The authors would like to acknowledge funding from a National Institutes of Health grant RO1AI049294 (to M. S.).

1. Execute Reaction ATP hidrólise com Proteína Purificada <ol><li> Prepare estoques de todos os reagentes necessários para a incubação com proteína purificada. <ol><li> Prepare 5x HEPES / NaCl / glicerol (HNG) contendo tampão HEPES 100 mM, pH 8,5, NaCl 65 mM e glicerol a 5% (ou outro tampão de ensaio conforme o caso). </li><li> Preparação de 100 mM de MgCl2 (ou outro metal, se é de ATPase dependente de metais) em água. </li><li> Prepare fresco ATP 100 mM em 200 mM Tris Base (não ajustar o pH ainda mais), utilizando alta ATP pureza. Alíquotas e armazenar o estoque de ATP a -20 ° C durante não mais do que algumas semanas, como ATP vai quebrar ao longo do tempo, e se abstenham de congelamento e descongelamento o estoque de ATP. </li><li> Pré-mistura de MgCl2 e ATP em uma relação de 1: 1 pouco antes de se a reacção de hidrólise de ATP. </li></ol></li><li> Preparar e rotular tubos de 1,5 ml para a recolha de amostras em intervalos regulares ao longo da reacção. Preparar tubos para recolher amostras no momento 0 e no momento 15, 30,45 e 60 min. NOTA: Como alternativa, recolher amostras apenas em tempo de 0 e o ponto final. <ol><li> Adicionar 245 ul de tampão 1x HNG a cada tubo, a fim de diluir as amostras recolhidas a partir das reações de hidrólise de ATP 1:50. </li></ol></li><li> Prepara-se uma banho de gelo seco e etanol para congelar rapidamente amostras para parar a reacção. Em um balde de borracha gelo ou recipiente outra segura (não de plástico), adicione vários pedaços de gelo seco e despeje com cuidado suficiente de etanol 70-100% para cobrir o gelo seco. </li><li> Diluir proteína purificada em tampão HNG 1x, conforme apropriado (tipicamente 5-10 mM), e manter em gelo. </li><li> Configurar as reações de hidrólise de ATP. <ol><li> Em separados 0,5 ml de tubos para cada amostra, adicionar os seguintes reagentes (por ordem): H2O (até um volume final de 30 ul), 6 ul de 5x tampão HNG ou outra, 3 ul de MgCl 100 mM de 2 -ATP mistura, e 0,25-5 proteína uM. </li><li> Incluir uma única tampão-condicionado de controlo negativo em que é adicionado nenhuma proteína.</li></ol></li><li> Retirar 5 ul a partir da reacção no tempo 0, dilui-se a 1:50 em o tubo de 1,5 mL contendo 245 uL preparado tampão HNG, e congelar imediatamente a amostra no banho de gelo seco / etanol. </li><li> Incubar as reacções a 37 ° C para permitir a hidrólise do ATP a ocorrer durante 1 h. Em cada intervalo (15, 30, 45, e 60 min), remover aliquotas de 5 ul a partir da reacção e adicionar aos tubos de amostra marcado contendo tampão HNG como no passo 1.6. </li><li> No final da reacção de hidrólise de ATP, mover-se amostras diluídas para um congelador de -80 ° C para armazenamento. Para garantir que todas as amostras são completamente congelado, espere pelo menos 10 minutos antes de prosseguir. </li></ol> 2. As amostras Incubar Contendo gratuito Pi com Detecção de Reagente <ol><li> Descongelar as amostras diluídas contendo alíquotas de reacção de hidrólise de ATP em cada ponto de tempo (obtidos a partir dos passos 1,6 e 1,7) à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Defina-se uma placa de 96 poços contendo amostras e padrões de fosfato. <ol><li> Em 0,5 ml de uma TUser, dilui-se o padrão de fosfato (fornecida com o reagente de detecção Pi) a partir de 800 uM a 40 uM por adição de 5,5 mL de tampão HNG a 800 uM padrão de 104,5 ul. Misturar bem e adicionar 100 ul deste padrão 40 pM Pi a bem A1 de uma placa de 96 poços. </li><li> Adicionar tampão HNG 50 ul a poços B1-H1 para 1: 1 de diluições em série do padrão Pi. </li><li> Remover 50 pi de 40 uM de Pi bem A1 e adicionar ao tampão de ensaio 50 uL de B1 bem, misturar e remover a partir de 50 ul bem B1 e adicionar ao Poço C1, continuando através de diluições G1 bem. Descartar 50 ul de G1 bem após a mistura para assegurar a cada poço tem o mesmo volume. Bem H1 deve conter apenas buffer para criar um padrão Pi 40-0 M. NOTA: Se um factor adicional (tal como um inibidor) foi adicionado às amostras, criar uma curva padrão, contendo esse factor para controlar as variações de libertação de fosfato ou absorvância sob essas condições. </li><li> Adicionar 50 ul de cada SAMPle em duplicado à placa. Adicionar amostras a partir do mesmo ponto de tempo em colunas verticalmente (amostra de 1 hora 0 = A2, A3; amostra 2 0 tempo = B2, B3) e diferentes pontos de tempo horizontalmente. Isto permite até 8 amostras e 5 pontos de tempo por placa. </li></ol></li><li> Usar uma pipeta estéril para remover o reagente suficiente malaquite verde / molibdato Pi detecção para adicionar 100 ul a cada um dos poços que contêm as amostras e padrões (reagente necessários (ml) = 0,1 x número de amostras e os padrões) e adicionar a um prato para facilitar a pipetagem utilizando uma pipeta multicanal. Não despeje o reagente de detecção diretamente no prato, como a contaminação Pi é provável que ocorra. </li><li> Usando uma pipeta multicanal, adicionar 100 uL de reagente de detecção Pi a cada poço e misture cuidadosamente por pipetagem para cima e para baixo um número consistente de vezes sem bolhas de introdução, de um modo preferido, a fim de os últimos pontos de tempo para os primeiros pontos de tempo. </li><li> Incubar a placa durante 25 minutos à temperatura ambiente, ou de acordo com a madireções de nufacturer. </li></ol> 3. Resultados quantificar usando um leitor de microplacas <ol><li> Leia a absorvância das amostras a 650 nm usando um leitor de microplacas de absorvância. </li><li> Fazer uma curva padrão Pi. Usando um software de gráficos, o gráfico dos valores de absorção para as amostras padrão Pi em função da concentração, a fim de encontrar uma equação usada para resolver a quantidade de fosfato em cada amostra. </li><li> Calcula-se a actividade de ATPase para cada amostra de calibração com o padrão de fosfato. Fosfato libertado = (OD 650 - Y ordenada) / inclinação. <ol><li> Média do total Pi de duplicatas de cada amostra. Subtrair a leitura de absorvância do controlo só de tampão a partir deste número. Multiplique isso pelo fator de diluição (50 no nosso exemplo). </li><li> Determine o Pi nmol libertada por proteína mol. Representação gráfica destes valores para cada ponto de tempo em um ensaio cinético deve render ajuste linear de, pelo menos, R = 0,99 (Figura 1); Se not, o ensaio pode ser ajustado com mais ou menos proteína ou um tempo de incubação mais longo ou mais curto. </li></ol></li><li> Representam os resultados como nmol de Pi / mol de proteína / min (Figuras 2, 3), ou como proteínas nmol Pi / g / min, se desejado. </li></ol>

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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct,+Real-time+measurement+of+rapid+inorganic+phosphate+release+using+a+novel+fluorescent+probe+and+its+application+to+actomyosin+subfragment+1+ATPase.">Direct, Real-time measurement of rapid inorganic phosphate release using a novel fluorescent probe and its application to actomyosin subfragment 1 ATPase.</a> Biochemistry. 33 (27), 8262-8271 (1994).</li><li>Carter, S. G., Karl, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inorganic+phosphate+assay+with+malachite+green:+An+improvement+and+evaluation.">Inorganic phosphate assay with malachite green: An improvement and evaluation.</a> J Biochem Biophys Methods. 7 (1), 7-13 (1982).</li><li>Henkel, R. D., VandeBerg, J. L., Walsh, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microassay+for+ATPase.">A microassay for ATPase.</a> Anal Biochem. 169 (2), 312-318 (1988).</li><li>Harder, K. W., Owen, P., Wong, L. K. H., Aebersold, R., Clark-Lewis, I., Jirik, F. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+and+kinetic+analysis+of+the+intracellular+domain+of+human+protein+tyrosine+phosphatase+&#946;+(HPTP+&#946;)+using+synthetic+phosphopeptides.">Characterization and kinetic analysis of the intracellular domain of human protein tyrosine phosphatase &#946; (HPTP &#946;) using synthetic phosphopeptides.</a> Biochem J. 298 (2), 395-401 (1994).</li><li>Camberg, J. L., Johnson, T. L., Patrick, M., Abendroth, J., Hol, W. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decoupling+catalytic+activity+from+biological+function+of+the+ATPase+that+powers+lipopolysaccharide+transport.">Decoupling catalytic activity from biological function of the ATPase that powers lipopolysaccharide transport.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111 (13), 4982-4987 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+cofactor+regulation+with+disease-associated+p97/VCP+mutations.">Altered cofactor regulation with disease-associated p97/VCP mutations.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112 (14), E1705-E1714 (2015).</li><li>Rowlands, M. G., Newbatt, Y. M., Prodromou, C., Pearl, L. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Este é um protocolo geral para a medição da actividade ATPase in vitro de proteínas purificadas para a caracterização bioquímica. Este método é facilmente optimizado; Por exemplo, ajustando a quantidade de proteína, tampão e composições de sal, temperatura, e variando-se o comprimento de ensaio e intervalos (incluindo o aumento do número total de intervalos) pode melhorar a actividade de quantificação. reagentes verde à base de malaquita comercialmente disponíveis são altamente sens?...

ATPases are integral enzymes in many processes across all kingdoms of life. ATPases act as molecular motors that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power such diverse reactions as protein trafficking, unfolding, and assembly; replication and transcription; cellular metabolism; muscle movement; cell motility; and ion pumping1-3. Some ATPases are transmembrane proteins involved in transporting solutes across membranes, others are cytoplasmic and may be associated with a biological membrane such as the plasma membrane or those of organelles.
AAA+ ATPases (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) make up a large group of ATPases that share some sequence and structural conservation. These proteins contain conserved nucleotide binding motifs such as Walker-A and -B boxes and form oligomers (generally hexamers) in their active state1. Large conformational changes in these proteins upon nucleotide binding have been characterized among diverse members of the AAA+ family. EpsE is a AAA+ ATPase and member of the bacterial Type II/IV secretion subfamily of NTPases4-6. EpsE powers Type II Secretion (T2S) in Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. The T2S system is responsible for the secretion of a wide variety of proteins, such as the virulence factor cholera toxin that causes profuse watery diarrhea when V. cholerae colonizes the human small intestine7. 
Techniques for quantitating in vitro ATPase activity are varied, but commonly measure phosphate release using colorimetric, fluorescent, or radioactive substrates8-11. We describe a basic method for determining in vitro ATPase activity of purified proteins using a colorimetric assay based on a commercially available malachite green-containing substrate that measures liberated inorganic phosphate (Pi). At low pH, malachite green molybdate forms a complex with Pi and the level of complex formation can be measured at 650 nm. This simple and sensitive assay may be used to functionally characterize new ATPases and to evaluate the roles of potential activators or inhibitors, to determine the importance of domains and/or specific residues, or to assess the effect of particular treatments on enzymatic activity.

<table><tbody><tr><td>HEPES buffer</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP310-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP358-212</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium chloride</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP214-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP41325</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96-well plates (clear, flat-bottom)</td><td>VWR</td><td>82050-760</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BIOMOL Green</td><td>Enzo Life Sciences</td><td>BML-AK111</td><td>Preferred phosphate detection reagent. Caution: irritant.</td></tr><tr><td>Microplate reader</td><td></td><td></td><td>BioTek Synergy or comparable</td></tr><tr><td>Prism 5</td><td>GraphPad Software</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring in vitro atpase activity for enzymatic characterization

enzimas de hidrólise de trifosfato de adenosina, ou ATPases, desempenham um papel crítico num conjunto diversificado de funções celulares. Estas proteínas dinâmicas podem gerar energia para o trabalho mecânico, tais como o tráfico de proteínas e degradação, transporte de soluto e movimentos celulares. O protocolo aqui descrito é um ensaio de base para a medição da actividade in vitro de ATPases purificadas para a caracterização funcional. Proteínas hidrolisar ATP numa reacção que resulta na libertação de fosfato inorgânico, e a quantidade de fosfato libertado é então quantificada utilizando um ensaio colorimétrico. Este protocolo altamente adaptável pode ser ajustado para medir a actividade de ATPase em ensaios cinéticos ou terminal. Um protocolo representante é fornecido aqui com base na atividade e as exigências de Epse, a AAA + ATPase envolvida no Tipo II Secreção na bactéria Vibrio cholerae. A quantidade de proteína purificada necessária para medir a actividade, duração do ensaio e o calendário e número de saintervalos mpling, tampão e a composição de sal, temperatura, co-factores, estimulantes (se houver), etc., podem variar a partir dos descritos aqui, e, assim, alguma optimização pode ser necessário. Este protocolo fornece uma estrutura básica para ATPases que caracterizam e pode ser realizado de forma rápida e facilmente ajustado conforme necessário.

A actividade in vitro da ATPase T2S Epse pode ser estimulada por copurification de Epse com o domínio citoplasmático de EPSL (Epse-cytoEpsL) e adição do ácido 12 cardiolipina fosfolípido. É também possível determinar o papel de determinados resíduos Epse em hidrólise de ATP comparando a actividade do tipo selvagem (WT) para formas variantes da proteína utilizando este ensaio. Aqui, o efeito da substituição de dois resíduos de lisina no domínio de liga?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring In Vitro ATPase Activity for Enzymatic Characterization at JoVE.com

Measuring In Vitro ATPase Activity for Enzymatic Characterization

We describe a basic protocol for quantitating in vitro ATPase activity. This protocol can be optimized based on the level of activity and requirements for a given purified ATPase.

Medindo<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Actividade ATPase para enzimática Caracterização

Adenosine triphosphate-hydrolyzing enzymes, or ATPases, play a critical role in a diverse array of cellular functions. These dynamic proteins can generate ...

measuring-in-vitro-atpase-activity-for-enzymatic-characterization

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Measuring In Vitro ATPase Activity for Enzymatic Characterization

18.0K visualizações.  University of Michigan. We describe a basic protocol for quantitating in vitro ATPase activity. This protocol can be optimized based on the level of activity and requirements for a given purified ATPase.

Vídeo: Measuring In Vitro ATPase Activity for Enzymatic Characterization

Assaying Protein Kinase Activity with Radiolabeled ATP

Protein kinases are able to govern large-scale cellular changes in response to complex arrays of stimuli, and much effort has been directed at uncovering allosteric details of their regulation. Kinases comprise signaling networks whose defects are often hallmarks of multiple forms of cancer and related diseases, making an assay platform amenable to manipulation of upstream regulatory factors and validation of reaction requirements critical in the search for improved therapeutics. Here, we describe a basic kinase assay that can be easily adapted to suit specific experimental questions including but not limited to testing the effects of biochemical and pharmacological agents, genetic manipulations such as mutation and deletion, as well as cell culture conditions and treatments to probe cell signaling mechanisms. This assay utilizes radiolabeled [&#947;-32P] ATP, which allows for quantitative comparisons and clear visualization of results, and can be modified for use with immunoprecipitated or recombinant kinase, specific or typified substrates, all over a wide range of reaction conditions.

Protein kinases are highly evolved signaling enzymes and scaffolds that are critical for inter- and intracellular signal transduction. We present a protocol for measuring kinase activity through the use of radiolabeled adenosine triphosphate ([&#947;-32P] ATP), a reliable method to aid in elucidation of cellular signaling regulation.

Ensaio de Atividade da Proteína Quinase com ATP Radiomarcado

Protein kinases are able to govern large-scale cellular changes in response to complex arrays of stimuli, and much effort has been directed at uncovering ...

Bioquímica

Characterization at the Molecular Level using Robust Biochemical Approaches of a New Kinase Protein

Extensive whole genome sequencing has identified many Open Reading Frames (ORFs) providing many potential proteins. These proteins may have important roles for the cell and may unravel new cellular processes. Among proteins, kinases are major actors as they belong to cell signaling pathways and have the ability to switch on or off many processes crucial to the fate of the cell, such as cell growth, division, differentiation, motility, and death.
In this study, we focused on a new potential kinase protein, LIMK2-1. We demonstrated its existence by Western Blot using a specific antibody. We evaluated its interaction with an upstream regulating protein using coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Coimmunoprecipitation is a very powerful technique able to detect the interaction between two target proteins. It may also be used to detect new partners of a bait protein. The bait protein may be purified either via a tag engineered to its sequence or via an antibody specifically targeting it. These protein complexes may then be separated by SDS-PAGE (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate PolyAcrylamide Gel) and identified using mass spectrometry. Immunoprecipitated LIMK2-1 was also used to test its kinase activity in vitro by &#947;[32P] ATP labeling. This well-established assay may use many different substrates, and mutated versions of the bait may be used to assess the role of specific residues. The effects of pharmacological agents may also be evaluated since this technique is both highly sensitive and quantitative. Nonetheless, radioactivity handling requires particular caution. Kinase activity may also be assessed with specific antibodies targeting the phospho group of the modified amino acid. These kinds of antibodies are not commercially available for all the phospho modified residues.

We characterized a new kinase protein using robust biochemical approaches: Western Blot analysis with a dedicated specific antibody on different cell lines and tissues, interactions by coimmunoprecipitation experiments, kinase activity detected by Western Blot using a phospho-specific antibody and by &#947;[32P] ATP labeling.

Caracterização no nível molecular usando abordagens bioquímicas robustas de uma nova proteína quinase

Extensive whole genome sequencing has identified many Open Reading Frames (ORFs) providing many potential proteins. These proteins may have important ...

A Semi-High-Throughput Adaptation of the NADH-Coupled ATPase Assay for Screening Small Molecule Inhibitors

ATPase enzymes utilize the free energy stored in adenosine triphosphate to catalyze a wide variety of endergonic biochemical processes in vivo that would not occur spontaneously. These proteins are crucial for essentially all aspects of cellular life, including metabolism, cell division, responses to environmental changes and movement. The protocol presented here describes a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-coupled ATPase assay that has been adapted to semi-high throughput screening of small molecule ATPase inhibitors. The assay has been applied to cardiac and skeletal muscle myosin II's, two actin-based molecular motor ATPases, as a proof of principle. The hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to the oxidation of NADH by enzymatic reactions in the assay. First, the ADP generated by the ATPase is regenerated to ATP by pyruvate kinase (PK). PK catalyzes the transition of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate in parallel. Subsequently, pyruvate is reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which catalyzes the oxidation of NADH in parallel. Thus, the decrease in ATP concentration is directly correlated to the decrease in NADH concentration, which is followed by change to the intrinsic fluorescence of NADH. As long as PEP is available in the reaction system, the ADP concentration remains very low, avoiding inhibition of the ATPase enzyme by its own product. Moreover, the ATP concentration remains nearly constant, yielding linear time courses. The fluorescence is monitored continuously, which allows for easy estimation of the quality of data and helps to filter out potential artifacts (e.g., arising from compound precipitation or thermal changes).

A nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-coupled ATPase assay has been adapted to semihigh throughput screening of small molecule myosin inhibitors. This kinetic assay is run in a 384-well microplate format with total reaction volumes of only 20 &#181;L per well. The platform should be applicable to virtually any ADP producing enzyme.

Uma adaptação semi-high-throughput do ensaio ATPase NADH-acoplado para a seleção de inibidores pequenos da molécula

ATPase enzymes utilize the free energy stored in adenosine triphosphate to catalyze a wide variety of endergonic biochemical processes in vivo that would ...

Nucleoside Triphosphate Hydrolases Assay in Toxoplasm gondii and Neospora caninum for High-Throughput Screening using a Robot Arm

Protozoan parasites infect humans and many warm-blooded animals. Toxoplasma gondii, a major protozoan parasite, is commonly found in HIV-positive patients, organ transplant recipients and pregnant women, resulting in the severe health condition, Toxoplasmosis. Another major protozoan, Neospora caninum, which bears many similarities to Toxoplasma gondii, causes serious diseases in animals, as does Encephalomyelitis and Myositis-Polyradiculitis in dogs and cows, resulting in stillborn calves. All these exhibited similar nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases (NTPase). Neospora caninum has a NcNTPase, while Toxoplasma gondii has a TgNTPase-I. The enzymes are thought to play crucial roles in propagation and survival. In order to establish compounds and/or extracts preventing protozoan infection, we targeted these enzymes for drug discovery. The next step was to establish a novel, highly sensitive, and highly accurate assay by combining a conventional biochemical enzyme assay with a fluorescent assay to determine ADP content. We also validated that the novel assay fulfills the criteria to carry out high-throughput screening (HTS) in the two protozoan enzymes. We performed HTS, identified 19 compounds and six extracts from two synthetic compound libraries and an extract library derived from marine bacteria, respectively. In this study, a detailed explanation has been introduced on how to carry out HTS, including information about the preparation of reagents, devices, robot arm, etc.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Ensaio de trifosfato hidrolases de nucleosídeo em Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum para triagem de alto rendimento usando um braço robótico

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections are found in humans and animals and lead to serious health issues. The two parasites share similar nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases and play important roles in propagation and survival. We established a high-standard assay of the enzymes requiring robot arm usage.

Ensaio de trifosfato hidrolases de nucleosídeo em Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum para triagem de alto rendimento usando um braço robótico

Protozoan parasites infect humans and many warm-blooded animals. Toxoplasma gondii, a major protozoan parasite, is commonly found in HIV-positive ...

Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity  of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase

Acetate kinase, a member of the acetate and sugar kinase-Hsp70-actin (ASKHA) enzyme superfamily1-5, is responsible for the reversible phosphorylation of acetate to acetyl phosphate utilizing ATP as a substrate. Acetate kinases are ubiquitous in the Bacteria, found in one genus of Archaea, and are also present in microbes of the Eukarya6. The most well characterized acetate kinase is that from the methane-producing archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila7-14. An acetate kinase which can only utilize PPi but not ATP in the acetyl phosphate-forming direction has been isolated from Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebic dysentery, and has thus far only been found in this genus15,16.
In the direction of acetyl phosphate formation, acetate kinase activity is typically measured using the hydroxamate assay, first described by Lipmann17-20, a coupled assay in which conversion of ATP to ADP is coupled to oxidation of NADH to NAD+ by the enzymes pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase21,22, or an assay measuring release of inorganic phosphate after reaction of the acetyl phosphate product with hydroxylamine23. Activity in the opposite, acetate-forming direction is measured by coupling ATP formation from ADP to the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH by the enzymes hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase24.
Here we describe a method for the detection of acetate kinase activity in the direction of acetate formation that does not require coupling enzymes, but is instead based on direct determination of acetyl phosphate consumption. After the enzymatic reaction, remaining acetyl phosphate is converted to a ferric hydroxamate complex that can be measured spectrophotometrically, as for the hydroxamate assay. Thus, unlike the standard coupled assay for this direction that is dependent on the production of ATP from ADP, this direct assay can be used for acetate kinases that produce ATP or PPi.

A method for the determination of acetate kinase activity is described. This assay utilizes a direct reaction for determining enzyme activity and kinetics of acetate kinase in the acetate-forming direction with different phosphoryl acceptors. Furthermore, this method can be utilized for assaying other acetyl phosphate or acetyl-CoA utilizing enzymes.

Detecção direta da Atividade Acetato de formação do Acetato Quinase Enzima

Acetate kinase, a member of the acetate and sugar kinase-Hsp70-actin (ASKHA) enzyme superfamily1-5, is responsible for the reversible phosphorylation of ...

Biologia

A Purification and In Vitro Activity Assay for a (p)ppGpp Synthetase from Clostridium difficile

Kinase and pyrophosphokinase enzymes transfer the gamma phosphate or the beta-gamma pyrophosphate moiety from nucleotide triphosphate precursors to substrates to create phosphorylated products. The use of &#947;-32-P labeled NTP precursors allows simultaneous monitoring of substrate utilization and product formation by radiography. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) on cellulose plates allows rapid separation and sensitive quantification of substrate and product. We present a method for utilizing the thin-layer chromatography to assay the pyrophosphokinase activity of a purified (p)ppGpp synthetase. This method has previously been used to characterize the activity of cyclic nucleotide and dinucleotide synthetases and is broadly suitable for characterizing the activity of any enzyme that hydrolyzes a nucleotide triphosphate bond or transfers a terminal phosphate from a phosphate donor to another molecule.

A Purification and In Vitro Activity Assay for a pppGpp Synthetase from Clostridium difficile

Here, we describe a method for purifying histidine-tagged pyrophosphokinase enzymes and utilizing thin layer chromatography of radiolabelled substrates and products to assay for the enzymatic activity in vitro. The enzyme activity assay is broadly applicable to any kinase, nucleotide cyclase, or phosphor-transfer reaction whose mechanism includes nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis.

Uma purificação e ensaio de atividade In Vitro para um ppGpp (p) sintetase de Clostridium difficile

Kinase and pyrophosphokinase enzymes transfer the gamma phosphate or the beta-gamma pyrophosphate moiety from nucleotide triphosphate precursors to ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes

The protein kinase C (PKC) family of isozymes is involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Our recent data demonstrate that PKC regulates mitochondrial function and cellular energy status. Numerous reports demonstrated that the activation of PKC-a and PKC-&epsilon; improves mitochondrial function in the ischemic heart and mediates cardioprotection. In contrast, we have demonstrated that PKC-&alpha; and PKC-&epsilon; are involved in nephrotoxicant-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in kidney cells. Therefore, the goal of this study was to develop an in vitro model of renal cells maintaining active mitochondrial functions in which PKC isozymes could be selectively activated or inhibited to determine their role in regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and cell survival. Primary cultures of renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC) were cultured in improved conditions resulting in mitochondrial respiration and activity of mitochondrial enzymes similar to those in RPTC in vivo. Because traditional transfection techniques (Lipofectamine, electroporation) are inefficient in primary cultures and have adverse effects on mitochondrial function, PKC-&epsilon; mutant cDNAs were delivered to RPTC through adenoviral vectors. This approach results in transfection of over 90% cultured RPTC.
Here, we present methods for assessing the role of PKC-&epsilon; in: 1. regulation of mitochondrial morphology and functions associated with ATP synthesis, and 2. survival of RPTC in primary culture. PKC-&epsilon; is activated by overexpressing the constitutively active PKC-&epsilon; mutant. PKC-&epsilon; is inhibited by overexpressing the inactive mutant of PKC-&epsilon;. Mitochondrial function is assessed by examining respiration, integrity of the respiratory chain, activities of respiratory complexes and F0F1-ATPase, ATP production rate, and ATP content. Respiration is assessed in digitonin-permeabilized RPTC as state 3 (maximum respiration in the presence of excess substrates and ADP) and uncoupled respirations. Integrity of the respiratory chain is assessed by measuring activities of all four complexes of the respiratory chain in isolated mitochondria. Capacity of oxidative phosphorylation is evaluated by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP production rate, and activity of F0F1-ATPase. Energy status of RPTC is assessed by determining the intracellular ATP content. Mitochondrial morphology in live cells is visualized using MitoTracker Red 580, a fluorescent dye that specifically accumulates in mitochondria, and live monolayers are examined under a fluorescent microscope. RPTC viability is assessed using annexin V/propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry to determine apoptosis and oncosis.
These methods allow for a selective activation/inhibition of individual PKC isozymes to assess their role in cellular functions in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions that can be reproduced in in vitro.

The effects of activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes on mitochondrial functions associated with respiration and oxidative phosphorylation and on cell viability are described. The approach adapts adenoviral technique to selectively overexpress PKC isozymes in primary cell culture and a variety of assays to determine mitochondrial functions and energy status of the cell.

Avaliação de funções mitocondriais e viabilidade celular em células renais Proteína Kinase C superexpressão Isozimas

The protein kinase C (PKC) family of isozymes is involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Our recent data demonstrate that PKC ...

Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes

Members of the SNF2 family of ATPases often function as components of multi-subunit chromatin remodeling complexes that regulate nucleosome dynamics and DNA accessibility by catalyzing ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling. Biochemically dissecting the contributions of individual subunits of such complexes to the multi-step ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling reaction requires the use of assays that monitor the production of reaction products and measure the formation of reaction intermediates. This JOVE protocol describes assays that allow one to measure the biochemical activities of chromatin remodeling complexes or subcomplexes containing various combinations of subunits. Chromatin remodeling is measured using an ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding assay, which monitors the movement of a nucleosome on a DNA molecule using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA)-based method. Nucleosome binding activity is measured by monitoring the formation of remodeling complex-bound mononucleosomes using a similar EMSA-based method, and DNA- or nucleosome-dependent ATPase activity is assayed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) to measure the rate of conversion of ATP to ADP and phosphate in the presence of either DNA or nucleosomes. Using these assays, one can examine the functions of subunits of a chromatin remodeling complex by comparing the activities of the complete complex to those lacking one or more subunits. The human INO80 chromatin remodeling complex is used as an example; however, the methods described here can be adapted to the study of other chromatin remodeling complexes.

Here we describe biochemical assays that can be used to characterize ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes for their abilities to 1) catalyze ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding, 2) engage with nucleosome substrates, and 3) hydrolyze ATP in a nucleosome- or DNA-dependent manner.

Os ensaios bioquímicos para analisar as actividades de ATP-dependente cromatina remodelação Enzimas

Members of the SNF2 family of ATPases often function as components of multi-subunit chromatin remodeling complexes that regulate nucleosome dynamics and ...

In Vitro Assay to Measure Phosphatidylethanolamine Methyltransferase Activity

Phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferases are biosynthetic enzymes that catalyze the transfer of one or more methyl group(s) from S-adenosyl-L-methionine onto phosphatidylethanolamine, monomethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, or dimethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine to give either monomethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, dimethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine. These enzymes are ubiquitous in animal cells, fungi, and are also found in approximately 10% of bacteria. They fulfill various important functions in cell physiology beyond their direct role in lipid metabolism such as in insulin resistance, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cell growth, or virulence. The present manuscript reports on a simple cell-free enzymatic assay that measures the transfer of tritiated methyl group(s) from S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine onto phosphatidylethanolamine using whole cell extracts as an enzyme source. The resulting methylated forms of phosphatidylethanolamine are hydrophobic and thus, can be separated from water soluble S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine by organic extraction. This assay can potentially be applied to any other cell types and used to test inhibitors/drugs specific to a phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase of interest without the need to purify the enzyme.

In Vitro Assay to Measure Phosphatidylethanolamine Methyltransferase Activity

The present report describes an in vitro enzymatic assay to measure phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity using Leishmania cell extracts. This assay is based on the transfer of a radioactive methyl group from S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine onto endogenous phosphatidylethanolamine.

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