We thank Dr. Leonid Gnatovskiy for his carefully and critical reading of the paper. This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL109054) and the Samuel and Jean Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan (Inaugural Fund) to WZ and from the Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine to BL.

1. Derivação of Mouse Embryonic CPCs de Mouse CES <ol><li> Prepare rato fibroblastos embrionários (MEFs) camada alimentadora. <ol><li> MEF meio quente (10% de FBS em DMEM) a 37 ° C. </li><li> Prepare placas revestidas com gelatina. <ol><li> Adicionar 1 ml de 0,1% de gelatina em água dentro de um poço de placa de 6 poços ou 5 ml para uma placa de 10 cm. </li><li> Deixar as placas ou pratos a 37 ° C ou temperatura ambiente durante pelo menos 30 min. Aspirar a gelatina, antes da utilização. </li></ol></li><li> Descongelar irradiadas MEFs rapidamente num banho de água a 37 ° C, com agitação suave. </li><li> Transferência das células suavemente para um 15 ml ou 50 ml tubo cônico. Adicionar 5 ml de meio de MEF pré-aquecido. Agitar as células lentamente e centrifugar a 200 xg durante 5 min. </li><li> Ressuspender as células em meio MEF e contagem de células viáveis. Use os seguintes volumes de meio MEF: 2 ml de células por cavidade de uma placa de 6 poços e 10 ml de células a partir de uma placa de 10 cm. </li><li> Células da placa em placas de 6 poços ou placas de 10 cm em 1-2x 10 6 por placa / prato. </li><li> Incubar as placas / MEF pratos a 37 ° C, 5% de CO 2, pelo menos, 24 horas antes da utilização. NOTA: Descarte MEF placas / pratos mais de uma semana. </li></ol></li><li> Prepare CES rato <ol><li> Cultura do Isl1-cre; Rosa26YFP / MEF2C-cre; Rosa26YFP rato CES em MEFs até 90% confluentes. Utilização de células ES meio constituído por 410 ml de DMEM, FBS a 75 ml, 0,1 mM MEM NEAA, 2 mM de L-glutamina, piruvato 0,1 mM, 100 U de Pen / Strep, e 0,1 mM de β-mercaptoetanol. </li><li> Prepare revestidos com gelatina placas de 6 poços, como descrito em 1.1.2. </li><li> Aspirar o meio das placas e lavar as células com DPBS. <ol><li> Aspirar DPBS e adicionar 0,4 ml de Tripsina a 0,25% para um poço de placa de 6 poços. Incubar as células a 37 ° C, 5% de CO 2 durante 5 min. Adicionar 1 ml de meio ES pré-aquecido a reacção cessar tripsina. </li></ol></li><li> Células colheita e centrifugar células a 200 xg e aspirado médio. Ressuspender as células em 1 ml de meio ES celular e contar as células. &lt;/ Li&gt; <li> CES placa em placas revestidas com gelatina com uma densidade de 3 x 10 4 / cm 2. Incubar a 37 ° C, 5% de CO 2 durante cerca de 2 dias quando os CES atingir cerca de 90% confluente. Mudar a forma cotidiana. </li><li> Quando CES são 90% confluentes, repita os passos 1.2.2-1.2.5 para remover completamente os alimentadores MEF. </li></ol></li><li> Induzir CPC diferenciação por formação de EB <ol><li> Prepare meio de diferenciação como se segue: 36 ml de IMDM, 12 ml de Ham F12, 2 mM de L-glutamina, 0,34 ml de BSA (7,5%), 0,25 mL de N2, 0,5 mL B27, 50 ug / ml de AA, e 0,45 mM de 1-tioglicerol. </li><li> Aspirar médio a partir de células e enxágüe com DPBS. Aspirar DPBS e adicionar 0,4 ml de Tripsina a 0,25% para um poço de placa de 6 poços. Incubar a 37 ° C durante 5 min. </li><li> Adicionar 1 ml de meio de diferenciação para que cesse a reacção e pipeta-se para baixo e para dispersar os agregados de células em células individuais. </li><li> Centrífuga CES a 200 g durante 5 min e descartar o meio. <ol><li> Ressuspender 1 x 10 6 &lt;/ Sup&gt; CES em 1 ml de meio de diferenciação. Contar as células, e as células de cultura em placa de Petri de descolamento baixo, numa concentração de 1 x 10 5 células / ml em meio de diferenciação a 37 ° C para a primeira agregação EB. </li></ol></li><li> Dois dias após a formação da EB, transferir CEs a partir de pratos de tubos de 50 ml. Gire a 200 xg por 1 min. Remova o meio e enxaguar EBs com 10 ml DPBS sem Ca 2+ e Mg 2+. </li><li> Aspirar DPBS e adicionar 1 ml de 0,25% de tripsina. Incubar a 37 ° C durante 5 min. Adicionar 4,5 ml de meio de diferenciação para parar a reacção. Pipet cima e para baixo para dissociar EBs em células individuais. </li><li> Centrifuga-se as células a 200 xg durante 5 min. Aspirar células médio e ressuspender em 1 ml de meio de diferenciação. </li><li> Contar as células, e dilui-se 2 x 10 6 células para 1 x 10 5 células / ml em meio de diferenciação. Adicionar VEGF, Bmp4 e a activina A para o meio a uma concentração final de 5 ng / ml, 0,8 ng / ml e 5 ng / ml, respectivamente. Culture as células em uma placa de Petri para a segunda formação EB a 37 ° C. </li><li> 40 horas após a segunda formação EB, transferir EBS para tubos de 50 ml. Lavar uma vez com DPBS, dissociar EBs com 1 ml de tripsina a 0,25% a 37 ° C durante 5 min. Pipet cima e para baixo para dissociar EBs em células individuais. </li><li> Ressuspender as células em meio STEMPRO-34 com 5 ng / ml de VEGF, 10 ng / ml de bFGF e 12,5 ng FGF10 / ml. Placa as células a 2 x 10 5 / cm 2 em placas revestidas com gelatina. Cultura em 37 ° C incubadora por cerca de 32 horas antes CPC isolamento. </li></ol></li><li> Isolar mCPCs <ol><li> Aspirar médio e enxágüe com DPBS. Adicionar 0,5 ml de 0,25% de tripsina a placas de cultura a 37 ° C durante 5 min. Adicionar 4,5 ml de meio de diferenciação para parar a reacção. Pipet cima e para baixo para dissociar EBs em células individuais. Coletar as células por células de centrifugação e ressuspender em 2% FBS / PBS para FACS-purificação. </li><li> Execute CES indiferenciadas em classificador como controle negativo. Mudança de tensão para ajustar o scat frenteter (FSC) e dispersão lateral (SSC) para selecionar população desejada. Use a frente dispersar contra dispersão lateral e altura de dispersão frontal versus largura de excluir detritos e gibão. No sub-população selecionada, de acordo com a distribuição dos controles do CES, desenhe um portão de YFP positivo no histograma para eliminar autofluorescência celular. Recolha YFP + CPCs de YFP + gating. </li><li> Placa os CPCs purificados (células YFP +) em placas de 6 poços com meio de diferenciação (1.3.1). Cultura adicionais 3-5 dias a 37 ° C para a diferenciação de CPCs em cardiomiócitos e PMEs. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Determinação dos embrionárias humanas CPCs da CES Humanos <ol><li> Prepare Feeders <ol><li> Prepare rato fibroblastos embrionários (MEFs) camada alimentadora, como descrito acima, a uma densidade de 2 x 10 4 / cm 2. </li></ol></li><li> Manter CES humanos <ol><li> Manter ISL1 humano: cre; pCAG-Flox-STOP-Flox-GFP ou RFP CES rotineiramente em MEF utilizando meio de células estaminais embrionárias humanas regular (Knockout DMEM / F-12 de 385 ml, 100 ml Knockout SR, 2 mM de L-glutamina, NEAA 0,1 mM, 0,1 mM β-mercaptoetanol, 10 ng / ml de FGF básico). Antes de diferenciação cardíaca, transferir CES humanos em estado livre alimentador por pelo menos 2 passagens. </li></ol></li><li> Prepare CES humanos na condição livre alimentador <ol><li> Prepare placas revestidas para CTEs humanas cultura. <ol><li> Descongelar matrigel a 4 ° C durante a noite. Coloque um tubo de 50 ml em gelo e adicionar 30 ml de meio DMEM / F12 frio para dentro do tubo. </li><li> Adicionar 1 ml de matrigel no meio frio e misturar bem. Adicionar 1 ml de matrigel frio-DMEM / 12 em forma de um poço de placa de 6 poços ou 5 ml para uma placa de 10 cm. </li><li> Deixar as placas / pratos a 4 ° C durante a noite ou a temperatura ambiente durante 2 horas. Aspirar o meio antes da utilização. </li></ol></li><li> Dividir CES humanos nas placas: Aspirar media de placa MEF e enxaguar CES humanos com DPBS. Em seguida, adicionar 1 ml de dispase (1 mg / ml) para um poço de placa de 6 poços. Incubar as células em 37 ° Cincubadora até que as bordas de colónias começar a separar. </li><li> Remova a solução dispase. Enxágüe com DPBS duas vezes, em seguida, adicionar 2,5 ml / per médio bem mTeSR ou médio MEF-condicionado para a chapa. </li><li> Raspe as células usando um raspador de células e cuidadosamente pipeta cima e para baixo para quebrar colônias ESC humanos em pequenos aglomerados. </li><li> Transfira os aglomerados ESC e diluir 1: 3 em placas revestidas. </li><li> Adicione 2 ml / médio bem mTeSR ou médio MEF-condicionado e mudar médio diário. </li><li> CES humanos em cultura, ou em meio mTeSR MEF-condicionado em placas revestidas durante pelo menos 2 passagens. </li></ol></li><li> Induzir CPC diferenciação do CES humanos <ol><li> Quando as células são ~ 90% confluentes, aspirar a médio e enxágüe com DPBS. Em seguida, incubar as hESCs em 0,5 mg / ml em Dispase 37 ° C durante 20 min. </li><li> Lavar o hESCs com DPBS duas vezes, remover as células a partir das placas com um tirante de células, em seguida, voltar a suspender as braçadeiras de células em meio de diferenciação (DMEM / F12 contendo 18% de FBS, NEAA 0,1 mM, 2 mML-glutamina, 0,1 mM de β-mercaptoetanol e 50 ug / ml de ácido ascórbico). </li><li> Transferência de células em placas de 6 poços ultra-baixas de fixação para a formação de EB. </li><li> Alterar meio de diferenciação dia seguinte. </li><li> Substituir meio a cada 3 dias e manter CEs em cultura em suspensão. </li></ol></li><li> Isolar HCPCS <ol><li> Recolha EBs mais tardar dia 9 de diferenciação para o isolamento CPC humano. </li><li> Aspirar médio e enxaguar EBs com DPBS duas vezes. Adicionar 0,5 ml de 0,25% de tripsina a cada poço de placas de cultura de 6 poços a 37 ° C durante 5 min. </li><li> Adicionar um volume igual de meio de diferenciação para parar a reacção. Pipet cima e para baixo para dissociar EBs em células individuais. Recolher as células por centrifugação a 200 xg durante 5 min e ressuspender as células em 2% de FBS / DPBS. Células do filtro com 40 um filtro de células e FACS-purificado a RFP + células CPC, conforme descrito no 1.4.3. </li><li> Placa HCPCS classificados em placas revestidas com geltin. HCPCS cultura em meio de diferenciação para 7-9 Dias para se diferenciarem em células de músculo liso e de cardiomiócitos. 7 dias após o plaqueamento, cultura células com 5% Knockout SR em meio DMEM / F12 diferenciada. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

This protocol combines a method using growth factors to guide mESCs differentiation and spontaneous differentiation of human ESCs into CPCs. CPC lineage marked with fluorescent reporter is used to efficiently identify and isolate CPCs by FACS. The FACS-purified CPCs retain the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells and have a comparable expression profile to the in vivo cells. Thus, these CPCs can serve as a great resource for cell based heart therapy because of their ability ...

A correction to the author list was made to: <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52047/derivation-of-cardiac-progenitor-cells-from-embryonic-stem-cells">Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells</a>.
The following author is now listed as a co-corresponding author:
Lei Bu

A correction to the author list was made to: Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells.

Erratum: Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

A doença cardíaca continua a ser a principal causa no mundo de hoje e as taxas de mortalidade têm permanecido praticamente inalterado nas últimas duas décadas (American Heart Association). Há uma necessidade crítica para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias terapêuticas para prevenir ou reverter a insuficiência cardíaca de forma eficaz. Uma estratégia promissora é a terapia à base de células após o rápido desenvolvimento da biologia das células estaminais 1. A este respeito, PCC multipotentes poderia ser uma fonte excelente de células para a terapia devido à sua capacidade de proliferar, mas só comprometidas para diferenciação linhagem cardíaca. Portanto, o método eficiente e robusta para gerar e isolar CPCs é de grande importância para os estudos de terapia celular cardíaca. Este protocolo incide sobre CPCs embrionárias identificadas durante a embriogênese e como a sua geração de CES. Vários CPCs foram isolados de corações embrionárias e adultas, mesmo a partir de medulas ósseas 2. Durante o desenvolvimento embrionário, morphoge ósseaproteínas Netic (BMPs), do tipo sem asas membros da família local de integração MMTV (Wnts) e sinais nodais induzir o compromisso da Mesp1 + mesoderme multipotentes 3. Células Mesp1 + então diferenciar em CPCs 4 embrionárias. Estes CPCs são tipicamente marcado por HCN4, NK2 homeobox 5 (NKX2-5), Isl LIM homeobox 1 (Isl1), T-box 5 (Tbx5) e miócitos fator potenciador 2C (MEF2C), formam campos primários do coração e segundo, e contribuir para as principais partes do coração durante cardiogenesis 5-10. Ambos CPCs NKX2-5 + e Isl1 + / + MEF2C são capazes de se diferenciar em cardiomiócitos, células de músculo liso (SMCs), e células endoteliais 5-8. Assim, estas CPCs vai dar origem a vasculatura cardíaca, bem como tecidos cardíacos e são uma fonte ideal de células para a terapia cardíaca com base em células. Consequentemente, gerando CPCs in vitro tem sido um grande foco de pesquisa em estudos cardiovasculares. Desde CES tem expansão ilimitada capacidade de umnd representam as células da MCI em estágio de blastocisto, a diferenciação dos CES em CPCs embrionárias após a embriogênese natural é considerada uma abordagem lógica e eficaz para obter CPCs. Uma abordagem amplamente aplicada para obter CPCs da CES é agregar CES em EBs 11. Para melhorar a eficiência da diferenciação, crescimento e factores químicos definidos com base no conhecimento de desenvolvimento cardíaco foram utilizados 12-14. No entanto, não há marcadores CPC definitivos, particularmente não há marcadores de superfície celular, que são amplamente aceitos no campo. Para abordar esta questão, os CES são projetados para marcar CPCs Isl1 + ou MEF2C + e seus derivados com repórteres fluorescentes de Cre sistema / loxP. A recombinase cre é batido para dentro sob o controlo de Isl1 / MEF2C promotor / potenciador. Modificado RFP proteína fluorescente ou gene de YFP conduzido por um promotor constitutivo pode ser activado pela excisão de paragem flox codão com a recombinase cre(ISL1: cre; pCAG-Flox-STOP Flox-GFP ou RFP / Isl1-cre; Rosa26YFP / MEF2C-cre; Rosa26YFP) 5,6. Uma vez que os CES são diferenciadas em CPCs segundo campo coração, Isl1 / MEF2C promotor / cre conduzido irá ativar os repórteres fluorescentes e CPCs podem ser enriquecidos por FACS-purificação. Resumidamente, o método de agregação EB é usado para iniciar a diferenciação ESC. Para aumentar a eficiência de diferenciação, as células diferenciadas são tratados com ácido ascórbico (AA) e factores de crescimento, tais como Bmp4, Activina A e VEGF 13,15. Este protocolo permite robusto e eficiente diferenciação CPC usando mouse e do CES humanos.

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derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from embryonic stem cells

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great promise in cell therapy against heart disease. Among various methods to isolate CPCs, differentiation of embryonic stem cell (ESC) into CPCs attracts great attention in the field since ESCs can provide unlimited cell source. As a result, numerous strategies have been developed to derive CPCs from ESCs. In this protocol, differentiation and purification of embryonic CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs is described. Due to the difficulty of using cell surface markers to isolate embryonic CPCs, ESCs are engineered with fluorescent reporters activated by CPC-specific cre recombinase expression. Thus, CPCs can be enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). This protocol illustrates procedures to form embryoid bodies (EBs) from ESCs for CPC specification and enrichment. The isolated CPCs can be subsequently cultured for cardiac lineage differentiation and other biological assays. This protocol is optimized for robust and efficient derivation of CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs.

O protocolo mostra derivação de CPCs de várias linhas de células ES. CES são agregados para formar EBs de se diferenciar em CPCs. CES são rotineiramente mantidas em alimentadores MEF (Figura 1A, F) e os alimentadores são removidos antes de diferenciação. Após a agregação dos CES em CEs em meio de diferenciação (Figura 1B, G), o segundo EBs formados são tratadas com Activina A Bmp4 e para melhorar a diferenciação mesoderme em linhas celulares de ratinho (Figura 1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

In this protocol, derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from both mouse and human embryonic stem cells will be illustrated. A major strategy in this protocol is to enrich cardiac progenitor cells with flow cytometry using fluorescent reporters engineered into the embryonic stem cell lines.

Derivação de Cardiac células progenitoras de células estaminais embrionárias

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great ...

derivation-of-cardiac-progenitor-cells-from-embryonic-stem-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.1K visualizações.  University of Michigan. In this protocol, derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from both mouse and human embryonic stem cells will be illustrated. A major strategy in this protocol is to enrich cardiac progenitor cells with flow cytometry using fluorescent reporters engineered into the embryonic stem cell lines.

Vídeo: Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex multifactorial disease with an unknown etiology, although it is largely thought to occur due to death or dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of cells that underlies the retina and provides critical support for photoreceptors. RPE cell replacement strategies may hold great promise for providing therapeutic relief for a large subset of AMD patients, and RPE cells that strongly resemble primary human cells (hRPE) have been generated in multiple independent labs, including our own. In addition, the uses for iPS-RPE are not limited to cell-based therapies, but also have been used to model RPE diseases. These types of studies may not only elucidate the molecular bases of the diseases, but also serve as invaluable tools for developing and testing novel drugs. We present here an optimized protocol for directed differentiation of RPE from stem cells. Adding nicotinamide and either Activin A or IDE-1, a small molecule that mimics its effects, at specific time points, greatly enhances the yield of RPE cells. Using this technique we can derive large numbers of low passage RPE in as early as three months.

Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be used for multiple applications including cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration, disease modeling, and drug studies. Here we present a simple protocol for reproducibly deriving RPE from stem cells.

Derivação eficiente do epitélio pigmentar da retina células de células-tronco

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration  (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Direct Induction of Human Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

Human disease specific neuronal cultures are essential for generating in vitro models for human neurological diseases. However, the lack of access to primary human adult neural cultures raises unique challenges. Recent developments in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provides an alternative approach to derive neural cultures from skin fibroblasts through patient specific iPSC, but this process is labor intensive, requires special expertise and large amounts of resources, and can take several months. This prevents the wide application of this technology to the study of neurological diseases. To overcome some of these issues, we have developed a method to derive neural stem cells directly from human adult peripheral blood, bypassing the iPSC derivation process. Hematopoietic progenitor cells enriched from human adult peripheral blood were cultured in vitro and transfected with Sendai virus vectors containing transcriptional factors Sox2, Oct3/4, Klf4, and c-Myc. The transfection results in morphological changes in the cells which are further selected by using human neural progenitor medium containing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The resulting cells are characterized by the expression for neural stem cell markers, such as nestin and SOX2. These neural stem cells could be further differentiated to neurons, astroglia and oligodendrocytes in specified differentiation media. Using easily accessible human peripheral blood samples, this method could be used to derive neural stem cells for further differentiation to neural cells for in vitro modeling of neurological disorders and may advance studies related to the pathogenesis and treatment of those diseases.

A method was developed to directly derive human neural stem cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells enriched from peripheral blood cells.

Indução direta de Neurais Human células-tronco de sangue periférico células progenitoras hematopoéticas

Human disease specific neuronal cultures are essential for generating in vitro models for human neurological diseases. However, the lack of access to ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Melanocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can direct the differentiation of hPSCs into the cell type of interest by manipulating the culture conditions to recapitulate signals seen during development. One such cell type is the melanocyte, a pigment-producing cell of neural crest (NC) origin responsible for protecting the skin against UV irradiation. This protocol presents an extension of a currently available in vitro Neural Crest differentiation protocol from hPSCs to further differentiate NC into fully pigmented melanocytes. Melanocyte precursors can be enriched from the Neural Crest protocol via a timed exposure to activators of WNT, BMP, and EDN3 signaling under dual-SMAD-inhibition conditions. The resultant melanocyte precursors are then purified and matured into fully pigmented melanocytes by culture in a selective medium. The resultant melanocytes are fully pigmented and stain appropriately for proteins characteristic of mature melanocytes.

This work describes an in vitro differentiation protocol to produce pigmented, mature melanocytes from human pluripotent stem cells via a neural crest and melanoblast intermediate stage using a feeder-free, 25 day protocol.

Derivação sem alimentador de melanócitos a partir de células-tronco pluripotentes humanas

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can ...

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated by transcription factors which bind genomic regulatory regions including enhancers and promoters of cardiac constitutive genes. DNA is wrapped around histones that are subjected to chemical modifications. Modifications of histones further lead to repressed, activated or poised gene transcription, thus bringing another level of fine tuning regulation of gene transcription. Embryonic Stem cells (ES cells) recapitulate within embryoid bodies (i.e., cell aggregates) or in 2D culture the early steps of cardiac development. They provide in principle enough material for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), a technology broadly used to identify gene regulatory regions. Furthermore, human ES cells represent a human cell model of cardiogenesis. At later stages of development, mouse embryonic tissues allow for investigating specific epigenetic landscapes required for determination of cell identity. Herein, we describe protocols of ChIP, sequential ChIP followed by PCR or ChIP-sequencing using ES cells, embryoid bodies and cardiac specific embryonic regions. These protocols allow to investigating the epigenetic regulation of cardiac gene transcription.

A fine tuning regulation of gene transcription underlies embryonic cell fate decision. Herein, we describe chromatin immunoprecipitation assays used to investigate epigenetic regulation of both cardiac differentiation of stem cells and cardiac development of mouse embryos.

Regulação epigenética da Cardiac diferenciação de células estaminais embrionárias e Tecidos

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality microscopic images is not entirely dependent upon the quality of the microscope, but also upon the methods of tissue processing, which often involve multiple critical actions or steps. Furthermore, mesenchymal cell types in the skin and other tissues represent a new challenge for tissue preparation and imaging. Here, we present a complete process, from tissue harvest to microscopy. Our technique, called &#34;horizontal whole mount,&#34; is one that novices can quickly become proficient in and that allows for antigen preservation and detection in 60-300 &#181;m-thick sections cut with a cryostat. Sections of this thickness provide enhanced visualization of tissue microarchitecture in a three-dimensional environment. In addition, the protocol preserves mesenchymal cells in a manner that enhances image quality when compared to standard cryostat or paraffin sections, thereby increasing the efficacy and reliability of immunostaining. We believe that this protocol will benefit all laboratories that visualize skin, and possibly other tissues and organs.

This work presents a novel processing and imaging protocol for thick, three-dimensional tissue cross-section analysis that enables the full exploitation of confocal imaging modalities. This protocol preserves antigenicity and represents a robust system to analyze skin histology and potentially other tissue types.

Horizontal Whole Mount: um protocolo de processamento e imagem de Novel para secções transversais grossas de tecidos tridimensionais

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing a detailed and thorough protocol is to clearly demonstrate each step and to make this readily available to researchers in the field. This protocol results in a homogenous layer of RPE with minimal or no manual dissection needed. The method presented here has been shown to be effective for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we describe methods for cryopreservation of intermediate cell banks that allow long-term storage. RPE generated using this protocol might be useful for iPSC disease-in-a-dish modeling or clinical application.

This protocol describes how to produce retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) from pluripotent stem cells. The method uses a combination of growth factors and small molecules to direct the differentiation of stem cells into immature RPE in fourteen days and mature, functional RPE after three months.

Rápida, dirigida a diferenciação de células epiteliais de pigmento Retinal de células-tronco humanas embrionárias ou induzida de Pluripotent

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause disease when disrupted. Scientists have developed clever techniques to investigate characteristics and natural dynamics of these cells within intact tissue by expressing fluorescent proteins in subsets of cells. However, at times, experiments require more selected visualization of cells within the tissue, sometimes at the single-cell or population-of-cells manner. To achieve this and visualize single cells within a population of cells, scientists have utilized single-cell photoconversion of fluorescent proteins. To demonstrate this technique, we show here how to direct UV light to an Eos-expressing cell of interest in an intact, living zebrafish. We then image those photoconverted Eos+ cells 24 h later to determine how they changed in the tissue. We describe two techniques: single cell photoconversion and photoconversions of populations of cell. These techniques can be used to visualize cell-cell interactions, cell-fate and differentiation, and cell migrations, making it a technique that is applicable in numerous biological questions.

Here, we present a protocol to show how cell photoconversion is achieved through UV exposure to specific areas expressing the fluorescent protein, Eos, in living animals.

Photoconversion de célula única no Zebrafish intacta vida

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

Análise computacional do Germline Caenorhabditis elegans , para estudar a distribuição de núcleos, as proteínas e o citoesqueleto

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Derivation and Differentiation of Canine Ovarian Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Interest in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has increased over the past decade due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and culture. Recently, studies have demonstrated the wide differentiation capacity that these cells possess. The ovary represents a promising candidate for cell-based therapies due to the fact that it is rich in MSCs and that it is frequently discarded after ovariectomy surgeries as biological waste. This article describes procedures for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of MSCs derived from the canine ovary, without the necessity of cell-sorting techniques. This protocol represents an important tool for regenerative medicine because of the broad applicability of these highly differentiable cells in clinical trials and therapeutic uses.

Herein, we describe a method for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from canine ovarian tissue.

Derivação e diferenciação de células-tronco mesenquimais ovário canina

Interest in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has increased over the past decade due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and culture. Recently, studies ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

Na geração de Vitro do Somite derivados de humanos induzida por células tronco pluripotentes

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...