Agradecemos a J. Vaughen pela leitura crítica do manuscrito. Este trabalho foi apoiado por bolsas da JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 26891025, 15H01500 e The Takeda Science Foundation Research Grant to YT

1. Fly Crosses e Clone Induction <ol><li> Remova todas as moscas no frasco 12 h antes de coletar moscas virgens. </li><li> Anestesiar as moscas dentro do recipiente através da injecção de gás de CO2 e voa lugar numa almofada de mosca de CO 2. </li><li> Transfira 10 - 20 fêmeas virgens e 10 machos da almofada de mosca CO 2 para um frasco fresco e incubar durante 1 dia a 25 ° C. </li><li> Transfira essas moscas para um frasco fresco e incube durante 12 h a 25 ° C. NOTA: Descarte o primeiro frasco para injectáveis, pois as fêmeas virgens não colocam ovos suficientes no primeiro dia. </li><li> Para as linhas Enhancer-GAL4, remova as moscas adultas e incuba o frasco para injectáveis ​​a 25 ° C até a dissecção. </li><li> Para indução de clones de mosaico por flip-out-GAL4, remova as moscas adultas e incuba o frasco para 2-4 dias a 25 ° C. O tempo de incubação antes do choque térmico depende do propósito experimental. Um choque térmico 2 dias após a deposição de ovos (AED) gera clones de mosaico em um segundo imaturoInstado imaginal epitélio. Um choque térmico após 3 ou 4 dias AED gera clones de mosaico em epitélio imaginal diferenciado de início a médio e terceiro instar. NOTA: É importante examinar o efeito do tempo de choque térmico alterado em fenótipos tumorigênicos. </li><li> Para a indução de clones de mosaico por flip-out-GAL4, choque calor o frasco por imersão em um banho de água a 37 ° C durante 10 a 45 minutos seguido de incubação durante 2 a 3 dias a 25 ° C. NOTA: A informação do tempo de choque térmico, tempo e tempo de incubação em cada experiência é mostrada nas legendas da figura. </li></ol> 2. Dissecção de Larvas <ol><li> Colecione larvas errantes do terceiro estádio com uma vara de madeira ou fórceps sem corte, goteje-os por marcadores fluorescentes apropriados ( por exemplo , EGFP) sob um microscópio estereoscópico de fluorescência e coloque-os em uma placa de dissecação com PBS (solução salina tamponada com fosfato). </li><li> Lave as larvas em PBS por pipetagem com pipetas de transferência de plástico de 2 mL. </li><li>Aperte o centro da larva com uma pinça e rasgue o corpo pela metade com a outra pinça. </li><li> Aperte o gancho da boca da metade anterior com uma pinça e empurre a boca em direção ao corpo com as outras fórceps para virar o corpo para dentro. </li><li> Remova materiais desnecessários, como glândulas salivares ou corpos gordurosos com fórceps. </li></ol> 3. Fixação e coloração de anticorpos <ol><li> Transfira a metade anterior dissecada do corpo larval (incluindo os discos de asa imaginal) para um tubo de plástico de 1,5 mL e conserte em 1 mL de Solução Fix (4% de Formaldeído em PBS) durante 10 minutos à temperatura ambiente no escuro com rotação suave. CUIDADO: O formaldeído é tóxico e possui potencial carcinogênico. Use luvas de proteção e roupas para evitar contato com a pele. NOTA: Nesta parte, todas as etapas ocorrem em um nutator à temperatura ambiente no escuro, salvo indicação em contrário. </li><li> Remova a solução Fix e descarte. Lave os tecidos com 1 mL de PBT (0,3% de TritEm X-100 em PBS) três vezes por 15 min cada. </li><li> Remova o PBT e adicione 1 mL de PBTG (0,2% de albumina de soro bovino e 5% de soro de cabra normal em PBT) para bloquear e introduzir 1 h à temperatura ambiente ou durante a noite a 4 ° C. </li><li> Remova o PBTG e adicione a solução primária de anticorpos adequadamente diluída com PBTG (ver Tabela de Materiais ) e nocaute durante a noite a 4 ° C. </li><li> Remova a solução primária de anticorpos e lave os tecidos com 1 mL de PBT três vezes por 15 minutos cada. </li><li> Remova PBT e adicione solução de anticorpo secundário adequadamente diluída com PBTG (1: 400). Nutate durante 2 h à temperatura ambiente ou durante a noite a 4 ° C. </li><li> Remova a solução secundária de anticorpos e lave os tecidos com 1 mL de PBT duas vezes por 15 minutos cada. </li><li> Para manchar a F-actina, remova PBT e adicione a solução de Phalloidin adequadamente diluída em PBS (1:40). Em seguida, mata por 20 min. Remova a solução de Faloidina e lave os tecidos com 1 mL de PBT duas vezes por 15 minutos cada. </li><li> Para contra-endurecer DNA nuclear, remova PBT e adicione solução DAPI (4 &#39;, 6-diamidino-2-fenilindole) (0,5 μg / mL de DAPI em PBS). Em seguida, entenda 10 min. CUIDADO: DAPI possui potencial carcinogênico. Use luvas de proteção e roupas para evitar contato com a pele. </li><li> Remova a solução DAPI e lave os tecidos com 1 mL de PBT duas vezes por 15 minutos cada. </li><li> Lavar uma vez em 1 mL de PBS durante 10 minutos à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Remova PBS e adicione 500 μL de 100% de glicerol como meio de pré-montagem. </li></ol> 4. Montagem em lâminas de microscópio <ol><li> Coloque os tecidos coloridos em um slide de microscópio usando uma pipeta de transferência de plástico de 2 mL. </li><li> Transfira os tecidos para gotas de meio de montagem em outro slide de microscópio com fórceps. </li><li> Mantenha o fim do tecido dissecado com uma pinça e retire os discos antenais do cérebro e do olho com as outras fórceps. NOTA: Mantenha os cérebros dissecados para colocá-los perto dos discos imaginários da asa. Os cérebros atuam como uma plataforma que impede o lamínula de esmagar os discos imaginais da asa. </li><li> Para isolar os discos imaginais da asa, mantenha pressionada a extremidade do tecido dissecado com uma pinça e raspe suavemente a parede do corpo e rasgue os discos com as outras fórceps. NOTA: Se é difícil encontrar discos imaginais da asa, descasque a traquea do lado posterior ao anterior. Os discos imaginários da asa mantêm a traquéia. </li><li> Cubra suavemente os discos imaginais com uma lamínula e selar com esmalte de unhas; Armazenar a 4 ° C. </li></ol> 5. Microscopia confocal <ol><li> Para adquirir imagens confocais usando um microscópio confocal, configure os parâmetros de aquisição de imagem, incluindo a amplitude de onda de emissão, a intensidade do laser, o ganho, o deslocamento, a velocidade de digitalização e o tamanho da imagem 24 . NOTA: Para obter um procedimento detalhado de configurações de aquisição de imagem, consulte o manual de instruções fornecido por cada fabricante de microscópio. </li><li> Para capturar um único coSeções nfocais de um disco imaginal inteiro da asa, use uma lente objetiva 20X. </li><li> Adquira imagens tridimensionais por varredura de pilha z em tamanho de passo de 0,5 - 1,0 μm usando lentes 40X ou 60X. NOTA: Para analisar fenótipos celulares em alta resolução, o tamanho da imagem deve ser maior do que 512 x 512 pixels. </li></ol> 6. Análise de imagens usando ImageJ <ol><li> Use Fiji, um software ImageJ de código aberto focado na análise de imagens biológicas (https://fiji.sc/) 25 , para adquirir e analisar imagens confocadas de pilhas z. </li><li> Para adquirir seções verticais, abra as imagens da pilha z no ImageJ e selecione o item de menu &quot;Imagem / Pilhas / Reslice&quot;. NOTA: Ou o eixo XZ ou o eixo YZ podem ser selecionados no menu Reslice. A seção vertical pode ser obtida também em uma direção arbitrária, desenhando uma linha reta ou retângulo na imagem da pilha z. </li></ol> 7. Diagnóstico de fenótipos neoplásicos <ol><li> Abra a verticalSeções (eixo XZ ou YZ) obtidas a partir de um conjunto de imagens de pilhas z e analisam fenótipos morfológicos e coloração de anticorpos. </li><li> Para o diagnóstico de fenótipos tumorais, concentre-se principalmente nos seguintes três pontos: (1) se uma massa celular, incluindo clones knockdown, se desvia da camada epitelial principal, (2) se a localização subcelular de proteínas juncionais é alterada nesta massa celular , E (3) se o diâmetro desta massa celular for maior do que 4 células. </li><li> Categorize os fenótipos tumorais de acordo com o fluxograma descrito na Figura 1 . </li></ol>

<ol>
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O sistema GAL4-UAS é uma das ferramentas genéticas mais poderosas para a expressão de genes direcionados em Drosophila 26 e facilita grandemente a indução e análise de células tumorais in vivo 4 . Este sistema permite a geração de clones que suportam os genes supressores de tumores ou a superexpressão de oncogenes no tecido epitelial de tipo selvagem, uma situação altamente semelhante aos estágios iniciais do câncer humano onde as células p...

Os tecidos epiteliais são sistemas altamente organizados que possuem a habilidade homeostática notável para manter sua organização através do desenvolvimento e do turnover celular. Este robusto sistema de auto-organização, no entanto, é progressivamente interrompido durante o desenvolvimento do tumor. No início do desenvolvimento do tumor, as células mutantes individuais decorrentes da ativação do oncogene ou da inativação do gene supressor de tumor emergem dentro de uma camada epitelial. Quando esta &quot;célula pro-tumoral&quot; transformada evade um ambiente supressivo, interrompe a organização epitelial e começa a proliferação descontrolada, a tumorigênese ocorre 1 . Durante as últimas décadas, os avanços tecnológicos notáveis ​​em genética e biologia molecular fizeram progressos notáveis ​​na pesquisa do câncer. Em particular, estudos recentes utilizando ferramentas de análise de mosaico genetico em Drosophila melanogaster , como o recombinante mitótico recombinante FLP-FRT (flipase recombinase / flippase recombinase)Os sistemas 2 e flip-out-GAL4-UAS (seqüência de ativação upstream) 3 contribuíram grandemente para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos genéticos envolvidos na formação e metástase dos tumores 4 , 5 , 6 . Estudos de um grupo de genes de supressores de tumores Drosophila conservados, larvas gigantes letais ( lgl ), discos grandes ( dlg ) e rabiscos ( scrib ), evidenciaram a relação crítica entre perda de organização epitelial e desenvolvimento tumoral, pois esses genes desempenham papéis fundamentais Na regulação da polaridade das células basais apical e da proliferação celular nos tecidos epiteliais 7 . Enquanto os discos imaginários de Drosophila são normalmente epitélios monocamadas, mutações homozigóticas em qualquer um desses três genes fazem com que as células perdam estrutura e polaridade, não conseguem diferenciarRentiate, overproliferate e, finalmente, formam massas amorfas multicamadas que se fundem com tecidos adjacentes 7 . Da mesma forma, a interrupção desses genes em mamíferos está envolvida no desenvolvimento de tumores malignos 8 , 9 . Os fenótipos neoplásicos exibidos pelos tecidos mutantes levaram à classificação desses três genes como genes supressores tumorais neoplásicos (nTSGs) 7 , 8 preservados. No entanto, quando as células mutantes nTSG homozigóticas são geradas esporadicamente no desenvolvimento de discos imaginais de tipo selvagem usando a recombinação mitótica mediada por FLP-FRT, as células mutantes são eliminadas do tecido através da apoptose dependente da quinase N-terminal N-terminal (JNK) 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , extrusão 15 </suP&gt; , 16 , ou engulfment e fagocitose por vizinhos 17 . Neste epitelio de mosaico genetico, a apoptose é principalmente detectada em células mutantes nTSG localizadas no limite do clone, sugerindo que as células normais adjacentes desencadeiam a apoptose de células mutantes nTSG 10 , 11 , 12 , 18 . Estudos recentes em células de mamíferos confirmaram que esta eliminação dependente da competição celular das células pro-tumorais é um mecanismo de autodefesa epitelial conservado evolutivamente contra o câncer 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 . Um estudo recente em discos imagólicos de Drosophila , no entanto, mostrou que os clones de nTSG-knockdown em mosaico induzem tumores neoplásicos em especificaçõesRegiões ic de discos ideais de asa 16 . A formação inicial do tumor sempre foi encontrada na região periférica da &quot;dobradiça&quot; e nunca observada na região central da &quot;bolsa&quot; do epitélio do disco de asa, sugerindo que o potencial tumorigênico das células nTSG-knockdown depende do ambiente local. A região da bolsa central funciona como uma &quot;mancha fria do tumor&quot; onde as células pró-tumorais não apresentam crescimento excessivo displásico, enquanto que a região da dobradiça periférica se comporta como um &quot;ponto crítico do tumor&quot; 16 . Nas regiões da bolsa &quot;coldspot&quot;, as células nTSG-knockdown se delaminam do lado basal e sofrem apoptose. Em contraste, as células de dobradiça &quot;hotspot&quot; possuem uma rede de estruturas citoesqueléticas robustas em seus lados basais, as células de nTSG-knockdown se delaminam do lado apical do epitélio e iniciam o crescimento excessivo tumorigênico 16 . Portanto, a análise de fenótipos tumorais em discos imaginários exige consi cuidadoDerrame da susceptibilidade específica da região aos estímulos tumorigênicos. Aqui, descrevemos um protocolo para induzir a formação de tumor neoplásico nos discos imaginários da asa Drosophila utilizando o sistema GAL4-UAS- RNAi pelo qual as células nTSG-knockdown são geradas em epitélio de disco de asa normal. Embora esses sistemas experimentais sejam úteis para estudar os estágios iniciais do câncer, um método de classificação claro para avaliar os estágios da progressão tumoral no epitélio de disco imaginal não foi claramente descrito anteriormente. Portanto, também propomos um método de diagnóstico para classificar os fenótipos clonais pro-tumorais induzidos no epitélio do disco de asa em três categorias: hiperplasia (acumulação de um número excessivo de células que aparecem normalmente com aumento da proliferação), displasia (tecido pré-maligno composto de aparência anormal Células) e neoplasia (tumor benigno ou maligno composto de células com aparência anormal e padrão de proliferação anormal).

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td><td>Wako</td><td>162-19321</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TritonX-100</td><td>Wako</td><td>168-11805</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde</td><td>Wako</td><td>064-00406</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>bovine serum albumin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A7906</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>normal goat serum</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G6767</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mounting medium, Vectashield</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>H-1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D9542</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mouse-anti-Dlg 4F3</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>4F3 anti-discs large, RRID:AB_528203</td><td>dilute in PBTG, 1:40</td></tr><tr><td>mouse-anti-MMP1</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>3A6B4, RRID:AB_579780</td><td>3 mixed 1:1:1 and dilute in PBTG, 1:40</td></tr><tr><td>mouse-anti-MMP1</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>3B8D12, RRID:AB_579781</td><td>3 mixed 1:1:1 and dilute in PBTG, 1:40</td></tr><tr><td>mouse-anti-MMP1</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>5H7B11, RRID:AB_579779</td><td>3 mixed 1:1:1 and dilute in PBTG, 1:40</td></tr><tr><td>mouse-anti-&lt;span class=&quot;font13&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;font8&quot;&gt;tubulin&lt;/span&gt;</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>AA4.3, RRID:AB_579793</td><td>dilute in PBTG, 1:100</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 546 Phalloidin</td><td>Molecular probes</td><td>A22283</td><td>dilute in PBS, 1:40</td></tr><tr><td>goat anti-mouse IgG antibody, Alexa Fluor 546</td><td>Molecular probes</td><td>A11030</td><td>dilute in PBTG, 1:400</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Fly strains&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;sd-Gal4&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#8609</td><td>recombined with &lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;font11&quot;&gt;UAS-EGFP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;upd-Gal4&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#26796</td><td>recombined with &lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;font11&quot;&gt;UAS-EGFP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-lgl-RNAi&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Vienna Drosophila RNAi center</td><td>#51247</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-scrib-RNAi&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Vienna Drosophila RNAi center</td><td>#105412</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-Ras&lt;span class=&quot;font12&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;V12&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#64196</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-Yki&lt;span class=&quot;font12&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3SA&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#28817</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;hsFLP&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Act&gt;CD2&gt;GAL4 (flip-out GAL4)&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#4780</td><td>recombined with &lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;font11&quot;&gt;UAS-EGFP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-EGFP&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#5428</td><td>X chromosome</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-EGFP&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#6658</td><td>third chromosome</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-Dicer2&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#24650</td><td>second chromosome</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-Dicer2&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#24651</td><td>third chromosome</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;vkg-GFP&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Morin et al. 2001</td><td></td><td>GFP protein trap</td></tr></tbody></table>

induction and diagnosis of tumors in drosophila imaginal disc epithelia

Nos estágios iniciais do câncer, as células mutantes transformadas apresentam anormalidades citológicas, começam o excesso de crescimento descontrolado e interromperam progressivamente a organização do tecido. Drosophila melanogaster emergiu como um sistema modelo experimental popular em biologia do câncer para estudar os mecanismos genéticos e celulares da tumorigênese. Em particular, as ferramentas genéticas para discos imagólicos de Drosophila (desenvolvimento de epitélios em larvas) possibilitam a criação de células pro-tumorais transformadas dentro de um tecido epitelial normal, uma situação semelhante às etapas iniciais do câncer humano. Um estudo recente da tumorigênese em discos imaginários da asa de Drosophila , no entanto, mostrou que a iniciação do tumor depende da citoarquitetura do tecido intrínseco e do microambiente local, sugerindo que é importante considerar a susceptibilidade específica da região aos estímulos tumorigênicos na avaliação de fenótipos tumorais em imaginações Discos. Para facilitar a análise fenotípica do tumor progressiEm discos imaginais, aqui descrevemos um protocolo para experiências genéticas usando o sistema GAL4-UAS para induzir tumores neoplásicos em discos imaginais de asa. Além disso, introduzimos um método de diagnóstico para classificar os fenótipos das lesões clonais induzidas em epitélios imaginais, pois um método de classificação claro para discriminar vários estágios de progressão tumoral (como hiperplasia, displasia ou neoplasia) não havia sido descrito anteriormente. Esses métodos podem ser amplamente aplicáveis ​​à análise clonal de fenótipos tumorais em vários órgãos em Drosophila .

Para demonstrar a formação de tumores neoplásicos induzidos experimentalmente por NTSG-knockdown mediado por RNAi em discos imaginais de asa de Drosophila , foram utilizados três drivers GAL4 diferentes para expressar UAS-RNAi para lgl ou scrib : (1) sd-GAL4, que conduz a expressão forte de UAS no Bolsa de asa e expressão suave nas regiões de dobradiça ( Figura 2 e Figura 3A</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia at JoVE.com

Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

A análise do clone de mosaico no epitélio do disco imaginal de Drosophila é um sistema modelo poderoso para estudar os mecanismos genéticos e celulares da tumorigênese. Aqui descrevemos um protocolo para induzir tumores em discos imaginários da asa de Drosophila usando o sistema GAL4-UAS e introduzir um método de diagnóstico para classificar os fenótipos do tumor.

Indução e diagnóstico de tumores em<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Epitelio do disco imaginal

In the early stages of cancer, transformed mutant cells show cytological abnormalities, begin uncontrolled overgrowth, and progressively disrupt tissue ...

induction-diagnosis-tumors-drosophila-imaginal-disc

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

14.9K visualizações.  SOKENDAI.  A análise do clone de mosaico no epitélio do disco imaginal de Drosophila é um sistema modelo poderoso para estudar os mecanismos genéticos e celulares da tumorigênese. Aqui descrevemos um protocolo para induzir tumores em discos imaginários da asa de Drosophila usando o sistema GAL4-UAS e introduzir um método de diagnóstico para classificar os fenótipos do tumor. 

Vídeo: Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

Next Generation Sequencing for the Detection of Actionable Mutations in Solid and Liquid Tumors

As our understanding of the driver mutations necessary for initiation and progression of cancers improves, we gain critical information on how specific molecular profiles of a tumor may predict responsiveness to therapeutic agents or provide knowledge about prognosis. At our institution a tumor genotyping program was established as part of routine clinical care, screening both hematologic and solid tumors for a wide spectrum of mutations using two next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels: a custom, 33 gene hematological malignancies panel for use with peripheral blood and bone marrow, and a commercially produced solid tumor panel for use with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue that targets 47 genes commonly mutated in cancer. Our workflow includes a pathologist review of the biopsy to ensure there is adequate amount of tumor for the assay followed by customized DNA extraction is performed on the specimen. Quality control of the specimen includes steps for quantity, quality and integrity and only after the extracted DNA passes these metrics an amplicon library is generated and sequenced. The resulting data is analyzed through an in-house bioinformatics pipeline and the variants are reviewed and interpreted for pathogenicity. Here we provide a snapshot of the utility of each panel using two clinical cases to provide insight into how a well-designed NGS workflow can contribute to optimizing clinical outcomes.

This manuscript describes clinical protocols for two next-generation sequencing panels. One panel interrogates hematologic malignancies while the other panel targets genes commonly mutated in solid tumors. Molecular classification of driver mutations in human malignancies offers valuable prognostic and predictive information.

Próxima Geração Sequencing para Detecção de acionável mutações em tumores sólidos e líquidos

As our understanding of the driver mutations necessary for initiation and progression of cancers improves, we gain critical information on how specific ...

Pesquisa do câncer

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the context of a whole organism. Sophisticated techniques to generate genetic mosaics facilitate induction of visually marked, genetically defined clones surrounded by normal tissue. The clones can be analyzed through diverse molecular, cellular and omics approaches. This study describes how to generate fluorescently labeled clonal tumors of varying malignancy in the eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD) of Drosophila larvae using the Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. It describes procedures how to recover the mosaic EAD and brain from the larvae and how to process them for simultaneous imaging of fluorescent transgenic reporters and antibody staining. To facilitate molecular characterization of the mosaic tissue, we describe a protocol for isolation of total RNA from the EAD. The dissection procedure is suitable to recover EAD and brains from any larval stage. The fixation and staining protocol for imaginal discs works with a number of transgenic reporters and antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. The protocol for RNA isolation can be applied to various larval organs, whole larvae, and adult flies. Total RNA can be used for profiling of gene expression changes using candidate or genome-wide approaches. Finally, we detail a method for quantifying invasiveness of the clonal tumors. Although this method has limited use, its underlying concept is broadly applicable to other quantitative studies where cognitive bias must be avoided.

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

This protocol demonstrates how to generate fluorescently marked, genetically defined clonal tumors in the Drosophila eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD). It describes how to dissect the EAD and brain from the third instar larvae and how to process them to visualize and quantify gene expression changes and tumor invasiveness.

o<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Imaginal Modelo Disc Tumor: visualização e quantificação da expressão gênica e invasão tumoral Usando Mosaicos Genéticos

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the ...

Dissection of Imaginal Discs from 3rd Instar Drosophila Larvae

This protocol demonstrates the dissection technique used for isolating imaginal discs from drosophila larvae at the 3rd instar stage. Methods for fixing the tissue after saying and removing the wing, leg, and eye discs are demonstrated directly on a microscope slide for subsequent visualization.

Dissecação de discos imaginais de 3 larvas Drosophila Instar

Biologia

Development of a Human Preclinical Model of Osteoclastogenesis from Peripheral Blood Monocytes Co-cultured with Breast Cancer Cell Lines

The crosstalk between tumor cells and bone cells in the bone microenvironment is crucial to understanding the mechanism of bone metastasis formation. We developed an in vitro fully human preclinical model of a co-culture of breast cancer cells and monocytes undergoing differentiation towards osteoclasts. We optimized a model of osteoclastogenesis starting from a sample of peripheral blood collected from healthy donors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were first separated by density gradient centrifugation, seeded at a high density and induced to differentiate by adding two growth factors (GFs): receptor activator of nuclear factor-&#954;B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF). The cells were left in culture for 14 days and then fixed and analyzed by downstream analysis. In osteolytic bone metastases, one of the effects of cancer cell arrival in bone is the induction of osteoclastogenesis. We thus challenged our model with co-cultures of breast cancer cells to study the differentiation power of cancer cells with respect to GFs. A straightforward way of studying cancer cell-osteoclast interaction is to perform indirect co-cultures based on the use of conditioned medium collected from breast cancer cell cultures and mixed with fresh medium. This mixture is then used to induce osteoclast differentiation. We also optimized a method of direct co-culture in which cancer cells and monocytes undergoing differentiation share the medium and exchange secreted factors. This is a significant improvement over the original indirect co-culture method as researchers can observe the reciprocal interactions of the two cell types and perform downstream analyses for both cancer cells and osteoclasts. This method enables us to study the effect of drugs on the metastatic bone microenvironment and to seed cell lines other than those derived from breast cancer. The model can also be used to study other diseases such as osteoporosis or other bone conditions.

This protocol describes development of an in vitro human preclinical model of osteoclastogenesis from peripheral blood monocytes cultured with breast cancer cell lines to mimic the cancer cell-osteoclast interaction. The model could be used to further our understanding of bone metastasis formation and improve therapeutic options.

Desenvolvimento de um modelo humano pré-clínicos de Osteoclastogenesis de monócitos do sangue periférico co cultivados com linhas de células de câncer de mama

The crosstalk between tumor cells and bone cells in the bone microenvironment is crucial to understanding the mechanism of bone metastasis formation. We ...

Establishment of a Primary Culture of Patient-derived Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) represent a spectrum of heterogeneous malignancies with a difficult diagnosis, classification, and management. To date, more than 50 histological subtypes of these rare solid tumors have been identified. Thus, due to their extraordinary diversity and low incidence, our understanding of the biology of these tumors is still limited. Patient-derived cultures represent the ideal platform to study STS pathophysiology and pharmacology. We thus developed a human preclinical model of STS starting from tumor specimens harvested from patients undergoing surgical resection. Patient-derived STS cell cultures were obtained from the surgical specimens by collagenase digestion and isolated by filtration. Cells were counted, seeded, and left for 14 days in standard monolayer cultures and then processed by downstream analysis. Before performing molecular or pharmaceutical analyses, the establishment of STS primary cultures was confirmed through the evaluation of cytomorphologic features and, when available, immunohistochemical markers. This method represents a useful tool 1) to study the natural history of these poorly explored malignancies and 2) to test the effects of different drugs in an effort to learn more about their mechanisms of action.

The following protocol focuses on the establishment of a primary culture of patient-derived soft tissue sarcoma (STS). This model could help us to better understand the molecular background and pharmacological profile of these rare malignancies and could represent a starting point for further research aimed at improving STS management.

Estabelecimento de uma cultura primária de Sarcoma macio do tecido derivado de paciente

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) represent a spectrum of heterogeneous malignancies with a difficult diagnosis, classification, and management. To date, more ...

A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila has illuminated our understanding of the genetic basis of normal development and disease for the past several decades and today it continues to contribute immensely to our understanding of complex diseases 1-7. Progression of tumors from a benign to a metastatic state is a complex event 8 and has been modeled in Drosophila to help us better understand the genetic basis of this disease 9. Here I present a simple protocol to genetically induce, observe and then analyze the progression of tumors in Drosophila larvae. The tumor induction technique is based on the MARCM system 10 and exploits the cooperation between an activated oncogene, RasV12 and loss of cell polarity genes (scribbled, discs large and lethal giant larvae) to generate invasive tumors 9. I demonstrate how these tumors can be visualized in the intact larvae and then how these can be dissected out for further analysis. The simplified protocol presented here should make it possible for this technique to be utilized by investigators interested in understanding the role of a gene in tumor invasion.

A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster

Cooperation between an activated oncogene like RASV12 and mutations in cell polarity genes like scribbled, result in tumor growth in Drosophila where tumor cells also display invasive behaviors. Here a simple protocol for the induction and observation of the benign and invasive tumors is presented.

Um protocolo para indução genética e Visualização de tumores benignos e invasoras em Cephalic Complexos de<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila has illuminated our  understanding of the genetic basis of normal development and disease for the  past several decades and today it continues ...

Medicina

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A remarkable example is given by sensory epithelia, where cells of the same or distinct identities are brought together via cell-cell adhesion showing highly organized planar patterns. Cells align to one another in the same direction and display equivalent polarity over large distances. This organization of the mature epithelia is established over the course of morphogenesis. To understand how the planar arrangement of the mature epithelia is achieved, it is crucial to track cell orientation and growth dynamics with high spatiotemporal fidelity during development in vivo. Robust analytical tools are also essential to identify and characterize local-to-global transitions. The Drosophila pupa is an ideal system to evaluate oriented cell shape changes underlying epithelial morphogenesis. The pupal developing epithelium constitutes the external surface of the immobile body, allowing long-term imaging of intact animals. The protocol described here is designed to image and analyze cell behaviors at both global and local levels in the pupal abdominal epidermis as it grows. The methodology described can be easily adapted to the imaging of cell behaviors at other developmental stages, tissues, subcellular structures, or model organisms.

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

This protocol is designed for the imaging and analysis of the dynamics of cell orientation and tissue growth in the Drosophila abdominal epithelia as the fruit fly undergoes metamorphosis. The methodology described here can be applied to the study of different developmental stages, tissues, and subcellular structures in Drosophila or other model organisms.

Imagem e Análise da Dinâmica de Orientação e Crescimento tecidual na Epitélia Drosophila em Desenvolvimento durante os estágios pupal

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic morphologies 1-3. During pupation, which spans approximately 96 hours (at 25 &deg;C), proliferating populations of imaginal cells replace the larval epidermis to generate the adult abdominal segments. These imaginal cells, born during embryogenesis, exist as lateral pairs of histoblast nests in each abdominal segment of the larvae. Four pairs of histoblast nests give rise to the adult dorsal cuticle (anterior and posterior dorsal nests), the ventral cuticle (ventral nests) and the spiracles associated with each segment (spiracle nests) 4. Upon puparation, these diploid cells (distinguishable by size from the larger polyploid larval epidermal cells- LECs) begin a stereotypical process of proliferation, migration and replacement of the LECs. Various molecular and genetic tools can be employed to investigate the contributions of genetic pathways involved in morphogenesis of the adult abdomen. Ultimate adult phenotypes are typically analyzed following dissection of adult abdominal cuticles. However, investigation of the underlying molecular processes requires immunohistochemical analyses of the pupal epithelium, which present unique challenges. Temporally dynamic morphogenesis and the interactions of two distinct epithelial populations (larval and imaginal) generate a fragile tissue prone to excessive cell loss during dissection and subsequent processing. We have developed methods of dissection, fixation, mounting and imaging of the Drosophila pupal abdominem epithelium for immunohistochemical studies that generate consistent high quality samples suitable for confocal or standard fluorescent microscopy.

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

Antibody staining of the Drosophila pupae can enhance genetic analyses of adult abdominal developmental genetics. We present our protocol for dissection, fixation and antibody staining of staged Drosophila pupal abdomen.

Drosophila Imunohistoquímica Abdomen Pupal

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic ...

Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

A significant portion of post-embryonic development in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, takes place within a set of sac-like structures called imaginal discs. These discs give rise to a high percentage of adult structures that are found within the adult fly. Here we describe a protocol that has been optimized to recover these discs and prepare them for analysis with antibodies, transcriptional reporters and protein traps. This procedure is best suited for thin tissues like imaginal discs, but can be easily modified for use with thicker tissues such as the larval brain and adult ovary. The written protocol and accompanying video will guide the reader/viewer through the dissection of third instar larvae, fixation of tissue, and treatment of imaginal discs with antibodies. The protocol can be used to dissect imaginal discs from younger first and second instar larvae as well. The advantage of this protocol is that it is relatively short and it has been optimized for the high quality preservation of the dissected tissue. Another advantage is that the fixation procedure that is employed works well with the overwhelming number of antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. In our experience, there is a very small number of sensitive antibodies that do not work well with this procedure. In these situations, the remedy appears to be to use an alternate fixation cocktail while continuing to follow the guidelines that we have set forth for the dissection steps and antibody incubations.

Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

The adult structures of Drosophila are derived from sac-like structures called imaginal discs. Analysis of these discs provides insight into many developmental processes including tissue determination, compartment boundary establishment, cell proliferation, cell fate specification, and planar cell polarity. This protocol is used to prepare imaginal discs for light/fluorescent microscopy.

Dissecção e Imunocoloração do Imaginário discos de<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

A significant portion of post-embryonic development in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, takes place within a set of sac-like structures called ...

Drosophila Larva Imaginal Disc Dissection: A Method to Observe Developing Epithelia

Source: Morimoto, K. and Tamori, Y. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/55901/" target="_blank">Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
When staining Drosophila imaginal discs, often a rough dissection is performed where the discs are exposed but remain attached to the body. Once stained, the discs of interest are isolated and mounted. The example protocol demonstrates a procedure for wing imaginal disc dissection and mounting.

drosófila Dissecção de disco imaginal de larvas: um método para observar o desenvolvimento de epitélios

Source: Morimoto, K. and Tamori, Y. Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
When staining Drosophila ...

Indução e diagnóstico de tumores em

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