This work was supported by a Project for Private Universities: matching fund subsidy from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (T.I.) and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from MEXT (S.T. and K.N).

Os protocolos e uso de animais de laboratório foram aprovados pelos cuidados com os animais e uso comitês institucionais da Universidade de Yamanashi e Universidade de Waseda. Cuidados com os animais foi realizada de acordo com as diretrizes institucionais. 1. Preparação CPEC <ol><li> Preparar os seguintes aparelhos e materiais: um microscópio estéreo, de um modo preferido capaz de transmitir luz a partir do fundo; um par de fórceps Dumont relojoeiro (# 3 ou # 4), esterilizada por chama, tesouras operacionais em linha reta, esterilizada por chama; dois pratos de 10 centímetros de plástico estéreis contendo 20 ml de gelo-frio Leibovitz L-15 de forma; Pratos com fundo de vidro 35 milímetros contendo 2 ml RT Leibovitz meio L-15; Num copo de 100 ml contendo 70% de etanol; filhotes de rato recém-nascidos. </li><li> Resumidamente mergulhe um rato neonatal em 70% de etanol e eutanásia rapidamente por decapitação usando a tesoura operacionais. </li><li> Coloque a cabeça imediatamente em gelo frio Leibovitz L-15, na forma estéril 10 centímetros dish. </li><li> Remover a pele dos calvária usando o par de pinças de relojoeiro, abriu o crânio para expor o cérebro, e depois cortar os nervos cranianos para isolar todo o cérebro. </li><li> Transferir o cérebro para uma nova placa contendo gelada Leibovitz L-15 médio e observar ao microscópio estéreo, certificando-se que o cérebro está completamente imerso no meio. </li><li> Defina o aspecto dorsal do cérebro voltado para cima, e orientar o cérebro para que os bulbos olfatórios residir na posição de três horas (para pessoas destras). Segure o cérebro suavemente com a pinça na mão esquerda. </li><li> Usando a pinça de dissecação fina (Dumont # 3 ou # 4) na mão direita, corte do corpo caloso e debaixo do parênquima conectando os hemisférios cerebrais, ao longo da fissura longitudinal do cérebro. </li><li> Com cuidado, empurre os hemisférios cerebrais longe para os lados laterais e expor a fissura transversa do cérebro. </li><li> Separe os hemisférios por beliscar fora the parênquima entre o hemisfério e tálamo. </li><li> Retire cuidadosamente o plexo coróide ventriculares laterais que é anexado para o lado lateral do hipocampo pelo Affixa lâmina. </li><li> Transferir o plexo coróide isoladas para o prato fundo de vidro 35 milímetros contendo fresco Leibovitz meio L-15, e sobrepor o peso máximo (Lista de Materiais) com cuidado para segurar o tecido no lugar. </li></ol> 2. Imagens ao vivo da CPEC Cilia <ol><li> Confirmar ultravioleta adequada (UV) e filtro (s) inferida (IR) de corte para bloquear luz inferior a 400 nm e acima de 700 nm, e que a densidade neutro (ND) os filtros (25% e 6%), são inseridos no caminho da luz do microscópio invertido. </li><li> Ajuste o foco da lente objetiva aproximadamente por olho, e então ajustar o condensador de modo que o centro e foco para estar de acordo com a iluminação Köhler. Inserir um contraste de interferência diferencial adequado (DIC) prisma, um elemento DIC, bem como elementos do analisador e polarizador na licaminho lutar para estar de acordo com a ótica DIC. </li><li> Ajustar o contraste de vista pela posição do prisma DIC modo que a estrutura da superfície do tecido é mais reconhecível. Se todos os cílios das células alvo são móveis, uma visão clara dos cílios móveis não podem ser obtidos por olho por causa do seu movimento. </li><li> Altere o caminho de luz para a câmera de vídeo e remova os filtros ND para aumentar o poder de luz. </li><li> Use a câmera no modo de focagem para ajustar o campo de visão e foco. Durante focagem, em que as imagens de vídeo são exibidas em tempo real no monitor, uma visão clara dos cílios móveis não está disponível. </li><li> Use a câmera em 200 Hz com um tempo de exposição de 0,1 ms para o período desejado (segundos a minutos). Após a aquisição da pilha de imagens, quadros únicos irá exibir estruturas ciliares claras. Se bordas ciliares são borradas, aumentar a taxa de quadros ou use um tempo de exposição mais curto. </li><li> Grave o movimento de CPEC cílios dentro de 25-60 minutos após a eutanásia em LeibovitzMeio L-15. </li></ol> 3. Análise do Movimento ciliar <ol><li> Controlar manualmente batendo padrões de cada cílio no monitor do computador. Marcar posições de ponta ciliar em cada quadro com o ponteiro do mouse, que são montados para informação trajetória de cada cílio. Ou analisar a informação trajetória utilizando o mesmo software ou exportar para outras aplicações mais gerais para uma análise mais aprofundada. A eficiência deste passo de análise é descrito na discussão. </li><li> Classifique as trajetórias em dois modos de movimento, volta-e-vem de rotação, ou por olho. </li><li> Calcula-se a frequência de batimento ciliar (CBF), utilizando a seguinte fórmula: [CBF = (número de quadros por segundo) / (número médio de imagens para um único batimento)] 14, que pode ser obtido a partir de um diagrama de ponta movimento ciliar (Figura 3 ). Repetir este cálculo para múltiplos ciclos de batimento ciliar, porque outra cílios na mesma célula pode interferir com o movimento de cada cilium, resultando em irregularidade. </li><li> Para analisar a uniformidade angular do batimento ciliar eixos dentro de uma única célula, definem o ângulo θ batida para cada trajectória (Figura 4). Para trajetórias de vai-e-vem, se encaixam as posições da ponta dos cílios para uma linha reta, e definir θ como o ângulo da linha faz com eixo x. Para trajectórias de rotação, encaixam as posições de uma elipse, e definir θ como o ângulo do eixo maior da elipse faz com eixo x. Detalhes da instalação são descritos na secção de resultados representativos. </li><li> Para obter uma descrição quantitativa de cada trajetória, calcular generalizada proporção AR. Resumidamente, rodar a trajectória por - θ e definir AR como a relação entre as larguras da distribuição ao longo - x e y -axes (Figura 4B). Detalhes são mostrados na seção Resultados Representante, ea interpretação, Significado ea limitação do parâmetro são descritos na discussão. </li></ol> 4. Preparação de Amostras para SEM Nota: SEM é um importante método para avaliar o estado dos cílios em CPECs de uma forma abrangente. Para preparar as amostras para SEM, um procedimento padrão reportada anteriormente 15 é empregue com ligeiras modificações. <ol><li> Antes de dissecação do tecido a partir do cérebro, preparar o fixador em um frasco de vidro de 5 ml com uma tampa de polietileno. O fixador é constituído por 2% de paraformaldeído, glutaraldeído a 2,5% (metade da solução de Karnovsky 16) em tampão fosfato 0,1 M, pH 7,4. </li><li> Dissecar o tecido do cérebro, tal como descrito no passo 1. </li><li> Resumidamente enxaguar o tecido isolado com solução salina equilibrada de Hank (HBSS) numa nova placa e, em seguida, fixar o tecido no fixador no frasco de vidro, durante 1 h à temperatura ambiente. Use pipetas de transferência descartáveis ​​e manipular os espécimes gently. Depois de enxaguar em HBSS, o tecido torna-se pegajosa. <ol><li> Para transferir as amostras para a solução fixadora, lentamente expulsar uma pequena quantidade de solução que continha o tecido a partir da pipeta de transferência como uma gota e adicionar ao fixador. </li></ol></li><li> Após a fixação, descartar o fixador e lavar o tecido com tampão fosfato de três vezes. </li><li> Mergulha-se o tecido numa solução de sacarose a 10% para lavar os aldeídos restantes. Para assegurar a eliminação total de aldeídos, imergir as amostras na solução durante 10 min e, em seguida, repetir duas vezes com sacarose a 10% fresco. Este passo é importante para garantir a boa pós-fixação em etapas subseqüentes. </li><li> Mergulha-se o tecido numa solução de 1% de tetróxido de ósmio em tampão de fosfato durante 30 min e, em seguida, colocar em gelo para pós-fixação. Julgar o grau de osmification pela cor da amostra: quando os aldeídos são completamente removidas, a amostra é preto. </li><li> Lave as amostras pós-fixadas de tecido extensivamente com duplo Distilled água várias vezes. </li><li> Desidratar as amostras por imersão em concentrações graduadas de etanol, geralmente 65%, 75%, 85%, 95%, 99%, e 100%, durante 10 min cada. Obtenção de etanol anidro, colocando peneiras moleculares em etanol 99,5% de uma garrafa recém-adquirido. Repita desidratação com etanol anidro três vezes. </li><li> Coloque as amostras desidratadas em acetato de isoamilo, um reagente para a substituição ponto crítico de secagem, durante 10 min. Repita esta etapa duas vezes. Este reagente e evapora-se rapidamente a amostra pode tornar-se seca, resultando na destruição pela tensão superficial. Portanto, não secar a amostra completamente. </li><li> Após a última troca de acetato de isoamilo, remover a maior parte do solvente, imediatamente embrulhar o frasco de vidro aberta com uma folha de alumínio e coloque o frasco em gelo seco. Utilizando uma agulha ou uma pinça fina, fazer vários orifícios na folha que cobre a boca do frasco, de modo que o dióxido de carbono líquido flui facilmente para dentro do frasco no secador de ponto crítico. Prossiga para a próxima etapao mais rápido possível. </li><li> Nesta etapa, minimizar a transição de acetato de isoamilo na câmara do secador, mas não deixe que a amostra secar completamente antes de secar ponto crítico. Além disso, não deixe a amostra em gelo seco para um desnecessariamente muito tempo para evitar a formação de geada no frasco. </li><li> Transferir os frascos de vidro envolto com folha de alumínio contendo as amostras de tecido em secador de ponto crítico a que assegura a estrutura da superfície do tecido permanece intacta, enquanto a remoção da água contida no tecido. Informações pormenorizadas sobre a operação do secador de ponto crítico pode ser obtido a partir de instruções do fabricante. </li><li> Lidar com as amostras cuidadosamente usando um palito para minimizar danos mecânicos. As amostras de tecidos secos resultantes são frágeis. Monte as amostras em bases metálicas e revestimento com ouro-paládio usando uma pulverização catódica de íons. </li></ol> 5. Observação por SEM <ol><li> Observe por SEM e gravar imagens com uma câmera digitalequipado com microscópio eletrônico de varredura. </li><li> Transferir os dados de imagem digitais para um PC para análise. </li></ol>

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N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+embryonic+stem+cells+in+culture+possess+primary+cilia+with+hedgehog+signaling+machinery).">Human embryonic stem cells in culture possess primary cilia with hedgehog signaling machinery).</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 180 (5), 897-904 (2008).</li><li>Hirokawa, N., Tanaka, Y., Okada, Y., Takeda, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nodal+flow+and+the+generation+of+left-right+asymmetry.">Nodal flow and the generation of left-right asymmetry.</a> Cell. 125 (1), 33-45 (2006).</li><li>Narita, K., Kozuka-Hata, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+analysis+of+multiple+primary+cilia+reveals+a+novel+mode+of+ciliary+development+in+mammals.">Proteomic analysis of multiple primary cilia reveals a novel mode of ciliary development in mammals.</a> Biology Open. 1 (8), 815-825 (2012).</li><li>Takeda, S., Narita, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+function+of+vertebrate+cilia,+towards+a+new+taxonomy.">Structure and function of vertebrate cilia, towards a new taxonomy.</a> Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity. 83 (2), S4-S11 (2012).</li><li>Ikegami, K., Sato, S., Nakamura, K., Ostrowski, L. 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A., Rutman, A., O&#8217;Callaghan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ciliary+beat+pattern+is+associated+with+specific+ultrastructural+defects+in+primary+ciliary+dyskinesia.">Ciliary beat pattern is associated with specific ultrastructural defects in primary ciliary dyskinesia.</a> The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 112 (3), 518-524 (2003).</li><li>Takeda, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left-right+asymmetry+and+kinesin+superfamily+protein+KIF3A:+new+insights+in+determination+of+laterality+and+mesoderm+induction+by+kif3A-/-+mice+analysis.">Left-right asymmetry and kinesin superfamily protein KIF3A: new insights in determination of laterality and mesoderm induction by kif3A-/- mice analysis.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 145 (4), 825-836 (1999).</li><li>Karnovsky, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde+fixative+of+high+osmolarity+for+use+in+electron+microscopy.">A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolarity for use in electron microscopy.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 27, 137-138A (1965).</li></ol>

Os autores declaram que não têm interesses financeiros concorrentes. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar metodologia detalhada para observar a motilidade ciliar em tecidos isolados do plexo coróide. Novidades científicas têm sido relatados em estudos anteriores 1,8.

Perspectivas deste método Embora a técnica aqui descrita não proporciona uma análise mais detalhada dos cílios do que os métodos previamente publicados, o significado desta técnica reside na simplicidade do sistema e relação custo-eficácia, que pode ser facilmente aplicado a qualquer tipo de rastreio de motilidade ciliar ex vivo. Em particular, TI Workbench fornece uma interface simples e fácil de usar que permite aos pesquisadores observar e analisar a motilidade ciliar ...

Cilia are hair-like projections on the surface of most vertebrate cells, which have attracted attention by medical researchers because of a class of diseases termed ciliopathies2&#8211;4. Despite the ubiquitous expression of the organelle, a wide variety of ciliary functions have been reported, including motility and biosensing. For example, motile cilia on the mucoepithelial surface transport mucus5 and epithelial debris to the outlet of tracts, thereby preventing disease by clearing the surface of epithelia. Moreover, during early developmental periods and embryonic stages, cilia regulate the proliferation of stem cells6, and are involved in the determination of left&#8211;right asymmetry of the vertebrate body7. 
Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) are derivatives of neuroepithelial cells that cover the surface of the choroid plexus tissue in the brain, which play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of the intracranial environment by production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It has been previously demonstrated that CPECs have multiple non-motile cilia that regulate the production of CSF through G-protein-coupled receptors that are specifically concentrated on the cilia8. Although these cilia had been regarded as quiescent non-motile cilia, it was discovered that some CPEC cilia exhibit transient motility during the neonatal period1. This finding was quite important because it revealed that so-called non-motile cilia are not necessarily immotile from the beginning of development and might display transient motility during specific time windows, possibly in response to specific physiological demands and functions9. To precisely describe the motile nature of CPEC cilia, it is necessary to develop an ex vivo observation system that encompasses analysis of the kinetic profiles unique to CPEC cilia. 
With respect to motility, although several technical reports have described observations of the motile cilia of the tracheal epithelium5,10, motile single-cell flagella11, so-called conventional motile cilia12, and nodal cilia13, detailed analytical methods applicable to relatively undulated structures such as the choroid plexus have not been well documented so far. Moreover, a high time resolution is required to analyze the ciliary movement of CPECs, in which expensive high-speed cameras are indispensable. To circumvent this necessity and simplify monitoring the ciliary motility of various cell types, a low cost, high-speed camera has been introduced, and an easily accessible and convenient method to record the motility of motile cilia, especially to describe the speed and pattern of motion of each cilium, has been developed1. Moreover, original image analysis software &#8220;TI Workbench&#8221; has been used here to facilitate detailed analysis of motility. Collectively, this method provides a new concise strategy to analyze ciliary motion together with correlative scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which can be adopted in a wide range of cilium research.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>for both live imaging and SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stereo microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZX7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>flat paper towel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#934;10-cm plastic dish</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100-mL beaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>straight operating scissors</td>
			<td>Sansyo</td>
			<td>S-2B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>watchmaker forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>No.DU-3 or -4, INOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>Matsunami Glass</td>
			<td>D110300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>alminum foil</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-mL glass vial with a polyethylene cap</td>
			<td>Nichiden Rika-Glass</td>
			<td>PS-5A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transfer pipette</td>
			<td>Samco Scientific</td>
			<td>SM251-1S</td>
			<td>for specimen tranfer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>toothpick</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for specimen transfer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ion sputter with gold-palladium</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>E-1030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>critical point dryer</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>HCP-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 W mercury lump housing and power supply</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>U-ULH and BH2-RFL-T3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 W mercury lamp</td>
			<td>Ushio</td>
			<td>USH103D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIC condenser, n.a. 0.55</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX-LWUCD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>electrrical shutter</td>
			<td>Vincent Associates</td>
			<td>VS35S22M1R3-24 and VMM-D1</td>
			<td>manual shutter can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>band-pass filter (400-700 nm, &#934;45 mm)</td>
			<td>Koshin Kagaku</td>
			<td>C10-110621-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ND filter (&#934;45 mm)</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>45ND6, 45ND25</td>
			<td>combination of 25% and 6% ND filters are used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>objective lens (water immersion) with DIC element</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>UApo 40XW/340, n.a., 1.15 with IX-DPAO40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>high-speed video camera</td>
			<td>Allied Vision Technologies</td>
			<td>GE680</td>
			<td>&#62;= 200 Hz frame rate and 1 msec expose time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>image acquisition / analysis software</td>
			<td>in-hous software</td>
			<td>TI Workbench</td>
			<td>capable of acquisition at high frame rates.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC for camera control / analysis</td>
			<td>Apple</td>
			<td>Mac Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vibration isolation table</td>
			<td>Meiritsu Seiki</td>
			<td>AD0806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>weight for tissue</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>slice anchor kits</td>
			<td>It can be made with nylon mesh glued to a U-shape squashed &#934;0.5mm platinum wire.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JSM-6510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>057-00456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz L-15 medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11415-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>057-00456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s balanced salt solution</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14170112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1040051000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glutaraldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>17003-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoamyl acetate</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>02710-95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular Sieves 4A 1/8&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>130-08655</td>
			<td>for preparation of anhydrous ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffer, 0.1 M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To make 100 ml, mix 19.0 ml of 0.1 M NaH2PO4 and 81.0 ml of 0.1 M Na2HPO4&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>monosodium phosphate (dihydrate)</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>31718-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>disodium phosphate (anhydrous)</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>31801-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>suclose</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>30406-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>osmium tetroxide</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM</td>
			<td align="right">300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dry ice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) covering the surface of choroid plexus tissue harbor multiple unique cilia, but most of the functions of these cilia remain to be investigated. To uncover the function of CPEC cilia with particular reference to their motility, an ex vivo observation system was developed to monitor ciliary motility during embryonic, perinatal and postnatal periods. The choroid plexus was dissected out of the brain ventricle and observed under a video-enhanced contrast microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Under this condition, a simple and quantitative method was developed to analyze the motile profiles of CPEC cilia for several hours ex vivo. Next, the morphological changes of cilia during development were observed by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the relationship between the morphological maturity of cilia and motility. Interestingly, this method could delineate changes in the number and length of cilia, which peaked at postnatal day (P) 2, while the beating frequency reached a maximum at P10, followed by abrupt cessation at P14. These techniques will enable elucidation of the functions of cilia in various tissues. While related techniques have been published in a previous report1, the current study focuses on detailed techniques to observe the motility and morphology of CPEC cilia ex vivo.

Uma visão geral do fluxo de trabalho é mostrado na Figura 1, incluindo imagens dos dispositivos. Observações de movimento ao vivo de CPECs Filme 1 mostra um filme de CPECs isoladas de um rato perinatal, e Filme 2 mostra uma visão expandida das imagens em filme 1. Deve-se notar que as pontas ciliares individuais são menos claras nas imagens fixas comparados com os dos filmes. A Figur...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

Observação do movimento ciliar de células epiteliais do plexo coróide<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. ...

observation-ciliary-movement-choroid-plexus-epithelial-cells-ex

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

12.0K visualizações.  Waseda University. In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

Vídeo: Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

Herpes keratitis is one of the most severe pathologies associated with the herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1). Herpes keratitis is currently the leading cause of both cornea-derived and infection-associated blindness in the developed world. Typical presentation of herpes keratitis includes infection of the corneal epithelium and sometimes the deeper corneal stroma and endothelium, leading to such permanent corneal pathologies as scarring, thinning, and opacity 1.
Corneal HSV-1 infection is traditionally studied in two types of experimental models. The in vitro model, in which cultured monolayers of corneal epithelial cells are infected in a Petri dish, offers simplicity, high level of replicability, fast experiments, and relatively low costs. On the other hand, the in vivo model, in which animals such as rabbits or mice are inoculated directly in the cornea, offers a highly sophisticated physiological system, but has higher costs, longer experiments, necessary animal care, and a greater degree of variability. 
In this video article, we provide a detailed demonstration of a new ex vivo model of corneal epithelial HSV-1 infection, which combines the strengths of both the in vitro and the in vivo models. The ex vivo model utilizes intact corneas organotypically maintained in culture and infected with HSV-1. The use of the ex vivo model allows for highly physiologically-based conclusions, yet it is rather inexpensive and requires time commitment comparable to that of the in vitro model.

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

In this video article we describe the use of a new ex vivo model of acute herpes simplex virus type I corneal epithelial infection.

Ex Vivo modelo organotípico córnea de Agudos Herpes simplex vírus tipo epiteliais eu Infecção

Herpes keratitis is one of the most severe pathologies associated with the herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1).  Herpes keratitis is currently the leading ...

Neurociência

A Visual Description of the Dissection of the Cerebral Surface Vasculature and Associated Meninges and the Choroid Plexus from Rat Brain

This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain proper, that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis. The tissue harvested is suitable for biochemical and physiological analysis, and the MAV has been shown to be sensitive to damage produced by amphetamine and hyperthermia 1,2. As well, the major and minor cerebral vasculatures harvested in MAV are of potentially high interest when investigating concussive types of head trauma. The MAV dissected in this presentation consists of the pial and some of the arachnoid membrane (less dura) of the meninges and the major and minor cerebral surface vasculature. The choroid plexus dissected is the structure that resides in the lateral ventricles as described by Oldfield and McKinley3,4,5,6. The methods used for harvesting these two tissues also facilitate the harvesting of regional cortical tissue devoid of meninges and larger cerebral surface vasculature, and is compatible with harvesting other brain tissues such as striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, etc. The dissection of the two tissues takes from 5 to 10 min total. The gene expression levels for the dissected MAV and choroid plexus, as shown and described in this presentation can be found at GSE23093 (MAV) and GSE29733 (choroid plexus) at the NCBI GEO repository. This data has been, and is being, used to help further understand the functioning of the MAV and choroid plexus and how neurotoxic events such as severe hyperthermia and AMPH adversely affect their function.

This video presentation shows a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis.

A descrição visual do Dissecção da vasculatura cerebral Superfície e Meninges Associados e plexo coróide do cérebro de um rato

This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain ...

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first neural circuit in the AOS pathway, called the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), plays an important role in establishing sex-typical behaviors such as territorial aggression and mating. This small (&#60;1 mm3) circuit possesses the capacity to distinguish unique behavioral states, such as sex, strain, and stress from chemosensory cues in the secretions and excretions of conspecifics. While the compact organization of this system presents unique opportunities for recording from large portions of the circuit simultaneously, investigation of sensory processing in the AOB remains challenging, largely due to its experimentally disadvantageous location in the brain. Here, we demonstrate a multi-stage dissection that removes the intact AOB inside a single hemisphere of the anterior mouse skull, leaving connections to both the peripheral vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) and local neuronal circuitry intact. The procedure exposes the AOB surface to direct visual inspection, facilitating electrophysiological and optical recordings from AOB circuit elements in the absence of anesthetics. Upon inserting a thin cannula into the vomeronasal organ (VNO), which houses the VSNs, one can directly expose the periphery to social odors and pheromones while recording downstream activity in the AOB. This procedure enables controlled inquiries into AOS information processing, which can shed light on mechanisms linking pheromone exposure to changes in behavior.

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) has been difficult to study in the context of sensory coding. Here, we demonstrate a dissection that produces an ex vivo preparation in which AOB neurons remain functionally connected to their peripheral inputs, facilitating research into information processing of mouse pheromones and kairomones.

Ex vivo preparações da Intacta Vomeronasal Órgão e acessórios bulbo olfatório

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

In vivo Imagem de cálcio em rato de azeitona inferior

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology

Ex vivo preparations enable the study of many neurophysiological processes in isolation from the rest of the body while preserving local tissue structure. This work describes the preparation of rat sciatic nerves for ex vivo neurophysiology, including buffer preparation, animal procedures, equipment setup and neurophysiological recording. This work provides an overview of the different types of experiments possible with this method. The outlined method aims to provide 6 h of stimulation and recording on extracted peripheral nerve tissue in tightly controlled conditions for optimal consistency in results. Results obtained using this method are A-fibre compound action potentials (CAP) with peak-to-peak amplitudes in the millivolt range over the entire duration of the experiment. CAP amplitudes and shapes are consistent and reliable, making them useful to test and compare new electrodes to existing models, or the effects of interventions on the tissue, such as the use of chemicals, surgical alterations, or neuromodulatory stimulation techniques. Both conventional commercially available cuff electrodes with platinum-iridium contacts and custom-made conductive elastomer electrodes were tested and gave similar results in terms of nerve stimulus strength-duration response.

Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology

This protocol describes the preparation of rat whole sciatic nerve tissue for ex vivo electrophysiological stimulation and recording in an environmentally-regulated, two-compartment, perfused saline bath.

Preparação do Nervo Ciático de Ratos para Neurofisiologia Ex Vivo

Ex vivo preparations enable the study of many neurophysiological processes in isolation from the rest of the body while preserving local tissue structure. ...

Organotypic Cultures of Adult Human Cortex as an Ex vivo Model for Human Stem Cell Transplantation and Validation

Neurodegenerative disorders are common and heterogeneous in terms of their symptoms and cellular affectation, making their study complicated due to the lack of proper animal models that fully mimic human diseases and the poor availability of post-mortem human brain tissue. Adult human nervous tissue culture offers the possibility to study different aspects of neurological disorders. Molecular, cellular, and biochemical mechanisms could be easily addressed in this system, as well as testing and validating drugs or different treatments, such as cell-based therapies. This method combines long-term organotypic cultures of the adult human cortex, obtained from epileptic patients undergoing resective surgery, and ex vivo intracortical transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical progenitors. This method will allow the study of cell survival, neuronal differentiation, the formation of synaptic inputs and outputs, and the electrophysiological properties of human-derived cells after transplantation into intact adult human cortical tissue. This approach is an important step prior to the development of a 3D human disease modeling platform that will bring basic research closer to the clinical translation of stem cell-based therapies for patients with different neurological disorders and allow the development of new tools for reconstructing damaged neural circuits.

Organotypic Cultures of Adult Human Cortex as an Ex vivo Model for Human Stem Cell Transplantation and Validation

This protocol describes long-term organotypic cultures of adult human cortex combined with ex vivo intracortical transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical progenitors, which present a novel methodology to further test stem cell-based therapies for human neurodegenerative disorders.

Culturas organotípicas do córtex humano adulto como modelo ex vivo para transplante e validação de células-tronco humanas

Neurodegenerative disorders are common and heterogeneous in terms of their symptoms and cellular affectation, making their study complicated due to the ...

Microdissection and Whole Mount Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of Mouse Choroid Plexus

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in neuroscience. As it is becoming increasingly clear that this tiny structure plays a crucial role in health and disease of the central nervous system (CNS), it is of utmost importance to properly dissect the CP out of the brain ventricles in a way that allows downstream processing, ranging from functional to structural analysis. Here, isolation of the lateral and fourth brain ventricle mouse CP without the need for specialized tools or equipment is described. This isolation technique preserves the viability, function, and structure of cells within the CP. On account of its high vascularization, the CP can be visualized floating inside the ventricular cavities of the brain using a binocular microscope. However, transcardial perfusion required for downstream analysis can complicate the identification of the CP tissue. Depending on the further processing steps (e.g., RNA and protein analysis), this can be solved by visualizing the CP via transcardial perfusion with bromophenol blue. After isolation, the CP can be processed using several techniques, including RNA, protein, or single cell analysis, to gain further understanding on the function of this special brain structure. Here, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on whole mount CP is used to get an overall view of the structure.

The choroid plexus (CP), an understudied tissue in neuroscience, plays a key role in health and disease of the central nervous system. This protocol describes a microdissection technique for isolating the CP and the use of scanning electron microscopy to obtain an overall view of its cellular structure.

Microdissecção e Visualização por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura de Montagem Completa do Plexo Coroide de Camundongos

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in ...

Silenciamento seletivo de genes no plexo coróide

Targeted Knockdown of Genes in the Choroid Plexus

The choroid plexus (ChP) serves as a critical gateway for immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) under both physiological and pathological conditions. Recent research has shown that regulating ChP activity may offer protection against CNS disorders. However, studying the biological function of the ChP without affecting other brain regions is challenging due to its delicate structure. This study presents a novel method for gene knockdown in ChP tissue using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) or cyclization recombination enzyme (Cre) recombinase protein consisting of TAT sequence (CRE-TAT). The results demonstrate that after injecting AAV or CRE-TAT into the lateral ventricle, the fluorescence was exclusively concentrated in the ChP. Using this approach, the study successfully knocked down the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) in the ChP using RNA interference (RNAi) or Cre/locus of X-overP1 (Cre/LoxP) systems, and showed that this knockdown could alleviate the pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This technique may have important implications for future research on the ChP's role in CNS disorders.

Autor em destaque: Insights e inovações em técnicas de manipulação de expressão gênica para pesquisa do plexo coróide 

Here, we describe a method to selectively alter gene expressions in the choroid plexus while avoiding any impact in other brain areas.

Knockdown direcionado de genes no plexo coroide

The choroid plexus (ChP) serves as a critical gateway for immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) under both physiological and ...