This study was financially supported by the Korean Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center program 2012M3A6A8054887). P. Kim was supported by a fellowship from the Catholic University of Korea (2015).

1. Preparação Equipamento <ol><li> Obter um frasco quimiostato (150-250 ml) ou num balão de Erlenmeyer (250 ml) contendo uma abertura de entrada e uma porta de saída. Ligue as portas com tubo de silicone que permite taxas de fluxo de 10-100 ml / hr. Opcionalmente, usar um respiradouro de ar, uma porta de saída de ar, e portas de entrada e saída de água de temperatura controlada. </li><li> Obter um dispositivo adequado para o frasco quimiostato que fornece para agitação e controlo da temperatura (ou usar um incubador com agitação rotativa). </li><li> Obter duas bombas peristálticas de modo a fornecer meio fresco e recolher a cultura. </li><li> Obter um frasco reservatório (10-20 L) contendo um orifício de saída médio e uma porta de entrada de ar. </li><li> Obter tubo de silicone adequado para a taxa de diluição (isto é, identificação de 0,8 milímetros, a gama de fluxo 0,06-36 mL / min; L / S 13 tubos). </li></ol> 2. Médio Preparação e Esterilização <ol><li> meio inicial <ol><li> Dissolve-se 0,3 g de glucose, 0,08 g de NH 4Cl, 0,05 g de NaCl, 0,75 g de Na 2 HPO 4 · 2H 2 O, e 0,3 g de KH 2 PO 4 em 90 ml de água destilada (DW) em um frasco de quimiostato. </li><li> Selar o frasco quemostato junto com a tubulação usando grampos. Não selar a abertura de ar. </li><li> Esteriliza-se o frasco quimiostato numa autoclave a 121 ° C durante 15 min. Após a esterilização, armazenar o frasco quimiostato à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Dissolve-se 0,02 g de MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 0,01 g de CaCl2, e 0,1 mg de tiamina em 10 ml de DW (solução A). </li><li> Filtrar a solução A, utilizando uma seringa e um filtro de seringa pré-esterilizados (um filtro de 0,45 um de poro). </li><li> Adicionar a solução A filtrados para o frasco quemostato. </li></ol></li><li> Média Tensão <ol><li> Dissolve-se 30 g de glucose, 8 g de NH 4 Cl, 5 g de NaCl, 75 g de Na 2 HPO 4 · 2H 2 O, 30 g de KH 2 PO 4, e 300 g de succinato dissódico hexa-hidratado (Na 2 · · succinato 6H &lt;sub&gt; 2 O; o estressor utilizado neste experimento) em 9,9 L DW em um frasco reservatório. </li><li> Selar o frasco reservatório junto com a tubulação usando grampos. Não selar a abertura de ar. </li><li> Esteriliza-se o frasco reservatório em autoclave a 121 ° C durante 15 min. Após a esterilização, armazenar o frasco à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Dissolve-se 2 g de MgSO 4 7H 2 O ·, 1 g de CaCl2, e 10 mg de tiamina em 100 ml de DW (solução A). </li><li> Filtrar a solução A com uma seringa e um filtro de seringa pré-esterilizados (um filtro de 0,45 um de poro). </li><li> Adicionar a solução A filtrados para o frasco reservatório. </li><li> Assepticamente conectar o tubo de silicone esterilizados para o frasco reservatório e anexar as bombas peristálticas. </li></ol></li><li> Médio-Alto estresse <ol><li> Prepare o meio como na secção 2.2, mas com uma maior concentração de estressor (ou seja, 3-5 g / L maior na adaptação succinato). Nota: Este protocolo é para adaptação a um estresse thno pode ser entregue através do meio. No caso de factores de stress físicos, tais como a temperatura, agitação, ou iluminação, o cultivo deve ser concebido em conformidade. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. cultivo inicial <ol><li> Inocular uma única colônia de tipo selvagem E. coli em um tubo de ensaio de 15 mL contendo 4 mL de meio inicial. </li><li> Incubar o tubo de ensaio num incubador com agitação durante 12 h a 37 ° C e 220 rpm. </li><li> Transfira assepticamente 1 ml de pré-cultura para o frasco quemostato. </li><li> Incubar o frasco quimiostato, fornecendo para arejamento (ar de 50 ml / min) e agitação (200 rpm), a 37 ° C durante 6 h. </li></ol> Adaptação 4. Estresse <ol><li> Assepticamente ligue a extremidade do tubo de silicone das bombas para o frasco quemostato. </li><li> Inicie a bomba de saída (10 ml / h ou superior) e recolher a cultura. Nota: A cultura deve estar na fase exponencial, tipicamente 4-8 horas após o cultivo inicial. </li><li> CHeck a densidade óptica (600 nm) da cultura a partir do tubo de saída. </li><li> Iniciar a bomba de entrada (10 ml / h, correspondendo a uma taxa de diluição de 0,1 hr -1). </li><li> Verifique a densidade óptica da cultura a 600 nm da tomada da tubagem a cada 24 h. </li><li> Operar o quimiostato durante 96 horas (volume 9,6 vezes) ou mais. Se a densidade óptica é estável, trocar o reservatório que contém o meio de alta tensão. Se a densidade óptica é inferior a 0,2, parar a bomba de entrada alimenta durante 6 h. Reinicie a bomba de entrada e verifique se a densidade óptica é superior a 0,2. </li><li> Aumentar gradualmente a concentração do estressor alterando a um reservatório que contém uma concentração mais elevada estressor. </li><li> Retirar amostras da cultura adaptada quando ela atinge um marco (por exemplo, uma estirpe adaptada a 100 g / L de stress succinato), e armazenamento para posterior análise genómica. </li><li> Para o armazenamento da amostra, misturar a amostra de cultura (0,5 ml) com um soluti esterilizado glicerol 80%na (0,5 ml) e armazená-lo a -80 ° C. Nota: Se o microorganismo adquire a capacidade de degradar o estressor durante o processo de ALE, a concentração estressor no frasco de fermentação não é a mesma que no reservatório fresco. </li></ol> 5.-colônia Único isolamento da estirpe adaptada-Stress <ol><li> Preparar o meio da placa de agar (1,6% de agar) contendo a mesma estressor e na mesma concentração do meio. </li><li> Placa da cultura de saída (0,1 ml) a partir do quimiostato, e incuba-se a 37 ° C durante 16 horas. </li><li> Escolha colónias isoladas da placa utilizando um palito esterilizado e inocular-los em 15 ml de tubos de ensaio que contêm o mesmo estressor e na mesma concentração forma como no quimiostato, e incuba-se durante 6 h. </li><li> Transferir 1 ml do caldo de cultura num balão de Erlenmeyer de 250 mL contendo 50 mL de meio. Colheita de 0,5 ml do caldo de cultura a cada um de RH, e medir a DO a 600 nm. Compare a taxa de crescimento do strai adaptadaN ao da estirpe de tipo selvagem dado o estressor. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Rando, O. J., Verstrepen, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Timescales+of+genetic+and+epigenetic+inheritance.">Timescales of genetic and epigenetic inheritance.</a> Cell. 128, 655-668 (2007).</li><li>Kim, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+differential+adaptation+to+anaerobic+stress+via+genomic+mutations+by+Escherichia+coli+strains+K-12+and+B+lacking+alcohol+dehydrogenase.">Short-term differential adaptation to anaerobic stress via genomic mutations by Escherichia coli strains K-12 and B lacking alcohol dehydrogenase.</a> Front Microbiol. 5, 476 (2014).</li><li>Mendizabal, I., Keller, T. E., Zeng, J., Yi, S. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetics+and+evolution.">Epigenetics and evolution.</a> Integr Comp Biol. 54, 31-42 (2014).</li><li>Lee, J. Y., Seo, J., Kim, E. S., Lee, H. S., Kim, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+evolution+of+Corynebacterium+glutamicum+resistant+to+oxidative+stress+and+its+global+gene+expression+profiling.">Adaptive evolution of Corynebacterium glutamicum resistant to oxidative stress and its global gene expression profiling.</a> Biotechnol Lett. 35, 709-717 (2013).</li><li>Lee, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artificial+oxidative+stress-tolerant+Corynebacterium+glutamicum.">Artificial oxidative stress-tolerant Corynebacterium glutamicum.</a> AMB Express. 4, 15 (2014).</li><li>Narang, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+steady+states+of+microbial+growth+on+mixtures+of+substitutable+substrates+in+a+chemostat.">The steady states of microbial growth on mixtures of substitutable substrates in a chemostat.</a> J Theor Biol. 190, 241-261 (1998).</li><li>Kwon, Y. D., Kim, S., Lee, S. Y., Kim, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+continuous+adaptation+of+Escherichia+coli+to+high+succinate+stress+and+transcriptome+analysis+of+the+tolerant+strain.">Long-term continuous adaptation of Escherichia coli to high succinate stress and transcriptome analysis of the tolerant strain.</a> J Biosci Bioeng. 111, 26-30 (2011).</li><li>Barrick, J. E., Lenski, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+dynamics+during+experimental+evolution.">Genome dynamics during experimental evolution.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 14, 827-839 (2013).</li><li>Li, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Sequence+Alignment/Map+format+and+SAMtools.">The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools.</a> Bioinformatics. 25, 2078-2079 (2009).</li><li>McKenna, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Genome+Analysis+Toolkit:+a+MapReduce+framework+for+analyzing+next-generation+DNA+sequencing+data.">The Genome Analysis Toolkit: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data.</a> Genome Res. 20, 1297-1303 (2010).</li><li>Deatherage, D. E., Barrick, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+mutations+in+laboratory-evolved+microbes+from+next-generation+sequencing+data+using+breseq.">Identification of mutations in laboratory-evolved microbes from next-generation sequencing data using breseq.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1151, 165-188 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Os microrganismos são capazes de se adaptar a quase todos os ambientes, devido à sua rápida taxa de crescimento e diversidade genética. evolução laboratório adaptável permite microorganismos a evoluir em condições destinadas, que fornece uma maneira de selecionar organismos individuais que abrigam mutações espontâneas que são benéficos nas condições dadas. A técnica quimiostato é mais robusto para a realização evolução de forma artificial do que as técnicas de transfe...

Os microrganismos podem sobreviver e se adaptar a diversos ambientes. Sob forte estresse, a adaptação pode ocorrer por meio de aquisição de fenótipos benéficos por mutações genómicas aleatórias e posterior selecção positiva 1-3. Portanto, as células microbianas podem se adaptar mudando metabólica ou redes de regulação para o crescimento ideal, que é chamado de &quot;evolução adaptativa&quot;. tendências microbianas importantes recentes, como surtos de superbactérias e a ocorrência de cepas microbianas robustos, estão intimamente relacionadas com adaptativa evolução sob condições estressantes. Em condições de laboratório definidos, somos capazes de estudar os mecanismos de evolução molecular e até mesmo controlar a direção da evolução microbiana para várias aplicações. Ao contrário de organismos multicelulares, organismos unicelulares estão bem adaptados à evolução laboratório adaptativo (ALE), pelas seguintes razões: eles regeneram rapidamente, eles manter grandes populações, e é fácil de criar e manter homambientes ogeneous. Combinado com os recentes avanços em técnicas de sequenciação de ADN e tecnologias de alto rendimento, ALE permite a observação direta de alterações genômicas que levam a mudanças regulatórias sistémicos. dinâmica de mutação e uma diversidade da população também são observáveis. Estratégias de engenharia genética pode ser determinado a partir da análise de estirpes de AEA 4,5. Cultura em quimiostato é um método usado para obter as células em estado estacionário e aumentar a produtividade em processos de fermentação 6. Adiciona- se meio fresco e caldo de cultura é colhida durante o processo (este último inclui médio e de biomassa). Quimiostato cultura de longo prazo, no entanto, muda a produtividade de estado estacionário da cultura e provoca a acumulação de mutações espontâneas e selecção durante a cultura (Figura 1a). Sob várias pressões de seleção (estressores), o acúmulo de mutações é reforçada. Um aumento gradual de estresse em um longo prazo<html> quimiostato prevê uma selecção contínua de mutações que trabalham contra os factores de stress dadas, tais como temperatura, pH, pressão osmótica, inanição nutriente, oxidação, produtos finais tóxicos, etc. Colony transferência a partir de um meio sólido e de transferência em série de um meio líquido (repetido cultura lote) também permitirá aos investigadores obter microorganismos evoluídos (Figura 1B e 1C). Embora a cultura em quimiostato requer métodos complicados, a piscina de diversidade (número de repetições, e o tamanho da população) é maior do que a obtida por técnicas de transferência em série de transferência de colónia e. A exposição ao estresse estável para células individuais e diminuição da variação no estado celular durante a cultura em quimiostato (estado estacionário) são outros benefícios do ALE em comparação com técnicas baseadas em culturas de diluição. ALE induzida pelo estresse de Escherichia coli submetida a altas condições succinato é introduzido neste artigo. iles / ftp_upload / 54446 / 54446fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; Figura 1: Métodos de laboratório evolução adaptativa (A) quimiostato;. (B) a transferência de série; (C) a transferência de colónia. As figuras de topo ilustrar o conceito dos métodos para ALE, e as figuras de fundo ilustrar o número de células que cresceram durante a ALE. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54446/54446fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mini-chemostat fermentor</td><td>Biotron Inc.</td><td>-</td><td>manufactured by special order</td></tr><tr><td>silicon tubing</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>Masterflex L/S 13</td><td>tubing size can be varied depending on the dilution rate and the size of fermentor jar.</td></tr><tr><td>reservoir jar</td><td>Bellco</td><td>Media storage bottle</td><td>20 L</td></tr><tr><td>chemicals</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>-</td><td>reagent grade</td></tr><tr><td>glucose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G5767</td><td>ACS reagent</td></tr><tr><td>NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9434</td><td>for molecular biology, suitable for cell culture, &amp;ge;99.5%</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>746398</td><td>ACS reagent, &amp;ge;99%</td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>4272</td><td>98.5-101%</td></tr><tr><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>795488</td><td>ACS reagent, &amp;ge;99%</td></tr><tr><td>MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>230391</td><td>ACS reagent, &amp;ge;98%</td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>793639</td><td>ACS reagent, &amp;ge;96%</td></tr><tr><td>thiamine&amp;middot;HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T4625</td><td>reagent grade, &amp;ge;99%</td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;succinate&amp;middot;6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S2378</td><td>ReagentPlus, &amp;ge;99%</td></tr></tbody></table>

procedure for adaptive laboratory evolution of microorganisms using a chemostat

Natural evolution involves genetic diversity such as environmental change and a selection between small populations. Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) refers to the experimental situation in which evolution is observed using living organisms under controlled conditions and stressors; organisms are thereby artificially forced to make evolutionary changes. Microorganisms are subject to a variety of stressors in the environment and are capable of regulating certain stress-inducible proteins to increase their chances of survival. Naturally occurring spontaneous mutations bring about changes in a microorganism's genome that affect its chances of survival. Long-term exposure to chemostat culture provokes an accumulation of spontaneous mutations and renders the most adaptable strain dominant. Compared to the colony transfer and serial transfer methods, chemostat culture entails the highest number of cell divisions and, therefore, the highest number of diverse populations. Although chemostat culture for ALE requires more complicated culture devices, it is less labor intensive once the operation begins. Comparative genomic and transcriptome analyses of the adapted strain provide evolutionary clues as to how the stressors contribute to mutations that overcome the stress. The goal of the current paper is to bring about accelerated evolution of microorganisms under controlled laboratory conditions.

Para adaptação ao estresse de alta succinato, o tipo selvagem E. coli W3110 estirpe foi cultivada num quimiostato em D = 0,1 h -1 durante 270 dias (Figura 2). <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54446/54446fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2: adaptação ao estresse de alta succinato de E. coli W3110 usando cultura quemostato. setas finas indicam os tempos em que a concentração de estressor foi ...

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Procedimento para evolução laboratorial adaptativa de microrganismos usando um quimiostato | Genética | Vídeo

Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat

Aqui, apresentamos um protocolo para obter a evolução adaptativa laboratório de microrganismos em condições usando cultura quemostato. Além disso, é discutida análise genômica da estirpe evoluiu.

Processo para o Adaptive Laboratório Evolução de microrganismos utilizando um quimiostato

Natural evolution involves genetic diversity such as environmental change and a selection between small populations. Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) ...

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14.2K visualizações.  Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB).  Aqui, apresentamos um protocolo para obter a evolução adaptativa laboratório de microrganismos em condições usando cultura quemostato. Além disso, é discutida análise genômica da estirpe evoluiu. 

Vídeo: Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat

Design and Use of a Low Cost, Automated Morbidostat for Adaptive Evolution of Bacteria Under Antibiotic Drug Selection

We describe a low cost, configurable morbidostat for characterizing the evolutionary pathway of antibiotic resistance. The morbidostat is a bacterial culture device that continuously monitors bacterial growth and dynamically adjusts the drug concentration to constantly challenge the bacteria as they evolve to acquire drug resistance. The device features a working volume of ~10 ml and is fully automated and equipped with optical density measurement and micro-pumps for medium and drug delivery. To validate the platform, we measured the stepwise acquisition of trimethoprim resistance in Escherichia coli MG 1655, and integrated the device with a multiplexed microfluidic platform to investigate cell morphology and antibiotic susceptibility. The approach can be up-scaled to laboratory studies of antibiotic drug resistance, and is extendible to adaptive evolution for strain improvements in metabolic engineering and other bacterial culture experiments.

We describe a low cost, configurable morbidostat that enables the characterization of antibiotic drug resistance by dynamically adjusting the drug concentration. The device can be integrated with a multiplexed microfluidic platform. The approach can be scaled up for laboratory antibiotic drug resistance studies.

Concepção e utilização de um baixo custo, Automated Morbidostat para Adaptive Evolução das bactérias sob Antibiótico Seleção de Drogas

We describe a low cost, configurable morbidostat for characterizing the evolutionary pathway of antibiotic resistance. The morbidostat is a bacterial ...

Genética

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Targeted Integration In Vivo Using a Homology-mediated End Joining-based Strategy

As a promising genome editing platform, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has great potential for efficient genetic manipulation, especially for targeted integration of transgenes. However, due to the low efficiency of homologous recombination (HR) and various indel mutations of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-based strategies in non-dividing cells, in vivo genome editing remains a great challenge. Here, we describe a homology-mediated end joining (HMEJ)-based CRISPR/Cas9 system for efficient in vivo precise targeted integration. In this system, the targeted genome and the donor vector containing homology arms (~800 bp) flanked by single guide RNA (sgRNA) target sequences are cleaved by CRISPR/Cas9. This HMEJ-based strategy achieves efficient transgene integration in mouse zygotes, as well as in hepatocytes in vivo. Moreover, a HMEJ-based strategy offers an efficient approach for correction of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) mutation in the hepatocytes and rescues Fah-deficiency induced liver failure mice. Taken together, focusing on targeted integration, this HMEJ-based strategy provides a promising tool for a variety of applications, including generation of genetically modified animal models and targeted gene therapies.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Targeted Integration In Vivo Using a Homology-mediated End Joining-based Strategy

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system provides a promising tool for genetic engineering, and opens up the possibility of targeted integration of transgenes. We describe a homology-mediated end joining (HMEJ)-based strategy for efficient DNA targeted integration in vivo and targeted gene therapies using CRISPR/Cas9.

Integração de alvo CRISPR/Cas9-mediada na Vivo usando uma estratégia de baseada em juntar-se mediada por homologia final

As a promising genome editing platform, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has great potential for efficient genetic manipulation, especially for targeted integration ...

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms

Accurate transcription is required for the faithful expression of genetic information. Surprisingly though, little is known about the mechanisms that control the fidelity of transcription. To fill this gap in scientific knowledge, we recently optimized the circle-sequencing assay to detect transcription errors throughout the transcriptome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans. This protocol will provide researchers with a powerful new tool to map the landscape of transcription errors in eukaryotic cells so that the mechanisms that control the fidelity of transcription can be elucidated in unprecedented detail.

This protocol provides researchers with a new tool to monitor the fidelity of transcription in multiple model organisms.

Vigilância de todo o genoma de erros de transcrição em organismos eucarióticos

Accurate transcription is required for the faithful expression of genetic information. Surprisingly though, little is known about the mechanisms that ...

Designing Automated, High-throughput, Continuous Cell Growth Experiments Using eVOLVER

Continuous culture methods enable cells to be grown under quantitatively controlled environmental conditions, and are thus broadly useful for measuring fitness phenotypes and improving our understanding of how genotypes are shaped by selection. Extensive recent efforts to develop and apply niche continuous culture devices have revealed the benefits of conducting new forms of cell culture control. This includes defining custom selection pressures and increasing throughput for studies ranging from long-term experimental evolution to genome-wide library selections and synthetic gene circuit characterization. The eVOLVER platform was recently developed to meet this growing demand: a continuous culture platform with a high degree of scalability, flexibility, and automation. eVOLVER provides a single standardizing platform that can be (re)-configured and scaled with minimal effort to perform many different types of high-throughput or multi-dimensional growth selection experiments. Here, a protocol is presented to provide users of the eVOLVER framework a description for configuring the system to conduct a custom, large-scale continuous growth experiment. Specifically, the protocol guides users on how to program the system to multiplex two selection pressures &#8212; temperature and osmolarity &#8212; across many eVOLVER vials in order to quantify fitness landscapes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants at fine resolution. We show how the device can be configured both programmatically, through its open-source web-based software, and physically, by arranging fluidic and hardware layouts. The process of physically setting up the device, programming the culture routine, monitoring and interacting with the experiment in real-time over the internet, sampling vials for subsequent offline analysis, and post experiment data analysis are detailed. This should serve as a starting point for researchers across diverse disciplines to apply eVOLVER in the design of their own complex and high-throughput cell growth experiments to study and manipulate biological systems.

The eVOLVER framework enables high-throughput continuous microbial culture with high resolution and dynamic control over experimental parameters. This protocol demonstrates how to apply the system to conduct a complex fitness experiment, guiding users on programming automated control over many individual cultures, measuring, collecting, and interacting with experimental data in real-time.

Projetando experimentos de crescimento de células contínuas, de alta produtividade e automatizados usando o eVOLVER

Continuous culture methods enable cells to be grown under quantitatively controlled environmental conditions, and are thus broadly useful for measuring ...

Daily Transfers, Archiving Populations, and Measuring Fitness in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli

The Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE) has followed twelve populations of Escherichia coli as they have adapted to a simple laboratory environment for more than 35 years and 77,000 bacterial generations. The setup and procedures used in the LTEE epitomize reliable and reproducible methods for studying microbial evolution. In this protocol, we first describe how the LTEE populations are transferred to fresh medium and cultured each day. Then, we describe how the LTEE populations are regularly checked for possible signs of contamination and archived to provide a permanent frozen "fossil record" for later study. Multiple safeguards included in these procedures are designed to prevent contamination, detect various problems when they occur, and recover from disruptions without appreciably setting back the progress of the experiment. One way that the overall tempo and character of evolutionary changes are monitored in the LTEE is by measuring the competitive fitness of populations and strains from the experiment. We describe how co-culture competition assays are conducted and provide both a spreadsheet and an R package (fitnessR) for calculating relative fitness from the results. Over the course of the LTEE, the behaviors of some populations have changed in interesting ways, and new technologies like whole-genome sequencing have provided additional avenues for investigating how the populations have evolved. We end by discussing how the original LTEE procedures have been updated to accommodate or take advantage of these changes. This protocol will be useful for researchers who use the LTEE as a model system for studying connections between evolution and genetics, molecular biology, systems biology, and ecology. More broadly, the LTEE provides a tried-and-true template for those who are beginning their own evolution experiments with new microbes, environments, and questions.

Daily Transfers, Archiving Populations, and Measuring Fitness in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli

This protocol describes how to maintain the Escherichia coli Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE) by performing its daily transfers and periodic freeze-downs and how to conduct competition assays to measure fitness improvements in evolved bacteria. These procedures can serve as a template for researchers starting their own microbial evolution experiments.

Transferências diárias, arquivamento de populações e medição da aptidão no experimento de evolução de longo prazo com Escherichia coli

The Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE) has followed twelve populations of Escherichia coli as they have adapted to a simple laboratory environment for ...

Generating Controlled, Dynamic Chemical Landscapes to Study Microbial Behavior

We demonstrate a method for the generation of controlled, dynamic chemical pulses&#8213;where localized chemoattractant becomes suddenly available at the microscale&#8213;to create micro-environments for microbial chemotaxis experiments. To create chemical pulses, we developed a system to introduce amino acid sources near-instantaneously by photolysis of caged amino acids within a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chamber containing a bacterial suspension. We applied this method to the chemotactic bacterium, Vibrio ordalii, which can actively climb these dynamic chemical gradients while being tracked by video microscopy. Amino acids, rendered biologically inert (&#39;caged&#39;) by chemical modification with a photoremovable protecting group, are uniformly present in the suspension but not available for consumption until their sudden release, which occurs at user-defined points in time and space by means of a near-UV-A focused LED beam. The number of molecules released in the pulse can be determined by a calibration relationship between exposure time and uncaging fraction, where the absorption spectrum after photolysis is characterized by using UV-Vis spectroscopy. A nanoporous polycarbonate (PCTE) membrane can be integrated into the microfluidic device to allow the continuous removal by flow of the uncaged compounds and the spent media. A strong, irreversible bond between the PCTE membrane and the PDMS microfluidic structure is achieved by coating the membrane with a solution of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) followed by plasma activation of the surfaces to be bonded. A computer-controlled system can generate user-defined sequences of pulses at different locations and with different intensities, so as to create resource landscapes with prescribed spatial and temporal variability. In each chemical landscape, the dynamics of bacterial movement at the individual scale and their accumulation at the population level can be obtained, thereby allowing the quantification of chemotactic performance and its effects on bacterial aggregations in ecologically relevant environments.

A protocol for the generation of dynamic chemical landscapes by photolysis within microfluidic and millifluidic setups is presented. This methodology is suitable to study diverse biological processes, including the motile behavior, nutrient uptake, or adaptation to chemicals of microorganisms, both at the single cell and population level.

Gerando paisagens químicas controladas e dinâmicas para estudar comportamento microbiano

We demonstrate a method for the generation of controlled, dynamic chemical pulses&#8213;where localized chemoattractant becomes suddenly available at the ...

Bioengenharia

Automated Microbial Cultivation and Adaptive Evolution using Microbial Microdroplet Culture System (MMC)

Conventional microbial cultivation methods usually have cumbersome operations, low throughput, low efficiency, and large consumption of labor and reagents. Moreover, microplate-based high-throughput cultivation methods developed in recent years have poor microbial growth status and experiment parallelization because of their low dissolved oxygen, poor mixture, and severe evaporation and thermal effect. Due to many advantages of micro-droplets, such as small volume, high throughput, and strong controllability, the droplet-based microfluidic technology can overcome these problems, which has been used in many kinds of research of high-throughput microbial cultivation, screening, and evolution. However, most prior studies remain&#160;at the stage of laboratory construction and application. Some key issues, such as high operational requirements, high construction difficulty, and lack of automated integration technology, restrict the wide application of droplet microfluidic technology in microbial research. Here, an automated Microbial Microdroplet Culture system (MMC) was successfully developed based on droplet microfluidic technology, achieving the integration of functions such as inoculation, cultivation, online monitoring, sub-cultivation, sorting, and sampling required by the process of microbial droplet cultivation. In this protocol, wild-type Escherichia coli (E. coli) MG1655 and a methanol-essential E. coli strain (MeSV2.2) were taken as examples to introduce how to use the MMC to conduct automated and relatively high-throughput microbial cultivation and adaptive evolution in detail. This method is easy to operate, consumes less labor and reagents, and has high experimental throughput and good data parallelity, which has great advantages compared with conventional cultivation methods. It provides a low-cost, operation-friendly, and result-reliable experimental platform for scientific researchers to conduct related microbial research.

Automated Microbial Cultivation and Adaptive Evolution using Microbial Microdroplet Culture System MMC

This protocol describes how to use the Microbial Microdroplet Culture system (MMC) to conduct automated microbial cultivation and adaptive evolution. MMC can cultivate and sub-cultivate microorganisms automatically and continuously and monitor online their growth with relatively high throughput and good parallelization, reducing labor and reagent consumption.

Cultivo Microbiano Automatizado e Evolução Adaptativa usando Sistema de Cultura microbiana de microdroplet (MMC)

Conventional microbial cultivation methods usually have cumbersome operations, low throughput, low efficiency, and large consumption of labor and ...

The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated including macromolecular synthesis, metabolism and ultimately, commitment to the cell division cycle. The chemostat, a method of experimentally controlling cell growth rate, provides a powerful means of systematically studying how growth rate impacts cellular processes - including gene expression and metabolism - and the regulatory networks that control the rate of cell growth. When maintained for hundreds of generations chemostats can be used to study adaptive evolution of microbes in environmental conditions that limit cell growth. We describe the principle of chemostat cultures, demonstrate their operation and provide examples of their various applications. Following a period of disuse after their introduction in the middle of the twentieth century, the convergence of genome-scale methodologies with a renewed interest in the regulation of cell growth and the molecular basis of adaptive evolution is stimulating a renaissance in the use of chemostats in biological research.

Cell growth rate is a regulated process and a primary determinant of cell physiology. Continuous culturing using chemostats enables extrinsic control of cell growth rate by nutrient limitation facilitating the study of molecular networks that control cell growth and how those networks evolve to optimize cell growth.

O Uso de quimiostatos em Microbial Biologia de Sistemas

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated ...

Biologia

Design and Use of Multiplexed Chemostat Arrays

Chemostats are continuous culture systems in which cells are grown in a tightly controlled, chemically constant environment where culture density is constrained by limiting specific nutrients.1,2 Data from chemostats are highly reproducible for the measurement of quantitative phenotypes as they provide a constant growth rate and environment at steady state. For these reasons, chemostats have become useful tools for fine-scale characterization of physiology through analysis of gene expression3-6 and other characteristics of cultures at steady-state equilibrium.7 Long-term experiments in chemostats can highlight specific trajectories that microbial populations adopt during adaptive evolution in a controlled environment. In fact, chemostats have been used for experimental evolution since their invention.8 A common result in evolution experiments is for each biological replicate to acquire a unique repertoire of mutations.9-13 This diversity suggests that there is much left to be discovered by performing evolution experiments with far greater throughput. 
We present here the design and operation of a relatively simple, low cost array of miniature chemostats&mdash;or ministats&mdash;and validate their use in determination of physiology and in evolution experiments with yeast. This approach entails growth of tens of chemostats run off a single multiplexed peristaltic pump. The cultures are maintained at a 20 ml working volume, which is practical for a variety of applications. It is our hope that increasing throughput, decreasing expense, and providing detailed building and operation instructions may also motivate research and industrial application of this design as a general platform for functionally characterizing large numbers of strains, species, and growth parameters, as well as genetic or drug libraries.

We developed and validated a small-footprint array of miniature chemostats built from readily available parts for low cost. Physiological and experimental evolution results were similar to larger volume chemostats. The ministat array provides a compact, inexpensive, and accessible platform for traditional chemostat experiments, functional genomics, and chemical screening applications.

Concepção e utilização de matrizes quemostato Multiplexados

Chemostats are continuous culture systems in which cells are grown in a tightly controlled, chemically constant environment where culture density is ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Protocolo de evolução experimental para adaptação termófila utilizando termomixers de baixo custo

Adaptation at the Extremes of Life: Experimental Evolution with the Extremophile Archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

The archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius has emerged as a promising thermophilic model system. Investigating how thermophiles adapt to changing temperatures is a key requirement, not only for understanding fundamental evolutionary processes but also for developing S. acidocaldarius as a chassis for bioengineering. One major obstacle to conducting experimental evolution with thermophiles is the expense of equipment maintenance and energy usage of traditional incubators for high-temperature growth. To address this challenge, a comprehensive experimental protocol for conducting experimental evolution in S. acidocaldarius is presented, utilizing low-cost and energy-efficient bench-top thermomixers. The protocol involves a batch culture technique with relatively small volumes (1.5 mL), enabling tracking of adaptation in multiple independent lineages. This method is easily scalable through the use of additional thermomixers. Such an approach increases the accessibility of S. acidocaldarius as a model system by reducing both initial investment and ongoing costs associated with experimental investigations. Moreover, the technique is transferable to other microbial systems for exploring adaptation to diverse environmental conditions.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor em destaque: Entendendo a adaptação de micróbios usando técnicas inovadoras para explorar a evolução termofílica

Here, we present an experimental evolution protocol for adaptation in thermophiles utilizing low-cost, energy-efficient bench-top thermomixers as incubators. The technique is demonstrated through the characterization of temperature adaptation in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, an archaeon with an optimal growth temperature of 75 &#176;C.

Adaptação nos Extremos da Vida: Evolução Experimental com o Arqueão Extremófilo Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

The archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius has emerged as a promising thermophilic model system. Investigating how thermophiles adapt to changing temperatures ...