Gli autori ringraziano il personale dell'ospedale universitario animale impianto (UTE) di Nantes per zootecnia e cura, il cellulare e tessutale, funzione di memoria dell'Università di Nantes (MicroPICell) di imaging per l'imaging e l'impianto di citometria (Cytocell) da Nantes per la loro assistenza tecnica. Questo lavoro è stato finanziato dalla INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Institut National du Cancer (INCa n #PLBio2014-155), Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer (AO interregionale 2017) e il Consorzio europeo Transcan2 di ERA-Net (Immunoglio). La squadra è finanziata dalla Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale (DEQ20170839118). Questo lavoro è stato realizzato nel contesto di LabEX IGO e i programmi di IHU-Cesti, supportato con la nazionale Ricerca agenzia Investissements d'Avenir tramite i programmi ANR-11-LABX-0016-01 e ANR-10-IBHU-005, rispettivamente. Il progetto di IHU-Cesti è anche supportato da Nantes Métropole e della regione Pays de la Loire. Gli autori ringraziano Chirine Rafia per fornire aiuto nella correzione del manoscritto.

Il seguente procedura che coinvolge animali soggetti è stato eseguito secondo le linee guida istituzionali (contratto n. 00186.02; comitato etico regionale della Pays de la Loire [Francia]). PBMCs umano sono stati isolati da sangue raccolto da donatori sani informati (Etablissement Français du Sang Nantes, Francia). Tutti i passaggi sono eseguiti in condizioni di sterilità.
1. non-specifico espansione dei linfociti T citotossici effettori
<ol><li>Preparare e irradiare le cellule di alimentatore a 35 Gy. Per la stimolazione di 2 x 105 - 4 x 105 cellule effettrici, preparare 10 x 106 PBMCs e 1 x 106 BLCLs da tre distinti donatori sani.</li>
	<li>Risospendere le cellule di alimentatore sia cellule effettrici in 15 mL di RPMI completato con 10% FCS inattivati al calore, di 2 mM L-Glutammina, di penicillina (100 UI/mL) e di streptomicina (0,1 µ g/mL) e del-2 ricombinante di 300 IU/mL.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere PHA-L ad una concentrazione finale di 1 µ g/mL, mescolare accuratamente e distribuire 150 µ l della sospensione delle cellule per pozzetto in piastre da 96 pozzetti con fondo U.</li>
	<li>Incubare a 37 ° C e 5% CO2 in atmosfera umidificata.</li>
	<li>Controllare ogni giorno la piastra fino a grandi cellule ciuffi forma nei pozzetti cultura (~ giorno 7).</li>
	<li>Trasferire le cellule in un matraccio di cultura a 1 x 106 cellule/mL nel terreno di coltura fresco.</li>
	<li>Determinare il numero totale delle cellule contando (2 volte alla settimana) e mantenerli a 1 x 106 cellule/mL nel terreno di coltura fresco. Nota: Le cellule immunitarie effettrici dovrebbero essere pronte per la somministrazione terapeutica presso lo stato di riposo (di solito 3 settimane dopo stimolo di amplificazione iniziale). La purezza e la reattività di queste cellule effettrici dovrebbe essere controllati prima in vivo iniezioni (ad es., con saggi in vitro ).</li>
</ol>2. preparazione di cellule effettrici pre-operatoria
<ol><li>Dopo aver controllato il conteggio delle cellule effettrici, raccogliere le cellule effettrici in un tubo da 50 mL mediante centrifugazione (300 x g per 5 min). Nota: Per compensare eventuali perdite, preparare un eccesso di cellule (ad es., 50 x 106).</li>
	<li>Con attenzione rimuovere il supernatante e risospendere le cellule in 15 mL di PBS sterile e centrifugare per 5 minuti a 300 x g per eseguire il lavaggio.</li>
	<li>Attentamente e completamente rimuovere il supernatante e quindi risospendere il pellet cellulare in 1 mL di PBS sterile.</li>
	<li>Trasferire le cellule sedimento in una microprovetta 1,5 mL per centrifugazione a 300 x g per 5 min.</li>
	<li>Attentamente e completamente eliminare il surnatante pipettando lentamente.</li>
	<li>Risospendere il pellet cellulare in 8 µ l di PBS sterile per topo. Nota: Questo è un passo fondamentale.</li>
	<li>Misurare il volume della sospensione cellulare utilizzando una micropipetta. Se necessario, aggiungere PBS sterile (20 x 106 cellule in 15 µ l di PBS per dose) e mescolare con cura.</li>
	<li>Controllare, usando una micropipetta, che il volume finale del mouse è tra 15 e 20 μL (imperativamente < 20 µ l).</li>
	<li>Mantenere le cellule su ghiaccio fino a iniezione stereotactic. Nota: più di 3-h punti temporali non sono stati testati.</li>
</ol>3. stereotassica iniezione
<ol><li>
Installazione dell'apparecchio
	<ol>
<li>Assemblare e calibrare una piccola cornice stereotassica animale secondo le istruzioni del produttore per garantire la precisione delle iniezioni intracraniche (ad es., siringa dimensioni, volume desiderato e tasso di iniezione). Nota: Un tasso di infusione lenta è consigliabile (cioè, 2-3 µ l/min).</li>
		<li>Installare il materiale sotto un armadietto di sicurezza microbica (MSC) per mantenere la sterilità degli strumenti e per proteggere i topi dalle infezioni. Nota: posto "blocchi isotermici" in un bagno di acqua a 37 ° C. Questo sistema limita l'ipotermia dei topi durante l'intervento chirurgico. Termofori, che sono necessari per la cura post-operatoria, deve essere usato durante il monitoraggio continuo della temperatura.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Preparazione pre-operatoria di animale
	<ol>
<li>Anestetizzare un mouse con un'iniezione intraperitoneale di ketamina (10 mg/mL) e xilazina (0,1 mg/mL) a 10 µ l/g di peso corporeo del mouse.</li>
		<li>Eseguire un test di pizzico di punta per garantire la completa anestesia e analgesia dell'animale. Nota: Ogni movimento è un'indicazione di non-profonda analgesia e, in questo caso, un paio di minuti è necessari prima di ripetere l'operazione.</li>
		<li>Una volta che il mouse è adeguatamente anestetizzato, usare le forbici per rimuovere il pelo dal sito chirurgico (tra le due orecchie, fino al naso).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Preparazione pre-operatoria delle cellule
	<ol>
<li>Attentamente risospendere le cellule con una pipetta (più volte) prima di ogni iniezione per prevenire qualsiasi cella che ragruppa.</li>
		<li>Disegnare con attenzione il volume di sospensione cellulare richiesto (15-20 µ l) nella microsiringa 22-G per evitare l'aspirazione di bolle. Nota: Questo passaggio cella-caricamento nella microsiringa è importante ridurre al minimo le variazioni nei volumi iniettati. Ricaricare le cellule per ogni iniezione individuale tra procedure per prevenire qualsiasi cella che ragruppa e garantire un numero pari di somministrazione di cellule effettrici nella coorte.</li>
		<li>Quindi, posizionare la siringa nella pompa a siringa adattato.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Assistenza processuale
	<ol>
<li>Disinfettare il sito chirurgico con tamponi imbevuti di soluzione al 5% povidone-iodio almeno 3 x.</li>
		<li>Posizionare una pomata oftalmica lubrificante negli occhi del mouse per evitare qualsiasi asciugatura delle cornee.</li>
		<li>Posizione del mouse anestetizzato sulla cornice stereotassica, su un blocco isotermico caldo coperto con un involucro di plastica sterile per mantenere la temperatura del mouse durante la chirurgia e limitare la mortalità. Nota: Il mouse naso e denti dovrebbero essere opportunamente posizionati sopra la barra di dente, per garantire un flusso respiratorio adeguato durante la procedura.</li>
		<li>Una volta che il mouse è posizionato sopra la barra di dente, stringere le barre di orecchio saldamente sotto le orecchie del mouse per immobilizzare la testa. Nota: Fare attenzione a non danneggiare i timpani o compromettere la respirazione.</li>
		<li>Fare un'incisione sagittale della pelle di 1-2 cm del midline con forbici sterili lungo la parte superiore del cranio dall'anteriore al posteriore per esporre il cranio.</li>
		<li>Identificare l'intersezione delle suture sagittali e coronale (Bregma) per servire come punti di riferimento per la localizzazione stereotassica prima dell'iniezione (illustrato nella Figura 1).</li>
		<li>Posto la microsiringa sopra questo punto.</li>
		<li>Spostare la microsiringa laterale di destra 2 e 0,5 mm anteriore del Bregma.</li>
		<li>Utilizzando un microdrill, fare un piccolo foro nel cranio con una punta sterile alle coordinate predeterminate. Fare attenzione a rimanere superficiale al fine di evitare qualsiasi lesione traumatica del cervello. Nota: Nel presente protocollo, le cellule immuni sono state iniettate all'interno di un tumore stabilito (una settimana dopo l'iniezione delle cellule del tumore). La pelle dovrebbe essere riaperta (cicatrice) e l'iniezione viene eseguita presso le stesse coordinate usate per l'impianto delle cellule del tumore (il foro è generalmente ancora presento fino a 2 settimane dopo l'iniezione). Le coordinate sono state selezionate per l'iniezione di cellule del tumore ed effettrici nel parenchima cerebrale13,14.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Iniezione di cellule immunitarie effettrici
	<ol>
<li>Inserire con cautela la microsiringa nel foro e, muovendo lentamente, in avanti l'ago 3 giù nella dura e poi indietro 0,5 mm ad una profondità finale di 2,5 mm prima di iniettare le cellule effettrici.</li>
		<li>Eseguire l'iniezione di cellule effettrici a 2-3 µ l/min e monitorare i topi lungo tutto il tempo di iniezione.</li>
		<li>Una volta completata l'iniezione, ritirare l'ago per solo 1 mm e conservare la microsiringa in luogo per un ulteriore minuto prima lentamente ritirando completamente la microsiringa, per evitare eventuali perdite dalla sede di infusione. Nota: Dopo la rimozione dell'animale dal dispositivo stereotassica, pulire immediatamente l'apparecchiatura di iniezione per i prossimi esperimenti.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Assistenza post-operatoria e follow-up del mouse
	<ol>
<li>Rimuovere l'animale dalla cornice stereotassica e immediatamente applicare soluzione 5% povidone-iodio nel sito di incisione e chiudere la pelle con una sutura chirurgica appropriata.</li>
		<li>Applicare gel di lidocaina 2% direttamente sulla ferita e 0.15 µ g/g di buprenorfina per amministrare un'iniezione sottocutanea per analgesia post-operatoria.</li>
		<li>Posto indietro il mouse anestetizzato per sua gabbia sopra un rilievo di riscaldamento impostato a 37 ° C per mantenere la temperatura corporea di un mouse appropriato ed evitare qualsiasi ipotermia. Nota: Involucro separato non è necessario.</li>
		<li>Monitorare il mouse fino a quando non è completamente recuperato dall'anestesia e trasferirlo in una camera di alloggiamento. Nota: Ad oggi, questo protocollo è ben supportato come poche complicazioni impreviste si sono verificati (< 5% dei topi iniettati).</li>
		<li>Ogni giorno monitorare i topi e li eutanasia quando vengono osservati eventuali segni di salute in declino (ad es., postura ricurva, mobilità ridotta, prostrazione o perdita di peso significativa [≥ 15%]).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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Un trasferimento adottivo di selezionato nativo o cellule effettrici immuni ingegnerizzati rappresenta un promettente approccio per trattare efficacemente i tumori, quali i tumori al cervello infiltrativo, avendo cura di limitare le reattività contro le cellule non trasformate15, 16,17,18. Tuttavia, il sistema nervoso centrale, che comprende il cervello, ha una particolare condizione immune, ...

GBM (che grado astrocitoma IV), è il più frequente e aggressivo cancro cerebrali primari negli adulti. Nonostante i trattamenti aggressivi che combinano la chirurgia e la radio-chemioterapia, GBM rimane associato con una prognosi estremamente infausta (sopravvivenza mediana di 14,6 mesi e un 2-anno-mortalità > 73%)1. Questo evidenzia che pochi progressi terapeutici efficienti siano stati convalidati sopra gli ultimi dieci anni2. Tra i candidati per la progettazione delle più efficaci strategie terapeutiche3,4,5, immunoterapie6 sono attualmente esplorati per tenere traccia ed eliminare altamente tumore invasivo e radio/chemio-resistenti cellule, ritenuto sospettate per il loro contributo chiave a tumore rapido e fatale ricaduta7. Vari potenziali bersagli immunologici sono stati individuati e proposti per immunoterapie, che coinvolgano naturale o modificate αβ o linfociti T ϒδ quali antigeni tumorali specifici GBM o indotta da stress molecole8,9, 10. La possibilità di amministrare gli GBM-reattiva effettori delle cellule immuni selezionati rappresenta un'opportunità unica per fornire elevate quantità di linfociti effettori direttamente nel sito di malignità residua. Per supportare questa strategia, abbiamo recentemente dimostrato che modelli basati su topi immunodeficienti xenotrapianti GBM umani primari di orthotopic fedelmente ricapitolano lo sviluppo dei tumori cerebrali in pazienti GBM9,11. Inoltre, questi modelli sono stati utilizzati per dimostrare l'efficacia antitumorale forte dei linfociti Vϒ9Vδ2T passivamente trasferiti umani allogenici.
Questo protocollo descrive la procedura sperimentale critica per raggiungere immunoterapie stereotactic dei tumori cerebrali, come GBM, basato sul trasferimento adottivo di linfociti T allogenici. Illustrato nell'articolo: (i) l'amplificazione dei linfociti terapeutici allogenici T effettori immuni, quali linfociti umani di Vϒ9Vδ2T; (ii) la preparazione di questi linfociti T effettori per iniezione; (iii) la procedura per l'amministrazione stereotactic all'interno del cervello, vicino al tumore. Questo articolo fornisce inoltre la comprensione del comportamento di questi effettori cellulari dopo iniezione stereotactic.
L'approccio terapeutico qui presentata si basa sull'iniezione di 20 x 106 cellule effettrici per dose per ogni mouse immunodeficienti di cervello del tumore-cuscinetto. Un passo di espansione iniziale in vitro è necessaria per produrre grandi quantità di cellule del sistema immunitario. Pertanto, espansioni delle cellule aspecifiche sono effettuati usando la fitoemagglutinina (PHA-L) e irradiato le cellule allogeniche alimentatore: cellule mononucleari sangue periferico (PBMCs) da donatori sani e delle cellule B-linfoblastoidi Epstein Barr Virus EBV-trasformati linee (BLCLs), derivati da PBMCs di infezione in vitro con EBV-contenente cultura surnatante dalla linea cellulare Marmoset B95-8, in presenza di 1 µ g/mL ciclosporina-A.
Le cellule immunitarie effettrici reattive GBM sono rispetto e selezionate da in vitro saggi9. Queste cellule effettrici sono attivate e amplificato mediante protocolli standard, secondo la loro natura (ad es., umano Vγ9Vδ2 T linfociti9 o umano anti-herpes virus αβ T linfociti12) con una purezza minima di > 80%, come ordinariamente controllato dall'analisi cytometric. La procedura di espansione delle cellule riportata di seguito si applica a varie sottopopolazioni di linfociti umani.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:825px;" width="825">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">PBMCs</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:232px;">from 3 different healthy donors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">BLCLs</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>from 3 different donors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:339px;">Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Gibco</td>
			<td>31870-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:339px;">FCS</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Dutscher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S1810-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25030-024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">IL-2</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Novartis</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">proleukin</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">PHA-L</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>L4144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td>Stoelting Co.</td>
			<td align="right">51600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Mouse adaptator for stereotaxic frame&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Stoelting Co.</td>
			<td align="right">51624</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">microsyringe pump injector&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">UMP3-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NanoFil Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NF34BV-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">NSG mice</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Charles River</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NSGSSFE07S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Merial</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Imalg&#232;ne 1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Xylazine</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Bayer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Rompur 2%</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">201758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">501215</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">OmniDrill 115/230V</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">WPI</td>
			<td align="right">503598</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Vicryl 4-0</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td>VCP397H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Xylocaine</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Astrazeneca</td>
			<td>3634461</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stereotactic adoptive transfer of cytotoxic immune cells in murine models of orthotopic human glioblastoma multiforme xenografts

Multiforme di glioblastoma (GBM), il cancro primario del cervello più frequenti e più aggressivo negli adulti, è generalmente associato con una prognosi difficile, e sono state proposte terapie efficienti scarse nell'ultimo decennio. Tra i candidati promettenti per la progettazione di nuove strategie terapeutiche, immunoterapie cellulari sono stati designati per eliminare altamente invasive e chemio-radioresistenti cellule del tumore, probabilmente coinvolti in una ricaduta rapida e mortale di questo cancro. Così, somministrazioni di trapianto allogeneic GBM-reattiva effettori delle cellule immuni quali linfociti T Vϒ9Vδ2 umani, in prossimità del tumore sarebbe rappresenta un'opportunità unica per fornire efficiente e altamente concentrato agenti terapeutici direttamente nella sito di tumori maligni del cervello. Qui, presentiamo un protocollo per la preparazione e la somministrazione stereotassica di linfociti umani allogenici in topi immunodeficienti portatori di tumori cerebrali primari umano ortotopico. Questo studio fornisce un proof-of-concept preclinici per sia la fattibilità e l'efficacia antitumorale di questi cellulari immunoterapie che si basano sulle iniezioni di stereotactic dei linfociti umani allogenici all'interno letti tumore intrabrain.

Questo studio descrive la strategia del trasferimento adottivo di cellule effettrici immuni cellulari all'interno del cervello di topi portatori di tumore, basato su stereotactic iniezioni eseguite direttamente all'interno della base del tumore.
Per ridurre al minimo qualsiasi rischio di ferita di cervello connessa con un volume di grande iniezione, la sospensione di cellule effettrici deve essere concentrato (20 x 106</sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereotactic Adoptive Transfer of Cytotoxic Immune Cells in Murine Models of Orthotopic Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Xenografts at JoVE.com

Stereotactic Adoptive Transfer of Cytotoxic Immune Cells in Murine Models of Orthotopic Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Xenografts

Trasferimento adottivo stereotactic di citotossici cellule immunitarie nei modelli murini di xenotrapianti Multiforme di Glioblastoma umano ortotopico

Qui, presentiamo un protocollo per la preparazione e la somministrazione stereotassica di linfociti umani allogenici in topi immunodeficienti portatori di tumori cerebrali primari umano ortotopico. Questo studio fornisce un proof-of-concept per sia la fattibilità e l'efficacia antitumorale di immunoterapie cellulari intrabrain-consegnato.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most frequent and aggressive primary brain cancer in adults, is generally associated with a poor prognosis, and scarce ...

stereotactic-adoptive-transfer-cytotoxic-immune-cells-murine-models

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

7.8K Views.  CRCINA. Qui, presentiamo un protocollo per la preparazione e la somministrazione stereotassica di linfociti umani allogenici in topi immunodeficienti portatori di tumori cerebrali primari umano ortotopico. Questo studio fornisce un proof-of-concept per sia la fattibilità e l'efficacia antitumorale di immunoterapie cellulari intrabrain-consegnato.

Video: Stereotactic Adoptive Transfer of Cytotoxic Immune Cells in Murine Models of Orthotopic Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Xenografts

Experimental Metastasis and CTL Adoptive Transfer Immunotherapy Mouse Model

Experimental metastasis mouse model is a simple and yet physiologically relevant metastasis model. The tumor cells are injected intravenously (i.v) into mouse tail veins and colonize in the lungs, thereby, resembling the last steps of tumor cell spontaneous metastasis: survival in the circulation, extravasation and colonization in the distal organs. From a therapeutic point of view, the experimental metastasis model is the simplest and ideal model since the target of therapies is often the end point of metastasis: established metastatic tumor in the distal organ. In this model, tumor cells are injected i.v into mouse tail veins and allowed to colonize and grow in the lungs. Tumor-specific CTLs are then injected i.v into the metastases-bearing mouse. The number and size of the lung metastases can be controlled by the number of tumor cells to be injected and the time of tumor growth. Therefore, various stages of metastasis, from minimal metastasis to extensive metastasis, can be modeled. Lung metastases are analyzed by inflation with ink, thus allowing easier visual observation and quantification.

An experimental lung metastasis and CTL immunotherapy mouse model for analysis of tumor cells-T cell interaction in vivo.

Metastasi sperimentale e CTL adottivi Immunoterapia modello di trasferimento del mouse

Experimental metastasis mouse model is a simple and yet physiologically relevant metastasis model. The tumor cells are injected intravenously (i.v) into ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Seven Steps to Stellate Cells

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes1,2. Stellate cells are derived from bone marrow precursors and store up to 80% of the total body vitamin A1, 2. Upon activation, stellate cells differentiate into myofibroblasts to produce extracellular matrix, thus contributing to liver fibrosis3. Based on their ability to contract, myofibroblastic stellate cells can regulate the vascular tone associated with portal hypertension4. Recently, we demonstrated that hepatic stellate cells are potent antigen presenting cells and can activate NKT cells as well as conventional T lymphocytes5. 

 Here we present a method for the efficient preparation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. Due to their perisinusoidal localization, the isolation of hepatic stellate cells is a multi-step process. In order to render stellate cells accessible to isolation from the space of Disse, mouse livers are perfused in situ with the digestive enzymes Pronase E and Collagenase P. Following perfusion, the liver tissue is subjected to additional enzymatic treatment with Pronase E and Collagenase P in vitro. Subsequently, the method takes advantage of the massive amount of vitamin A-storing lipid droplets in hepatic stellate cells. This feature allows the separation of stellate cells from other hepatic cell types by centrifugation on an 8% Nycodenz gradient. The protocol described here yields a highly pure and homogenous population of stellate cells. Purity of preparations can be assessed by staining for the marker molecule glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), prior to analysis by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. Further, light microscopy reveals the unique appearance of star-shaped hepatic stellate cells that harbor high amounts of lipid droplets. 


 Taken together, we present a detailed protocol for the efficient isolation of hepatic stellate cells, including representative images of their morphological appearance and GFAP expression that help to define the stellate cell entity.

Here we describe a method for the isolation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. For stellate cell purification, mouse livers are digested in situ and in vitro by pronase-collagenase treatment prior to density gradient centrifugation. This technique yields highly pure hepatic stellate cells.

Sette passi per Stellate Cellule

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident  cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between  liver sinusoidal endothelial cells ...

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cells Within Murine Aortas

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam cells, immune cells, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, platelets, extracellular matrix, and a lipid-rich core with extensive necrosis and fibrosis of surrounding tissues.1 The innate and adaptive arms of the immune response are involved in the initiation, development and persistence of atherosclerosis.2, 3 There is a significant body of evidence that different subsets of the immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, are present within the aortas of healthy and atherosclerosis-prone mice4. Additionally, immune cells are found in the surrounding aortic adventitia which suggests an important role of this tissue in atherogenesis.2
For some time, the quantitative detection of different types of immune cells, their activation status, and the cellular composition within the aortic wall was limited by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods for the study of atherosclerosis. Few attempts were made to perform flow cytometry using human aortas, and a number of problems, such as a high autofluorescence, have been reported5,6. Human atherosclerotic plaques were digested with collagenase 1, and free cells were collected and stained for CD14+/CD11c+ to highlight macrophage-derived foam cells. In this study, a "mock" channel was used to avoid false-positive staining.6 Necrotic materials accumulating during the digestion process give rise in a large amount of debris that generates a high autofluorescence in aortic samples. To resolve this problem, a panel of negative and positive controls has been proposed, but only double staining could be applied in these samples. We have developed a new flow cytometry-based method7 to analyze the immune cell composition and characterize the activation, proliferation, differentiation of immune cells in healthy and atherosclerosis-prone aorta. This method allows the investigation of the immune cell composition of the aortic wall and opens possibilities to use a broad spectrum of immunological methods for investigations of immune aspects of this disease.

This paper presents a flow cytometry-based method to investigate the immune composition of aortas. The paper also illustrates an additional technique that allows examining surrounding adventitia and vessel wall separately. This method opens possibilities to perform phenotypical analyses of aortic leukocytes and apply several immunological assays for atherosclerosis studies.

Analisi Citometria a flusso di cellule immunitarie all&#39;interno aorte Murine

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Throughout the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII) to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been increasingly recognized. AECII have been shown to participate in cytokine production in inflamed airways and to even act as antigen-presenting cells in both infection and T-cell mediated autoimmunity 1-8. Therefore, they are especially interesting also in clinical contexts such as airway hyper-reactivity to foreign and self-antigens as well as infections that directly or indirectly target AECII. However, our understanding of the detailed immunologic functions served by alveolar type II epithelial cells in the healthy lung as well as in inflammation remains fragmentary. Many studies regarding AECII function are performed using mouse or human alveolar epithelial cell lines 9-12. Working with cell lines certainly offers a range of benefits, such as the availability of large numbers of cells for extensive analyses. However, we believe the use of primary murine AECII allows a better understanding of the role of this cell type in complex processes like infection or autoimmune inflammation. Primary murine AECII can be isolated directly from animals suffering from such respiratory conditions, meaning they have been subject to all additional extrinsic factors playing a role in the analyzed setting. As an example, viable AECII can be isolated from mice intranasally infected with influenza A virus, which primarily targets these cells for replication 13. Importantly, through ex vivo infection of AECII isolated from healthy mice, studies of the cellular responses mounted upon infection can be further extended.
Our protocol for the isolation of primary murine AECII is based on enzymatic digestion of the mouse lung followed by labeling of the resulting cell suspension with antibodies specific for CD11c, CD11b, F4/80, CD19, CD45 and CD16/CD32. Granular AECII are then identified as the unlabeled and sideward scatter high (SSChigh) cell population and are separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting 3.
In comparison to alternative methods of isolating primary epithelial cells from mouse lungs, our protocol for flow cytometric isolation of AECII by negative selection yields untouched, highly viable and pure AECII in relatively short time. Additionally, and in contrast to conventional methods of isolation by panning and depletion of lymphocytes via binding of antibody-coupled magnetic beads 14, 15, flow cytometric cell-sorting allows discrimination by means of cell size and granularity. Given that instrumentation for flow cytometric cell sorting is available, the described procedure can be applied at relatively low costs. Next to standard antibodies and enzymes for lung disintegration, no additional reagents such as magnetic beads are required. The isolated cells are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies, which include in vitro culture and T-cell stimulation assays as well as transcriptome, proteome or secretome analyses 3, 4.

We describe the rapid isolation of primary murine type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) by flow cytometric negative selection. These AECII show high viability and purity and are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies regarding their role in respiratory conditions such as autoimmune or infectious diseases.

Flusso Isolamento citometrica di primari murini di tipo II cellule alveolari epiteliali per gli studi funzionali e molecolari

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of human Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cell transfer studies in irradiated recipient mice have established that T cells are pivotal in T1D pathogenesis in this model. We describe herein a simple method to rapidly induce T1D by adoptive transfer of purified, primary CD4+ T cells from pre-diabetic NOD mice transgenic for the islet-specific T cell receptor (TCR) BDC2.5 into NOD.SCID recipient mice. The major advantages of this technique are that isolation and adoptive transfer of diabetogenic T cells can be completed within the same day, irradiation of the recipients is not required, and a high incidence of T1D is elicited within 2 weeks after T cell transfer. Thus, studies of pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions in T1D can proceed at a faster rate than with methods that rely on heterogenous T cell populations or clones derived from diabetic NOD mice.

We provide a reproducible method to induce type 1 diabetes (T1D) in mice within two weeks by the adoptive transfer of islet antigen-specific, primary CD4+ T cells.

Accelerated diabete di tipo 1 nei topi induzione trasferimento adottivo di cellule CD4 + T Cells diabetogenici

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of ...

Assessing the Development of Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Peyer's Patches Using Adoptive Transfer of Hematopoietic Progenitors

This protocol details a method to analyze the ability of purified hematopoietic progenitors to generate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in intestinal Peyer&#39;s patch (PP). Common dendritic cell progenitors (CDPs, lin- c-kitlo CD115+ Flt3+) were purified from the bone marrow of C57BL6 mice by FACS and transferred to recipient mice that lack a significant pDC population in PP; in this case, Ifnar-/- mice were used as the transfer recipients. In some mice, overexpression of the dendritic cell growth factor Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) was enforced prior to adoptive transfer of CDPs, using hydrodynamic gene transfer (HGT) of Flt3L-encoding plasmid. Flt3L overexpression expands DC populations originating from transferred (or endogenous) hematopoietic progenitors. At 7-10 days after progenitor transfer, pDCs that arise from the adoptively transferred progenitors were distinguished from recipient cells on the basis of CD45 marker expression, with pDCs from transferred CDPs being CD45.1+ and recipients being CD45.2+. The ability of transferred CDPs to contribute to the pDC population in PP and to respond to Flt3L was evaluated by flow cytometry of PP single cell suspensions from recipient mice. This method may be used to test whether other progenitor populations are capable of generating PP pDCs. In addition, this approach could be used to examine the role of factors that are predicted to affect pDC development in PP, by transferring progenitor subsets with an appropriate knockdown, knockout or overexpression of the putative developmental factor and/or by manipulating circulating cytokines via HGT. This method may also allow analysis of how PP pDCs affect the frequency or function of other immune subsets in PPs. A unique feature of this method is the use of Ifnar-/- mice, which show severely depleted PP pDCs relative to wild type animals, thus allowing reconstitution of PP pDCs in the absence of confounding effects from lethal irradiation.

This protocol describes experimental procedures to assess the differentiation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in Peyer&#8217;s patch from common dendritic cell progenitors, using techniques involving FACS-mediated cell isolation, hydrodynamic gene transfer, and flow analysis of immune subsets in Peyer&#8217;s patch.

Valutare lo sviluppo delle cellule murine plasmocitoidi dendritiche in placche del Peyer Utilizzando trasferimento adottivo di ematopoietiche Progenitori

This protocol details a method to analyze the ability of purified hematopoietic progenitors to generate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in intestinal ...

Generation of CAR T Cells for Adoptive Therapy in the Context of Glioblastoma Standard of Care

Adoptive T cell immunotherapy offers a promising strategy for specifically targeting and eliminating malignant gliomas. T cells can be engineered ex vivo to express chimeric antigen receptors specific for glioma antigens (CAR T cells). The expansion and function of adoptively transferred CAR T cells can be potentiated by the lymphodepletive and tumoricidal effects of standard of care chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We describe a method for generating CAR T cells targeting EGFRvIII, a glioma-specific antigen, and evaluating their efficacy when combined with a murine model of glioblastoma standard of care. T cells are engineered by transduction with a retroviral vector containing the anti-EGFRvIII CAR gene. Tumor-bearing animals are subjected to host conditioning by a course of temozolomide and whole brain irradiation at dose regimens designed to model clinical standard of care. CAR T cells are then delivered intravenously to primed hosts. This method can be used to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cells in the context of standard of care.

The lymphodepletive and immunomodulatory effects of chemotherapy and radiation standard of care can be leveraged to enhance the antitumor efficacy of T cell immunotherapy. We outline a method for generating EGFRvIII-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and administering them in the context of glioblastoma standard of care.

Generazione di cellule CAR T per adottiva terapia nel contesto di Glioblastoma standard di cura

Adoptive T cell immunotherapy offers a promising strategy for specifically targeting and eliminating malignant gliomas. T cells can be engineered ex vivo ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

Induzione di Murine infiammazione intestinale per trasferimento adottivo di Effector CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt; Alto</sup&gt; T Cells in topi immunodeficienti

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Assessment of the Cytotoxic and Immunomodulatory Effects of Substances in Human Precision-cut Lung Slices

Respiratory diseases in their broad diversity need appropriate model systems to understand the underlying mechanisms and enable development of new therapeutics. Additionally, registration of new substances requires appropriate risk assessment with adequate testing systems to avoid the risk of individuals being harmed, for example, in the working environment. Such risk assessments are usually conducted in animal studies. In view of the 3Rs principle and public skepticism against animal experiments, human alternative methods, such as precision-cut lung slices (PCLS), have been evolving. The present paper describes the ex vivo technique of human PCLS to study the immunomodulatory potential of low-molecular-weight substances, such as ammonium hexachloroplatinate (HClPt). Measured endpoints include viability and local respiratory inflammation, marked by altered secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;), and interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1&#945;) were significantly increased in human PCLS after exposure to a sub-toxic concentration of HClPt. Even though the technique of PCLS has been substantially optimized over the past decades, its applicability for the testing of immunomodulation is still in development. Therefore, the results presented here are preliminary, even though they show the potential of human PCLS as a valuable tool in respiratory research.

In view of the 3Rs principle, respiratory models as alternatives to animal studies are evolving. Especially for risk assessment of respiratory substances, there is a lack of appropriate assays. Here, we describe the use of human precision-cut lung slices for the assessment of airborne substances.

Valutazione dei citotossici e gli effetti immunomodulatori di sostanze in fette di polmone umano di taglio di precisione

Respiratory diseases in their broad diversity need appropriate model systems to understand the underlying mechanisms and enable development of new ...

Light-sheet Microscopy for Three-dimensional Visualization of Human Immune Cells

In vivo, activation, proliferation, and function of immune cells all occur in a three-dimensional (3D) environment, for instance in lymph nodes or tissues. Up to date, most in vitro systems rely on two-dimensional (2D) surfaces, such as cell-culture plates or coverslips. To optimally mimic physiological conditions in vitro, we utilize a simple 3D collagen matrix. Collagen is one of the major components of extracellular matrix (ECM) and has been widely used to constitute 3D matrices. For 3D imaging, the recently developed light-sheet microscopy technology (also referred to as single plane illumination microscopy) is featured with high acquisition speed, large penetration depth, low bleaching, and photocytotoxicity. Furthermore, light-sheet microscopy is particularly advantageous for long-term measurement. Here we describe an optimized protocol how to set up and handle human immune cells, e.g. primary human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells in the 3D collagen matrix for usage with the light-sheet microscopy for live cell imaging and fixed samples. The procedure for image acquisition and analysis of cell migration are presented. A particular focus is given to highlight critical steps and factors for sample preparation and data analysis. This protocol can be employed for other types of suspension cells in a 3D collagen matrix and is not limited to immune cells.

Here, we present a protocol to visualize immune cells embedded in a three-dimensional (3D) collagen matrix using light-sheet microscopy. This protocol also elaborates how to track cell migration in 3D. This protocol can be employed for other types of suspension cells in the 3D matrix.

Trasferimento adottivo stereotactic di citotossici cellule immunitarie nei modelli murini di xenotrapianti Multiforme di Glioblastoma umano ortotopico

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