This work was supported by Onderzoekstoelagen grant OT/13/090 of the KU Leuven and by grant G0A3114N of the FWO-Vlaanderen.

NOTE: All experimental procedures described in this section were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Research Advisory Committee of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Project: 154/2013-B De Geest).
1. Permanent Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery
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	<li>Anesthetize the mouse by intraperitoneal administration of 40&#160;mg/kg to 70 mg/kg of sodium pentobarbital. Ensure the mouse reaches its proper plane of anesthesia when it no longer reacts a firm toe pinch...

<ol>
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None of the authors reports competing financial interests.

Chronic changes in myocardial structure and function, the development of left ventricular dysfunction, and progression to heart failure can be investigated in several murine models12. Cardiac remodelling and dysfunction can be induced by myocardial injury or by pressure overload secondary to transverse aortic constriction, or may be investigated in genetic models of dilated cardiomyopathy12. Obviously, the most pronounced benefit of murine models is the availability of a great number of transgenic a...

Heart failure is a syndrome in which the heart fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the cellular oxygen requirements at rest or during stress. It is characterized by fluid retention, shortness of breath, and fatigue, in particular on exertion. Heart failure is a growing public health problem, the leading cause of hospitalization, and a major cause of mortality. Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of heart failure1.
Ventricular remodelling refers to changes in structure, size, and shape of the left ventricle. In other words, ventricular remodelling concerns an alteration of the left ventricular architecture. This architectural remodelling of the left ventricle is induced by injury (e.g., myocardial infarction), by pressure overload (e.g., systemic arterial hypertension or aortic stenosis), or by volume overload (e.g., mitral insufficiency). Since ventricular remodelling affects wall stress, it has a profound impact on cardiac function and on the development of heart failure.
Loss of myocardial tissue following acute myocardial infarction results in a decreased systolic ejection and an increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume and pressure. The Frank-Starling mechanism, implying that an increased end-diastolic volume results in an increased pressure developed during systole, may help to restore cardiac output. However, the concomitant increased wall stress may induce regional hypertrophy in the non-infarcted segment, whereas in the infarcted area expansion and thinning may occur. Experimental animal studies show that the infarcted ventricle hypertrophies and that the degree of hypertrophy is dependent on the infarct size2. 
The loss of myocardial tissue following acute myocardial infarction results in a sudden increase in loading conditions. Post-infarct remodelling occurs in the setting of volume overload, since the stretched and dilated infarcted tissue increases the left ventricular volume. An increased ventricular volume not only implies increased preload (passive ventricular wall stress at the end of diastole) but also increased afterload (total myocardial wall stress during systolic ejection). Afterload is increased since the systolic radius is increased. Therefore, ventricular remodelling post-myocardial infarction is characterized by mixed features of volume overload and pressure overload.
The myocardium consists of 3 integrated components: cardiomyocytes, extracellular matrix, and the capillary microcirculation. All 3&#160;components are involved in the remodelling process. Matrix metalloproteinases produced by inflammatory cells induce degradation of intermyocyte collagen struts and cardiomyocyte slippage. This leads to infarct expansion characterized by the disproportionate thinning and dilatation of the infarct segment3. In later stages of remodelling, interstitial fibrosis is induced, which negatively affects the diastolic properties of the heart. 
The vascular and cardiomyocyte compartment in the myocardium should remain balanced in the process of ventricular remodelling to avoid tissue hypoxia4,5. Whether hypertrophy progresses to heart failure or not may be critically dependent on this balance between the vascular and cardiomyocyte compartment in the myocardium. 
A model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice is used to investigate ventricular remodelling and cardiac function post-myocardial infarction. This model is fundamentally different in terms of objectives and pathophysiological relevance compared to the model of transient ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In this latter model of ischemia/reperfusion injury, the initial extent of the infarct may be modulated by factors that affect myocardial salvage following reperfusion6. In contrast, the infarct area at 24 hours after permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery is fixed. Cardiac function in this model will be affected by 1) the process of infarct expansion, infarct healing, and scar formation; and 2) the concomitant development of left ventricular dilatation, cardiac hypertrophy, and ventricular remodelling.

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			<td style="width:223px;">ADInstruments Pty Ltd.</td>
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permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice: a model of post-myocardial infarction remodelling and heart failure

Heart failure is a syndrome in which the heart fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with cellular oxygen requirements at rest or during stress. It is characterized by fluid retention, shortness of breath, and fatigue, in particular on exertion. Heart failure is a growing public health problem, the leading cause of hospitalization, and a major cause of mortality. Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of heart failure.
Ventricular remodelling refers to changes in structure, size, and shape of the left ventricle. This architectural remodelling of the left ventricle is induced by injury (e.g., myocardial infarction), by pressure overload (e.g., systemic arterial hypertension or aortic stenosis), or by volume overload. Since ventricular remodelling affects wall stress, it has a profound impact on cardiac function and on the development of heart failure. A model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice is used to investigate ventricular remodelling and cardiac function post-myocardial infarction. This model is fundamentally different in terms of objectives and pathophysiological relevance compared to the model of transient ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In this latter model of ischemia/reperfusion injury, the initial extent of the infarct may be modulated by factors that affect myocardial salvage following reperfusion. In contrast, the infarct area at 24 hr after permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery is fixed. Cardiac function in this model will be affected by 1) the process of infarct expansion, infarct healing, and scar formation; and 2) the concomitant development of left ventricular dilatation, cardiac hypertrophy, and ventricular remodelling.
Besides the model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, the technique of invasive hemodynamic measurements in mice is presented in detail.

The extent of myocardial infarction can be assessed by Evans blue/2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) double staining. TTC is a redox indicator, which is converted to deep-red 1,3,5-triphenylformazan in living tissues due to the activity of various dehydrogenases in the presence of NADH8. Figure 1 shows a representative section of the heart at 24 hr after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Blue-stained areas indicate non-ischemic/normal regions. The myocardial area...

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Permanent Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in Mice: A Model of Post-myocardial Infarction Remodelling and Heart Failure

Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization and a major cause of mortality. A model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice is applied to investigate ventricular remodelling and cardiac dysfunction post-myocardial infarction. The technique of invasive hemodynamic measurements in mice is presented.

Heart failure is a syndrome in which the heart fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with cellular oxygen requirements at rest or during stress. It ...

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27.4K visualizações.  Catholic University of Leuven. Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization and a major cause of mortality. A model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice is applied to investigate ventricular remodelling and cardiac dysfunction post-myocardial infarction. The technique of invasive hemodynamic measurements in mice is presented.