Os autores agradecer o pessoal do Hospital Universitário animal instalação (UTE) de Nantes para pecuária e cuidados, o celular e tecidual de imagem facilidade do núcleo da Universidade de Nantes (MicroPICell) para a imagem latente e a facilidade de citometria (Cytocell) de Nantes para sua assistência técnica especializada. Este trabalho foi financiado pelo INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Institut National du Cancer (INCa #PLBio2014-155), Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer (AO inter-regional 2017) e o consórcio europeu ERA-Net Transcan2 (Immunoglio). A equipe é financiada pelo Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale (DEQ20170839118). Este trabalho foi realizado no contexto do LabEX IGO e os programas IHU-Cesti, suportado pelo nacional investigação Agência Investissements d'Avenir através dos programas ANR-11-LABX-0016-01 e ANR-10-IBHU-005, respectivamente. O projeto IHU-Cesti também é suportado pelo Nantes Metropole e a região de Pays de la Loire. Os autores agradecer Chirine Rafia para fornecer ajuda em corrigir o manuscrito.

As procedimento envolvendo animais disciplinas foi realizada segundo as orientações institucionais (acordo #00186.02; Comitê de ética regional de Pays de la Loire [França]). Humano PBMC foram isolada a partir do sangue coletado de doadores saudáveis informados (Etablissement Français du Sang Nantes, França). Todas as etapas são executadas sob condições estéreis.
1. não-específica expansão de linfócitos citotóxicos Effector T
<ol><li>Preparar e irradiar as células alimentador em 35 Gy. Para a estimulação de 2 x 105 - células efetoras de 4 x 105 , prepare-se 10 x 106 PBMCs e 1 x 106 BLCLs de três doadores distintos, saudáveis.</li>
	<li>Resuspenda tanto células alimentador e células efetoras em 15 mL de RPMI suplementado com 10% inactivadas pelo calor FCS, 2 mM L-glutamina, penicilina (100 UI/mL), estreptomicina (0,1 µ g/mL) e recombinantes IL-2 300 UI/mL.</li>
	<li>Adicionar PHA-L em uma concentração final de 1 µ g/mL, misture cuidadosamente e distribuir 150 µ l de suspensão de célula por bem em placas de 96 poços de fundo U.</li>
	<li>Incube a 37 ° C e com 5% CO2 em um ambiente umidificado.</li>
	<li>Verificar diariamente a placa até grandes células agrupa formulário dos poços de cultura (~ dia 7).</li>
	<li>Transferi as células em um frasco de cultura a 1 x 106 células/mL em meio de cultura fresco.</li>
	<li>Determinar o número total de células por contagem (2x por semana) e mantê-las em 1 x 106 células/mL em meio de cultura fresco. Nota: As células imunes efetoras devem estar prontas para a administração de terapêutica em um estado de repouso (geralmente 3 semanas após o estímulo inicial de amplificação). A pureza e a reatividade destas células efetoras devem ser verificados antes na vivo injeções (por exemplo, com ensaios em vitro ).</li>
</ol>2. preparação de células efetoras pré-operatório
<ol><li>Depois de verificar a contagem de células efetoras, colete as células efetoras em um tubo de 50 mL por centrifugação (300 x g por 5 min). Nota: Para compensar qualquer perda, prepare um excesso de células (por exemplo, 50 x 106).</li>
	<li>Cuidadosamente, remover o sobrenadante e ressuspender as células em 15 mL de PBS estéril e centrifugar durante 5 min à 300 x g para executar a lavagem.</li>
	<li>Cuidadosa e completamente remover o sobrenadante e em seguida Ressuspender as células em 1 mL de PBS estéril.</li>
	<li>Transferi as células ressuspensa em um microtubo de 1,5 mL por centrifugação a 300 x g durante 5 min.</li>
	<li>Cuidadosa e completamente remova o sobrenadante pipetando lentamente.</li>
	<li>Ressuspender as células em 8 µ l de PBS estéril por rato. Nota: Este é um passo crítico.</li>
	<li>Medir o volume da suspensão celular usando uma micropipeta. Se necessário, adicionar PBS estéril (20 x 106 células em 15 µ l de PBS por dose) e misturar cuidadosamente.</li>
	<li>Verificar, por meio de uma micropipeta, que o volume final por rato é entre 15 e 20 μL (imperativamente < 20 µ l).</li>
	<li>Manter as células no gelo até injeção estereotáxica. Nota: mais de 3-h momentos não foram testados.</li>
</ol>3. estereotáxica injeção
<ol><li>
Instalação de equipamento
	<ol>
<li>Montar e calibrar um pequeno quadro estereotáxico animal de acordo com as instruções do fabricante para garantir a precisão das injeções intracranianas (por exemplo, tamanho da seringa, volume desejado e taxa de injeção). Nota: A taxa de infusão lenta é recomendada (ou seja, 2-3 µ l/min).</li>
		<li>Instale o material em um armário de segurança microbiana (MSC) para manter a esterilidade dos instrumentos e para proteger os ratos de infecções. Nota: lugar "blocos isotérmicos" em um banho-maria a 37 ° C. Este sistema limita a hipotermia de ratos durante a cirurgia. Radiante, que são necessárias para o cuidado pós-processual, deve ser usado durante a monitorização contínua da temperatura.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Preparação de animais pré-operatório
	<ol>
<li>Anestesia um rato com uma injeção intraperitoneal de cetamina (10 mg/mL) e xilazina (0,1 mg/mL) em 10 µ l/g de peso do corpo do mouse.</li>
		<li>Execute um teste do beliscão do dedo do pé para garantir a completa anestesia e analgesia do animal. Nota: Qualquer movimento é uma indicação de analgesia não de profundidade e, se isso ocorrer, mais alguns minutos são necessários antes de repetir a operação.</li>
		<li>Uma vez que o mouse é devidamente anestesiado, use a tesoura para remover a pele do local cirúrgico (entre as duas orelhas, até o nariz).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Preparação da pilha pré-operatória
	<ol>
<li>Cuidadosamente, Ressuspender as células com uma pipeta (várias vezes) antes de cada injecção para impedir que qualquer célula aglutinação.</li>
		<li>Desenhe cuidadosamente o volume de suspensão de células necessárias (15-20 µ l) para o microseringa 22-G para evitar a aspiração de bolhas. Nota: Este passo de carregamento de celular para o microseringa é importante para minimizar as variações no volume injetado. Recarrega pilhas para cada injeção individual entre procedimentos para impedir que qualquer célula aglutinação e garantir um número par de administração de células efetoras na coorte.</li>
		<li>Em seguida, coloque a seringa para a bomba de seringa adaptada.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Cuidados processuais
	<ol>
<li>Desinfectar o local cirúrgico com cotonetes embebidos em solução de iodo-povidona 5% pelo menos 3 x.</li>
		<li>Coloque uma pomada oftálmica lubrificante nos olhos do rato, para evitar qualquer secagem de córneas.</li>
		<li>Posição do mouse anestesiado na armação estereotáxica, num bloco isotérmico quente coberto com um filme plástico estéril para manter a temperatura do rato durante a cirurgia e limitar a taxa de mortalidade. Nota: Do mouse nariz e dentes devem ser adequadamente posicionados acima da barra de dente, para assegurar o fluxo respiratório adequado durante o procedimento.</li>
		<li>Uma vez que o mouse está posicionado acima da barra de dente, aperte as barras de orelha firmemente sob as orelhas do rato para imobilizar a cabeça. Nota: Tenha cuidado para não danificar os tímpanos ou comprometer a respiração.</li>
		<li>Fazer uma incisão de 1-2 cm da pele sagital com tesoura estéril, ao longo da parte superior do crânio de anterior posterior para expor o crânio.</li>
		<li>Identifica a interseção das suturas coronais e sagitais (Bregma) para servir como pontos de referência para localização estereotáxica antes da injeção (mostrada na Figura 1).</li>
		<li>Lugar da micro-seringa acima deste ponto.</li>
		<li>Mova a micro-seringa lateral direita 2 mm e 0,5 mm anterior do Bregma.</li>
		<li>Usando um microdrill, faça um pequeno furo no crânio com uma broca estéril coordenadas pré-determinadas. Tenha cuidado para permanecer superficial para evitar qualquer lesão traumática do cérebro. Nota: No presente protocolo, as células imunes foram injetadas dentro um tumor estabelecido (uma semana após a injeção de células de tumor). A pele deve ser reaberto (scar) e a injeção é executada com as mesmas coordenadas usadas para a implantação de células de tumor (o furo geralmente ainda está presente acima de 2 semanas após a injeção). As coordenadas foram selecionadas para injetar células de tumor e efetoras no parênquima cerebral13,14.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Injeção de células imunes efetoras
	<ol>
<li>Cuidadosamente Introduza a micro-seringa o orifício perfurado e, movendo-se lentamente, encaminhar a agulha 3 mm para baixo na dura-máter e então para trás 0.5 mm até uma profundidade final de 2,5 mm antes de injetar as células efetoras.</li>
		<li>Executar a injeção de células efetoras em 2-3 µ l/min e monitorar os ratos ao longo do tempo de injeção.</li>
		<li>Uma vez concluída a injeção, retirar a agulha para apenas 1 mm e manter a micro-seringa no lugar por um minuto adicional antes lentamente retirando completamente o microseringa, para evitar qualquer vazamento do local da infusão. Nota: Após a remoção do animal do dispositivo estereotáxico, limpe imediatamente o equipamento de injeção para experiências futuras.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Cuidados pós-operatórios e follow-up de rato
	<ol>
<li>Retire o animal do quadro estereotáxico e imediatamente aplicar solução de 5% de iodo-povidona no local da incisão e fechar a pele com uma sutura cirúrgica adequada.</li>
		<li>Aplicar o gel de lidocaína 2% diretamente sobre a ferida e administrar 0,15 µ g/g de buprenorfina por injeção subcutânea para analgesia pós-processual.</li>
		<li>Lugar de volta o mouse anestesiado para sua jaula sobre uma almofada de aquecimento definida a 37 ° C para manter uma temperatura de corpo do mouse apropriado e evitar qualquer hipotermia. Nota: Alojamento separado não é necessário.</li>
		<li>Monitorar o mouse até que ele está totalmente recuperado da anestesia e transferi-lo para um quarto de habitação. Nota: Até à data, este protocolo é bem suportado como poucas complicações imprevistas ocorreram (< 5% dos ratos injetados).</li>
		<li>Diariamente, monitorar os ratos e sacrificá-los quando qualquer declínio saúde são observados sinais (por exemplo, postura encurvada, mobilidade reduzida, prostração ou perda de peso significativa corpo [≥ 15%]).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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Uma transferência adotiva de selecionado nativo ou células efetoras imune engenharia representa uma abordagem promissora para tratar eficientemente a tumores, como câncer de cérebro infiltrativa, tendo o cuidado de limitar reatividades contra células não-transformadas15, 16,17,18. No entanto, o sistema nervoso central, que compreende o cérebro, tem um determinado status imune, nomeadame...

GBM (quem grau astrocitoma IV), é o câncer de cérebro primário mais frequente e agressivo em adultos. Apesar de tratamentos agressivos que combinam radio-quimioterapia e cirurgia, GBM continua associada com um prognóstico extremamente pobre (sobrevida média de 14,6 meses e um ano-2-mortalidade > 73%)1. Isto evidencia que alguns avanços terapêuticos eficientes foram validados ao longo da última década2. Entre os candidatos para a concepção de estratégias terapêuticas mais eficazes3,4,5, imunoterapias6 são atualmente exploradas para controlar e eliminar altamente invasivo e rádio/quimioterapia-resistente do tumor células, suspeitadas por sua contribuição fundamental para a rápida e fatal tumor recaída7. Vários alvos imunológicos foram identificadas e propostas para imunoterapias, envolvendo natural ou αβ modificado ou linfócitos T de ϒδ como antígenos do tumor GBM específicos ou estresse induzido por moléculas8,9, 10. A possibilidade de administrar efetores de células imunes GBM-reativos selecionados representa uma oportunidade única para entregar quantidades elevadas de linfócitos efetores diretamente no site da malignidade residual. Para oferecer suporte a esta estratégia, nós recentemente demonstraram que modelos baseados em camundongos imunodeficientes carregando ortotópico primários xenografts humanos de GBM fielmente recapitular o desenvolvimento de tumores cerebrais em GBM pacientes9,11. Além disso, estes modelos foram usados para demonstrar a eficiência forte antitumoral de enviaram transferidos linfócitos humanos alogênico de Vϒ9Vδ2T.
Este protocolo descreve as etapas experimentais críticas para alcançar imunoterapias estereotáxica de tumores cerebrais, tais como GBM, com base na transferência adotiva de alogênico linfócitos T. O artigo mostra: (i) a amplificação de linfócitos terapêuticos alogénicos imunes efetoras T, tais como linfócitos humanos Vϒ9Vδ2T; (ii) a preparação destes linfócitos efetores T para injeção; (iii) o processo de administração estereotáxica dentro do cérebro, perto do tumor. Este artigo também fornece insights sobre o comportamento desses efetores celulares após a injeção estereotáxica.
A abordagem terapêutica aqui apresentada baseia-se a injeção de 20 x 106 efetoras células por dose para cada mouse imunodeficientes rolamento-tumor de cérebro. Uma etapa de expansão inicial em vitro é necessária para produzir grandes quantidades de células do sistema imunológico. Portanto, expansões de célula não-específicas são executadas usando a Fitohemaglutinina (PHA-L) e irradiados células alogénicas alimentador: células mononucleares do sangue periférico (PBMC) de doadores saudáveis e célula B-lymphoblastoid Epstein Barr vírus EBV-transformado linhas (BLCLs), derivado de PBMC por infecção em vitro com cultura EBV-contendo sobrenadante da linha celular sagui B95-8, na presença de 1 µ g/mL ciclosporina-A.
Células imunes efetoras GBM-reativa são comparadas e selecionadas a partir de vitro ensaios9. Estas células efetoras são ativadas e amplificado usando protocolos padrão, de acordo com sua natureza (por exemplo, de linfócitos humanos Vγ9Vδ2 T9 ou humano anti-herpes vírus αβ T linfócitos12) com uma pureza mínima de > 80%, como rotineiramente verificada pela análise cytometric. O procedimento de expansão celular detalhado abaixo aplica-se a vários subconjuntos de linfócitos humanos.

<table><tbody><tr><td>PBMCs</td><td></td><td></td><td>from 3 different healthy donors</td></tr><tr><td>BLCLs</td><td></td><td></td><td>from 3 different donors</td></tr><tr><td>Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>31870-025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FCS</td><td>Dutscher</td><td>S1810-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-glutamine</td><td>Gibco</td><td>25030-024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>penicillin/streptomycin</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IL-2</td><td>Novartis</td><td>proleukin</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PHA-L</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L4144</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereotaxic frame</td><td>Stoelting Co.</td><td>51600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse adaptator for stereotaxic frame&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Stoelting Co.</td><td>51624</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>microsyringe pump injector&amp;nbsp;</td><td>WPI</td><td>UMP3-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NanoFil Syringe</td><td>WPI</td><td>NF34BV-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NSG mice</td><td>Charles River</td><td>NSGSSFE07S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine</td><td>Merial</td><td>Imalg&amp;egrave;ne 1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine</td><td>Bayer</td><td>Rompur 2%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scissors</td><td>WPI</td><td>201758</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>WPI</td><td>501215</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>OmniDrill 115/230V</td><td>WPI</td><td>503598</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vicryl 4-0</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>VCP397H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylocaine</td><td>Astrazeneca</td><td>3634461</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

stereotactic adoptive transfer of cytotoxic immune cells in murine models of orthotopic human glioblastoma multiforme xenografts

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), o câncer de cérebro primário mais frequente e agressivo em adultos, é geralmente associada com um prognóstico pobre e escassas eficientes terapias têm sido propostas ao longo da última década. Entre os candidatos promissores para a concepção de novas estratégias terapêuticas, imunoterapias celulares têm sido alvo para eliminar altamente invasivo e células tumorais de quimio-radioresistant, provavelmente envolveram em uma recaída rápida e fatal de câncer. Assim, organismos de alogênico GBM-reativa efetores célula imune, como linfócitos T Vϒ9Vδ2 humanos, nas proximidades do tumor que representa uma oportunidade única para entregar eficiente e altamente concentrado agentes terapêuticos diretamente para o site de malignidades do cérebro. Aqui, apresentamos um protocolo para a preparação e a administração estereotáxica de linfócitos humanos alogênico em camundongos imunodeficientes carregando humana ortotópico de tumores primários. Este estudo fornece um prova de conceito pré-clínicos para a viabilidade e a eficácia antitumoral destes imunoterapias celulares que dependem de injeções estereotáxica de linfócitos humanos alogênico dentro camas de tumor intrabrain.

Este estudo descreve a estratégia de transferência adotiva de células efetoras imune celular dentro do cérebro de camundongos portadores de tumor, baseado em injeções estereotáxica realizadas diretamente dentro da cama do tumor.
Para minimizar qualquer risco de lesão cerebral associada com um volume grande de injeção, a suspensão de células efetoras precisa ser concentrado (20 x 106 células em 15-20 µ l ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereotactic Adoptive Transfer of Cytotoxic Immune Cells in Murine Models of Orthotopic Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Xenografts at JoVE.com

Stereotactic Adoptive Transfer of Cytotoxic Immune Cells in Murine Models of Orthotopic Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Xenografts

Estereotáxica transferência adotiva de citotóxicas células imunes em modelos murino de humanos ortotópico Glioblastoma Multiforme Xenografts

Aqui, apresentamos um protocolo para a preparação e a administração estereotáxica de linfócitos humanos alogênico em camundongos imunodeficientes carregando humana ortotópico de tumores primários. Este estudo fornece um prova de conceito para a viabilidade e a eficácia antitumoral de imunoterapias celulares intrabrain-entregue.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most frequent and aggressive primary brain cancer in adults, is generally associated with a poor prognosis, and scarce ...

stereotactic-adoptive-transfer-cytotoxic-immune-cells-murine-models

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

7.8K visualizações.  CRCINA. Aqui, apresentamos um protocolo para a preparação e a administração estereotáxica de linfócitos humanos alogênico em camundongos imunodeficientes carregando humana ortotópico de tumores primários. Este estudo fornece um prova de conceito para a viabilidade e a eficácia antitumoral de imunoterapias celulares intrabrain-entregue.

Vídeo: Stereotactic Adoptive Transfer of Cytotoxic Immune Cells in Murine Models of Orthotopic Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Xenografts

A Simple Guide Screw Method for Intracranial Xenograft Studies in Mice

The grafting of human tumor cells into the brain of immunosuppressed mice is an established method for the study of brain cancers including glioblastoma (glioma) and medulloblastoma. The widely used stereotactic approach only allows for the injection of a single animal at a time, is labor intensive and requires highly specialized equipment. The guide screw method, initially developed by Lal et al.,1 was developed to eliminate cumbersome stereotactic procedures. We now describe a modified guide screw approach that is rapid and exceptionally safe; both of which are critical ethical considerations. Notably, our procedure now incorporates an infusion pump that allows up to 10 animals to be simultaneously injected with tumor cells.
To demonstrate the utility of this procedure, we established human U87MG glioma cells as intracranial xenografts in mice, which were then treated with AMG102; a fully human antibody directed to HGF/scatter factor currently undergoing clinical evaluation2-5. Systemic injection of AMG102 significantly prolonged the survival of all mice with intracranial U87MG xenografts and resulted in a number of complete cures. 
This study demonstrates that the guide screw method is an inexpensive, highly reproducible approach for establishing intracranial xenografts. Furthermore, it provides a relevant physiological model for validating novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of brain cancers.

In order to evaluate novel therapeutic paradigms for the treatment of glioma, physiological relevant models are essential. We utilize an implantable guide screw procedure for establishment of intracranial xenograft models that is more rapid and safer than stereotactic approaches.

Um método simples parafuso Guia para intracraniana Estudos Xenoenxerto em Ratos

The grafting of human tumor cells into the brain of immunosuppressed mice is an established method for the study of brain cancers including glioblastoma ...

Medicina

Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the understanding of the mechanics of tumor invasion, and direct intracerebral inoculation of tumor provides the opportunity of observing the invasive process in a physiologically appropriate environment2. As far as human brain tumors are concerned, the orthotopic models currently available are established either by stereotaxic injection of cell suspensions or implantation of a solid piece of tumor through a complicated craniotomy procedure3. In our technique we harvest cells from tissue culture to create a cell suspension used to implant directly into the brain. The duration of the surgery is approximately 30 minutes, and as the mouse needs to be in a constant surgical plane, an injectable anesthetic is used. The mouse is placed in a stereotaxic jig made by Stoetling (figure 1). After the surgical area is cleaned and prepared, an incision is made; and the bregma is located to determine the location of the craniotomy. The location of the craniotomy is 2 mm to the right and 1 mm rostral to the bregma. The depth is 3 mm from the surface of the skull, and cells are injected at a rate of 2 &mu;l every 2 minutes. The skin is sutured with 5-0 PDS, and the mouse is allowed to wake up on a heating pad. From our experience, depending on the cell line, treatment can take place from 7-10 days after surgery. Drug delivery is dependent on the drug composition. For radiation treatment the mice are anesthetized, and put into a custom made jig. Lead covers the mouse's body and exposes only the brain of the mouse. The study of tumorigenesis and the evaluation of new therapies for GBM require accurate and reproducible brain tumor animal models. Thus we use this orthotopic brain model to study the interaction of the microenvironment of the brain and the tumor, to test the effectiveness of different therapeutic agents with and without radiation.

The purpose of this article is to describe the use of an orthotopic glioblastoma model for chemoradiation studies. This article will go though cell processing, implanting, and radiotherapy of the mouse using an intracranial model.

Radioterapia em uma combinação ortotópico modelo de tumor de cérebro de camundongos

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the ...

Stereotactic Intracranial Implantation and In vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Tumor Xenografts in a Mouse Model System of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a high-grade primary brain cancer with a median survival of only 14.6 months in humans despite standard tri-modality treatment consisting of surgical resection, post-operative radiation therapy and temozolomide chemotherapy 1. New therapeutic approaches are clearly needed to improve patient survival and quality of life. The development of more effective treatment strategies would be aided by animal models of GBM that recapitulate human disease yet allow serial imaging to monitor tumor growth and treatment response. In this paper, we describe our technique for the precise stereotactic implantation of bio-imageable GBM cancer cells into the brains of nude mice resulting in tumor xenografts that recapitulate key clinical features of GBM 2. This method yields tumors that are reproducible and are located in precise anatomic locations while allowing in vivo bioluminescent imaging to serially monitor intracranial xenograft growth and response to treatments 3-5. This method is also well-tolerated by the animals with low perioperative morbidity and mortality.

Stereotactic Intracranial Implantation and In vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Tumor Xenografts in a Mouse Model System of Glioblastoma Multiforme

We describe an integrated method for the precise, stereotactic implantation of human glioblastoma multiforme cells into the brains of nude mice and subsequent serial in vivo imaging to monitor growth and response to treatment of the resultant xenografts.

Implantação estereotáxica intracraniana e<em&gt; Em vivo</em&gt; Imaging Bioluminescent de xenoenxertos de tumores em um Sistema Modelo de Rato Glioblastoma Multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a high-grade primary brain cancer with a median survival of only 14.6 months in humans despite standard tri-modality ...

Primary Orthotopic Glioma Xenografts Recapitulate Infiltrative Growth and Isocitrate Dehydrogenase I Mutation

Malignant gliomas constitute a heterogeneous group of highly infiltrative glial neoplasms with distinct clinical and molecular features. Primary orthotopic xenografts recapitulate the histopathological and molecular features of malignant glioma subtypes in preclinical animal models. To model WHO grades III and IV malignant gliomas in transplantation assays, human tumor cells are xenografted into an orthotopic site, the brain, of immunocompromised mice. In contrast to secondary xenografts that utilize cultured tumor cells, human glioma cells are dissociated from resected specimens and transplanted without prior passage in tissue culture to generate primary xenografts. The procedure in this report details tumor sample preparation, intracranial transplantation into immunocompromised mice, monitoring for tumor engraftment and tumor harvesting for subsequent passage into recipient animals or analysis. Tumor cell preparation requires 2 hr and surgical procedure requires 20 min/animal.

Malignant gliomas constitute a heterogeneous group of highly infiltrative glial neoplasms with distinct clinical and molecular features. Primary orthotopic xenografts recapitulate the histopathological and molecular features of malignant glioma subtypes in preclinical animal models.

Glioma Xenoenxertos Ortotópicos Primários Recapitulam crescimento infiltrativo e isocitar mutação desidrogenase I

Malignant gliomas constitute a heterogeneous group of highly infiltrative glial neoplasms with distinct clinical and molecular features. Primary ...

Generation of CAR T Cells for Adoptive Therapy in the Context of Glioblastoma Standard of Care

Adoptive T cell immunotherapy offers a promising strategy for specifically targeting and eliminating malignant gliomas. T cells can be engineered ex vivo to express chimeric antigen receptors specific for glioma antigens (CAR T cells). The expansion and function of adoptively transferred CAR T cells can be potentiated by the lymphodepletive and tumoricidal effects of standard of care chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We describe a method for generating CAR T cells targeting EGFRvIII, a glioma-specific antigen, and evaluating their efficacy when combined with a murine model of glioblastoma standard of care. T cells are engineered by transduction with a retroviral vector containing the anti-EGFRvIII CAR gene. Tumor-bearing animals are subjected to host conditioning by a course of temozolomide and whole brain irradiation at dose regimens designed to model clinical standard of care. CAR T cells are then delivered intravenously to primed hosts. This method can be used to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cells in the context of standard of care.

The lymphodepletive and immunomodulatory effects of chemotherapy and radiation standard of care can be leveraged to enhance the antitumor efficacy of T cell immunotherapy. We outline a method for generating EGFRvIII-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and administering them in the context of glioblastoma standard of care.

Geração de células T para CAR adoptivo Therapy no Contexto do Glioblastoma Padrão de Atendimento

Adoptive T cell immunotherapy offers a promising strategy for specifically targeting and eliminating malignant gliomas. T cells can be engineered ex vivo ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Translational Orthotopic Models of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models for human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are critical to understanding the development and progression of brain tumors. Unlike xenograft tumors, in GEMs, tumors arise in the native microenvironment in an immunocompetent mouse. However, the use of GBM GEMs in preclinical treatment studies is challenging due to long tumor latencies, heterogeneity in neoplasm frequency, and the timing of advanced grade tumor development. Mice induced via intracranial orthotopic injection are more tractable for preclinical studies, and retain features of the GEM tumors. We generated an orthotopic brain tumor model derived from a GEM model with Rb, Kras, and p53 aberrations (TRP), which develops GBM tumors&#160;displaying linear foci of necrosis by neoplastic cells, and dense vascularization analogous to human GBM. Cells derived from GEM GBM tumors are injected intracranially into wild-type, strain-matched recipient mice and reproduce grade IV tumors, therefore bypassing the long tumor latency period in GEM mice and allowing for the creation of large and reproducible cohorts for preclinical studies. The highly proliferative, invasive, and vascular features of the TRP GEM model for GBM are recapitulated in the orthotopic tumors, and histopathology markers reflect human GBM subgroups. Tumor growth is monitored by serial MRI scans. Due to the invasive nature of the intracranial tumors in immunocompetent models, carefully following the injection procedure outlined here is essential to prevent extracranial tumor growth.

Here, we describe a preclinical orthotopic mouse model for GBM, established by intracranial injection of cells derived from genetically engineered mouse model tumors. This model displays the disease hallmarks of human GBM. For translational studies, the mouse brain tumor is tracked by in vivo MRI and histopathology.

Modelos Ortotópicos Translacionais de Glioblastoma Multiforme

Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models for human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are critical to understanding the development and progression of brain ...

Pesquisa do câncer

Creating Anatomically Accurate and Reproducible Intracranial Xenografts of Human Brain Tumors

Orthotopic tumor models are currently the best way to study the characteristics of a tumor type, with and without intervention, in the context of a live animal &#8211;&#160;particularly in sites with unique physiological and architectural qualities such as the brain. In vitro and ectopic models cannot account for features such as vasculature, blood brain barrier, metabolism, drug delivery and toxicity, and a host of other relevant factors. Orthotopic models have their limitations too, but with proper technique tumor cells of interest can be accurately engrafted into tissue that most closely mimics conditions in the human brain. By employing methods that deliver precisely measured volumes to accurately defined locations at a consistent rate and pressure, mouse models of human brain tumors with predictable growth rates can be reproducibly created and are suitable for reliable analysis of various interventions. The protocol described here focuses on the technical details of designing and preparing for an intracranial injection, performing the surgery, and ensuring successful and reproducible tumor growth and provides starting points for a variety of conditions that can be customized for a range of different brain tumor models.

The brain is a unique site with qualities that are not well represented by in vitro or ectopic analyses. Orthotopic mouse models with reproducible location and growth characteristics can be reliably created with intracranial injections using a stereotaxic fixation instrument and a low pressure syringe pump.

Criando anatomicamente precisos e reprodutíveis intracraniana Xenoenxertos de tumores cerebrais humanos

Orthotopic tumor models are currently the best way to study the characteristics of a tumor type, with and without intervention, in the context of a live ...

An Immunocompetent Murine Model for Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy of Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GB), the most aggressive form of primary brain cancer, accounts for approximately half of all high-grade primary brain tumors in adults and has no cure. Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment for GB and is used in patients who may not be candidates for conventional surgical resection. While the clinical efficacy of LITT has been established, research beyond clinical case studies and case series is limited and hindered by the lack of an established animal model. This protocol uses C57BL/6 mice and syngeneic CT2A glioma cancer cell line to closely recapitulate human GB&#160;while also using a 1064 nm Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, such as is used in one of the two FDA-approved LITT systems, providing excellent pre-clinical relevance. The successful establishment of this LITT murine model will provide a valuable platform for investigating the unique features of LITT ablation and its effects on the tumor microenvironment, potentially leading to improved therapeutic strategies.

Glioblastoma is a devastating form of primary brain cancer, and laser interstitial thermal therapy is emerging as a promising alternative to conventional surgical resection for inoperable glioblastoma. This protocol describes an optimized pre-clinical mouse model that can be used to study treatment effects or adjuvant and combinatorial treatments.

Glioblastoma (GB), the most aggressive form of primary brain cancer, accounts for approximately half of all high-grade primary brain tumors in adults and ...

Intranasal Delivery of Therapeutic Stem Cells to Glioblastoma in a Mouse Model

The intrinsic tropism towards brain malignancies renders stem cells as promising carriers of therapeutic agents against malignant tumors. The delivery of therapeutic stem cells via the intranasal route is a recently discovered alternative strategy, with strong potential for clinical translation, due to its non-invasive nature compared to intracranial implantation or delivery via systemic routes. The lack of blood brain barrier further strengthens the therapeutic potential of stem cells undergoing intranasal brain entry. This article summarizes the essential techniques utilized in our studies and outlines the basic principles of intranasal strategy for stem cell delivery using a mouse model of intracranial glioma xenografts. We demonstrate the optimized procedures that generate consistent and reproducible results with specific predetermined experimental parameters and offer guidelines for streamlined work flow that ensure efficient execution and reliable experimental outcome. The article is designed to serve as a baseline for further experimental customization based on hypothesis, stem cell types, or tumor specifics.

Stem cells are promising therapeutic carriers to treat brain tumors due to their intrinsic tumor tropism. Non-invasive intranasal stem cell delivery bypasses the blood brain barrier and demonstrates strong potential for clinical translation. This article summarizes the basic principles of intranasal stem cell delivery in a mouse model of glioma.

Entrega intranasal de células-tronco terapêuticas para Glioblastoma em um modelo de mouse

The intrinsic tropism towards brain malignancies renders stem cells as promising carriers of therapeutic agents against malignant tumors. The delivery of ...

Image-Guided Resection of Glioblastoma and Intracranial Implantation of Therapeutic Stem Cell-seeded Scaffolds

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer, carries a life expectancy of 12-15 months. The short life expectancy is due in part to the inability of the current treatment, consisting of surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy, to eliminate invasive tumor foci. Treatment of these foci may be improved with tumoricidal human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs exhibit potent tumor tropism and can be engineered to express therapeutic proteins that kill tumor cells. Advancements in preclinical models indicate that surgical resection induces premature MSC loss and reduces therapeutic efficacy. Efficacy of MSC treatment can be improved by seeding MSCs on a biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffold. MSC delivery into the surgical resection cavity on a PLA scaffold restores cell retention, persistence, and tumor killing. To study the effects of MSC-seeded PLA implantation on GBM, an accurate preclinical model is needed. Here we provide a preclinical surgical protocol for image-guided tumor resection of GBM in immune-deficient mice followed by MSC-seeded scaffold implantation. MSCs are engineered with lentiviral constructs to constitutively express and secrete therapeutic TNF&#945;-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) as well as green fluorescent protein (GFP) to allow fluorescent tracking. Similarly, the U87 tumor cells are engineered to express mCherry and firefly luciferase, providing dual fluorescent/luminescent tracking. While currently used for investigating stem cell mediated delivery of therapeutics, this protocol could be modified to investigate the impact of surgical resection on other GBM interventions.

Tumor-seeking therapeutic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show promise as a treatment for invasive glioblastoma. Optimal transplantation involves delivery of MSCs into the tumor resection cavity on scaffolds. Here, preclinical techniques to study MSC treatment of glioblastoma are provided including: image-guided tumor resection; implantation of MSC-seeded scaffolds; and postoperative therapy tracking.

Ressecção guiada por imagem de Glioblastoma e intracraniana implantação de andaimes terapêuticos de células-tronco-semeado

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer, carries a life expectancy of 12-15 months. The short life expectancy is due in ...