebrafish adult telencephalon and subsequent monitoring of changes in the stabbed hemisphere by immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization.

Stab ferida ferimento do peixe-zebra adulto Telencéfalo: Um método para investigar Vertebrados Cérebro Neurogênese e Regeneração

Adult zebrafish have an amazing capacity to regenerate their central nervous system after injury. To investigate the cellular response and the molecular ...

Assessment of Neuronal Viability Using Fluorescein Diacetate-Propidium Iodide Double Staining in Cerebellar Granule Neuron Culture

Primary cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons (CGNs) have been widely used as an in vitro model in neuroscience and neuropharmacology research. However, the co-existence of glial cells and neurons in CGN culture might lead to biases in the accurate assessment of neuronal viability. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and Propidium Iodide (PI) double staining has been used to measure cell viability by simultaneously evaluating the viable and dead cells. We used FDA-PI double staining to improve the sensitivities of the colorimetric assays and to evaluate neuronal viability in CGNs. Furthermore, we added blue fluorescent DNA stains (e.g., Hoechst) to improve the accuracy. This protocol describes how to improve the accuracy of assessment of neuronal viability by using these methods in CGN culture. Using this protocol, the number of glial cells can be excluded by using fluorescence microscopy. A similar strategy can be applied to distinguish the unwanted glial cells from neurons in various mixed cell cultures, such as primary cortical culture and hippocampal culture.

This protocol describes how to accurately measure neuronal viability using Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and Propidium Iodide (PI) double staining in cultured cerebellar granule neurons, a primary neuronal culture used as an in vitro model in neuroscience and neuropharmacology research.

Avaliação da Viabilidade Neuronal Utilizando Coloração Dupla de Iodeto de Diacetate-Propidium de Fluoresceína em Cultura de Neurônio de Granulado Cerebelar

Primary cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons (CGNs) have been widely used as an in vitro model in neuroscience and neuropharmacology research. However, the ...

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). The mechanisms responsible for its complex pathological changes remain largely elusive, despite a recent consensus to define the neuropathological criteria. Here, we describe a novel method to develop a model of CTE in Drosophila melanogaster&#160;(Drosophila&#160;)&#160;in an attempt to identify the key genes and pathways that lead to the characteristic hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation and neuronal death in the brain. Adjustable-strength impacts to inflict mild closed injury are delivered directly to the fly head, subjecting the head to rapid acceleration and deceleration. Our method eliminates the potential problems inherent with other Drosophila mTBI models (e.g.,animal death might be induced by damage to other parts of the body or to internal organs). The less labor- and cost-intensive animal care, short life span, and extensive genetic tools make the fruit fly ideal to study CTE pathogenesis and make it possible to perform large-scale, genome-wide forward genetic and pharmacological screens. We anticipate that the ongoing characterization of the model will generate important mechanistic insights on disease prevention and therapeutic approaches.

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Here, we describe a new approach to inflict closed-head traumatic brain injury in Drosophila melanogaster. Our method has the advantage of directly delivering repetitive impacts with adjustable strength to the head alone. Further exploration of the invertebrate system will help to illuminate the pathogenesis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

Um novo método para modelar a encefalopatia traumática crônica em<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic ...

Assay Development for High Content Quantification of Sod1 Mutant Protein Aggregate Formation in Living Cells

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). The structural instability of SOD1 and the detection of SOD1-positive inclusions in familial-ALS patients supports a potential causal role for misfolded and/or aggregated SOD1 in ALS pathology. In this study, we describe the development of a cell-based assay designed to quantify the dynamics of SOD1 aggregation in living cells by high content screening approaches. Using lentiviral vectors, we generated stable cell lines expressing wild-type and mutant A4V SOD1 tagged with yellow fluorescent protein and found that both proteins were expressed in the cytosol without any sign of aggregation. Interestingly, only SOD1 A4V stably expressed in HEK-293, but not in U2OS or SH-SY5Y cell lines, formed aggregates upon proteasome inhibitor treatment. We show that it is possible to quantify aggregation based on dose-response analysis of various proteasome inhibitors, and to track aggregate-formation kinetics by time-lapse microscopy. Our approach introduces the possibility of quantifying the effect of ALS mutations on the role of SOD1 in aggregate formation as well as screening for small molecules that prevent SOD1 A4V aggregation.

We describe a method to quantify the aggregation of misfolded proteins. Our protocol details lentiviral induced stable cell line generation, automated confocal imaging, and image analysis of protein aggregates. As an illustrative application, we studied the effect of small molecules in promoting SOD1 aggregation in a time- and dose-dependent manner.

Desenvolvimento de ensaio para quantificação de conteúdo elevado de Sod1 proteína mutante formação agregada em células vivas

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc ...

A Rat Model of Central Fatigue Using a Modified Multiple Platform Method

In this article, we introduced a rat model of central fatigue using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM). The Multiple Platform box was designed as a water tank with narrow platforms on the bottom. The model rats were put into the tank and stood on the platforms for 14 h (18:00 - 8:00) per day for a consecutive 21 days, with a blank control group set for contrast. At the end of modeling, rats in the model group showed an obvious fatigued appearance. To assess the model, we performed several behavioral tests, including the open field test (OFT), the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, and the exhaustive swimming (ES) test. The results showed that anxiety, spatial cognition impairment, poor muscle performance, and declined voluntary activity presented in model rats confirm the diagnosis of&#160;central fatigue. Changes of the central neurotransmitters also verified the result. In conclusion, the model successfully simulated central fatigue, and future study with the model may help reveal the pathological mechanism of the disease.

Here, we present a protocol to introduce a rat model of central fatigue using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM).

Um rato do modelo de fadiga Central usando um modificado método de plataforma múltipla

In this article, we introduced a rat model of central fatigue using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM). The Multiple Platform box was designed ...

A Volumetric Method for Quantification of Cerebral Vasospasm in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the aftermath of the bleeding is an important factor determining patient outcome and is therefore frequently taken as a study endpoint. However, in small animal studies on SAH, quantification of cerebral vasospasm is a major challenge. Here, an ex vivo method is presented that allows quantification of volumes of entire vessel segments, which can be used as an objective measure to quantify cerebral vasospasm. In a first step, endovascular casting of the cerebral vasculature is performed using a radiopaque casting agent. Then, cross-sectional imaging data are acquired by micro computed tomography. The final step involves 3-dimensional reconstruction of the virtual vascular tree, followed by an algorithm to calculate center lines and volumes of the selected vessel segments. The method resulted in a highly accurate virtual reconstruction of the cerebrovascular tree shown by a diameter-based comparison of anatomical samples with their virtual reconstructions. Compared with vessel diameters alone, the vessel volumes highlight the differences between vasospastic and non-vasospastic vessels shown in a series of SAH and sham-operated mice.

The goal of this article is to present a method that allows a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the cerebrovascular tree in mice after micro computed tomography and determination of volumes of entire vessel segments that can be used to quantify cerebral vasospasm in murine models of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Um método volumétrico para quantificação de vasoespasmo Cerebral em um modelo murino de hemorragia subaracnoide

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the aftermath of the bleeding is an important factor ...

Autoradiography as a Simple and Powerful Method for Visualization and Characterization of Pharmacological Targets

In vitro autoradiography aims to visualize the anatomical distribution of a protein of interest in tissue from experimental animals as well as humans. The method is based on the specific binding of a radioligand to its biological target. Therefore, frozen tissue sections are incubated with radioligand solution, and the binding to the target is subsequently localized by the detection of radioactive decay, for example, by using photosensitive film or phosphor imaging plates. Resulting digital autoradiograms display remarkable spatial resolution, which enables quantification and localization of radioligand binding in distinct anatomical structures. Moreover, quantification allows for the pharmacological characterization of ligand affinity by means of dissociation constants (Kd), inhibition constants (Ki) as well as the density of binding sites (Bmax) in selected tissues. Thus, the method provides information about both target localization and ligand selectivity. Here, the technique is exemplified with autoradiographic characterization of the high-affinity &#947;-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) binding sites in mammalian brain tissue, with special emphasis on methodological considerations regarding the binding assay parameters, the choice of the radioligand and the detection method.

The method of autoradiography is routinely used to study binding of radioligands to tissue sections for determination of qualitative or quantitative pharmacology.

Autoradiografia como um método simples e poderoso para visualização e caracterização de alvos farmacológicos

In vitro autoradiography aims to visualize the anatomical distribution of a protein of interest in tissue from experimental animals as well as humans. The ...