Name: a galleria mellonella oral administration model to study commensal-induced innate immune responses
Uploaded: 2019-03-21T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses at JoVE.com

This work was funded by the DFG (SPP1656), the DFG research training group 1708, the Bundesministerium f&#252;r Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF).

1. G. mellonella rearing and preparation of the larvae for the experiments
NOTE: The cycle from egg to last instar larva takes approximately 5-6 weeks.
<ol>
	<li>Transfer the eggs laid by adult moths to 2 L boxes containing wax moth substrate (22% corn grits, 22% wheat meal, 17.5% beeswax, 11% skimmed milk powder, 11% honey, 11% glycerol, 5.5% dried yeast). Perform the whole breeding at 30 &#176;C in the dark.</li>
	<li>Transfer 25 g of substrate containing the larvae into fresh sub...

<ol>
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I., Honda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intestinal+commensal+microbes+as+immune+modulators.">Intestinal commensal microbes as immune modulators.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 12 (4), 496-508 (2012).</li><li>Ayres, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammasome-microbiota+interplay+in+host+physiologies.">Inflammasome-microbiota interplay in host physiologies.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 14 (5), 491-497 (2013).</li><li>Champion, O. L., Titball, R. W., Bates, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardization+of+G.+mellonella+Larvae+to+Provide+Reliable+and+Reproducible+Results+in+the+Study+of+Fungal+Pathogens.">Standardization of G. mellonella Larvae to Provide Reliable and Reproducible Results in the Study of Fungal Pathogens.</a> Journal of Fungi (Basel). 4 (3), (2018).</li><li>Wojda, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunity+of+the+greater+wax+moth+Galleria+mellonella.">Immunity of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella.</a> Insect Science. , (2016).</li><li>Buchmann, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+Innate+Immunity:+Clues+from+Invertebrates+via+Fish+to+Mammals.">Evolution of Innate Immunity: Clues from Invertebrates via Fish to Mammals.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 5, 459 (2014).</li><li>Lange, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Galleria+mellonella:+A+Novel+Invertebrate+Model+to+Distinguish+Intestinal+Symbionts+From+Pathobionts.">Galleria mellonella: A Novel Invertebrate Model to Distinguish Intestinal Symbionts From Pathobionts.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 9 (2114), (2018).</li><li>Tsai, C. J., Loh, J. M., Proft, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Galleria+mellonella+infection+models+for+the+study+of+bacterial+diseases+and+for+antimicrobial+drug+testing.">Galleria mellonella infection models for the study of bacterial diseases and for antimicrobial drug testing.</a> Virulence. , 1-16 (2016).</li><li>Bolouri Moghaddam, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+potential+of+the+Galleria+mellonella+innate+immune+system+is+maximized+by+the+co-presentation+of+diverse+antimicrobial+peptides.">The potential of the Galleria mellonella innate immune system is maximized by the co-presentation of diverse antimicrobial peptides.</a> Biological Chemistry. 397 (9), 939-945 (2016).</li><li>Casanova-Torres, A. M., Goodrich-Blair, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+Signaling+and+Antimicrobial+Peptide+Expression+in+Lepidoptera.">Immune Signaling and Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in Lepidoptera.</a> Insects. 4 (3), 320-338 (2013).</li><li>Mukherjee, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Galleria+mellonella+as+a+model+system+for+studying+Listeria+pathogenesis.">Galleria mellonella as a model system for studying Listeria pathogenesis.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76 (1), 310-317 (2010).</li><li>Brennan, M., Thomas, D. Y., Whiteway, M., Kavanagh, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlation+between+virulence+of+Candida+albicans+mutants+in+mice+and+Galleria+mellonella+larvae.">Correlation between virulence of Candida albicans mutants in mice and Galleria mellonella larvae.</a> FEMS Immunological and Medical Microbiology. 34 (2), 153-157 (2002).</li><li>Miyata, S., Casey, M., Frank, D. W., Ausubel, F. 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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+mathematical+model+for+relative+quantification+in+real-time+RT-PCR.">A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 29 (9), 45 (2001).</li><li>Ramarao, N., Nielsen-Leroux, C., Lereclus, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+insect+Galleria+mellonella+as+a+powerful+infection+model+to+investigate+bacterial+pathogenesis.">The insect Galleria mellonella as a powerful infection model to investigate bacterial pathogenesis.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (70), e4392 (2012).</li><li>Ramarao, N., Nielsen-Leroux, C., Lereclus, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+insect+Galleria+mellonella+as+a+powerful+infection+model+to+investigate+bacterial+pathogenesis.">The insect Galleria mellonella as a powerful infection model to investigate bacterial pathogenesis.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (70), e4392 (2012).</li></ol>

The G. mellonella model is a frequently used model to assess bacterial virulence factors in a systemic infection approach21. Since many pathogens and bacteria enter the host via the oral colonization or infection route, new insights need to be found to evaluate G. mellonella as a model for oral colonization and infection.
The possibility to rear G. mellonella between 15-37 &#176;C is a great advantage since most mammalian models maintain body ...

The intestinal microbiome is an essential component for maintenance of homeostasis, and involves both innate and adaptive immune responses1,2. The commensal microbiota community is characterized by different main commensal constituents: symbionts that confer beneficial effects by important immunomodulatory functions, and pathobionts that can have detrimental effects in genetically predisposed hosts and promote and trigger intestinal inflammation3,4. Many studies on symbionts and pathobionts and their influence on the host immune system have been published mainly studying adaptive immune responses.
Since these studies involve many animals for the investigations and the protection and replacement of animals used for experimentation is of increasing public interest, we seek to find a replacement model to allow for a screening of different bacterial immunogenic properties. Insects, especially Galleria mellonella, are a widely used replacement model in infection research. G. mellonella combines different advantages such as low costs and high throughput; it allows oral administration of bacteria, which is the natural exposure route, and it allows for systemic infection5,6. G. mellonella further enables incubation at 37 &#176;C, which is the physiological body temperature of mammals and the optimum for bacterial virulence factor expression5. The main advantage of G. mellonella is the conserved innate immune system that enables the discrimination of self from non-self and encodes a variety of pattern recognition receptors like apolipophorin or the opsonin hemolin6,7. Upon microbe recognition, G. mellonella can trigger different downstream humoral immune responses. It can induce oxidative stress responses and secrete reactive oxygen species (ROS) which involves the activity of NOS (nitric oxidase synthase) and NOX (NADPH oxidase)6,8. In addition, G. mellonella activates a potent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) response, which results in the secretion of a mixture of different AMPs such as gloverin, moricin, cecropin or the defensin-like gallerimycin6,8,9,10. Generally, AMPs have quite broad host specificity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi and have to provide an potent response since insects are lacking any adaptive response10. Gloverin is an AMP active against bacteria and fungi and inhibits outer membrane formation6,11. Moricins exhibit their antimicrobial function against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by penetrating the membrane and forming a pore9,11. Cecropins provide activity against bacteria and fungi and permeabilize the membrane similarly like moricins9,10. Gallerimycin is a defensin-like peptide with anti-fungal properties9. Interestingly, it was found that the combination of cecropin and gallerimycin had a synergistic activity against E. coli10.
Due to their easy-to-use character G. mellonella larvae are an often used infection model to assess bacterial pathogenicity. In particular, studies in which data obtained from G. mellonella correlate with data obtained from mice support the strength of this alternative host model. It was found that the most pathogenic serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes in a mouse infection model lead also to higher mortality rates in G. mellonella after systemic infection. Further, less virulent serotypes turned out to be also less virulent in the G. mellonella model12. Similar observations have been made with the human pathogenic fungi Candida albicans. Virulence of different C. albicans strains has been assessed by systemic infection and subsequent monitoring of larval survival. Mouse avirulent strains were also avirulent or exhibited reduced virulence in G. mellonella, whereas the mouse virulent strains lead also to high larval mortality13. The G. mellonella model could further be used to identify type 3 secretion system pathogenicity factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa14.
Since most investigations involving G. mellonella were focused on virulence factors using the systemic infection approach we were especially interested in providing a method suitable for the analysis of intestinal commensals in an oral force-feeding model in which we can apply a distinct dosage of bacteria per larvae and not only observe the larval mortality rate but analyze different hallmarks of innate immune responses to maintain intestinal homeostasis.
Our method helps to increase the use of G. mellonella as a replacement model since we combine the application of bacteria and the analysis of RNA expression. It is not only useful to strengthen the meaning of bacterial pathogenesis studies when including the analysis of immune responses after oral administration and not only the observation of mortality rates after systemic infection. Our methods allows for the analysis of immunogenic properties of bacterial non-pathogenic commensals since it is provides more complex conditions than cell culture by offering an intestinal barrier in a living organism.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1.5 mL tubes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0030120086</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100 bp DNA ladder&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15628019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1-Bromo-3-Chloropropane (BCP)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B9673</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">2 mL tubes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0030120094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">2x Mangomix</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Bioline</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BIO-25033</td>
			<td>Colony PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">50 mL tubes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">210 261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Biozym</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">840004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Beeswax</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Mixed-Store.de</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Brain heart infusion broth</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CM1135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CloneJET PCR Cloning Kit</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K1232</td>
			<td>Cloning vector for 16S fragments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Corn grits</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Osterm&#252;hle Naturkost GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">306</td>
			<td>Organic cultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Difco LB Agar, Miller (Luria-Bertani)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Difoco LB Broth, Miller (Luria-Bertani)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">244610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNA-free DNA Removal Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">244510</td>
			<td>&#160;Dnase digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dried yeast</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Rapunzel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;-</td>
			<td>Organic cultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20821.330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">W252506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Honey</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Osterm&#252;hle Naturkost GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">487</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isopropanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20842.330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lightcycler 480 Instrument II</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Roche Molecular Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5015278001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">LightCycler 480 Multiwell Plate 96, white</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Roche Molecular Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4729692001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Manual Microsyringe Pump with Digital Display</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DMP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro-Fine+ U-100 insulin syringe 0.3 x 8 mm</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">324826</td>
			<td>Oral administration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mortar, unglazed</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">VWR</td>
			<td>410-9327&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nanodrop</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-400-518</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nuclease-free water&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10977035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oxoid AnaeroGen sachets&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AN0025A</td>
			<td>Quality and quantity of RNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PCR stripes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Biozym</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">710970</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Pestle, unglazed grinding surface</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">VWR</td>
			<td>410-9324&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phusion proof-reading enzyme&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F553S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Primers</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Biomers</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">PureYield Plasmid Miniprep System</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QuantiFast SYBR Green PCR kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">204056</td>
			<td>qPCR for bacterial copy number measurment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">QuantiFast SYBR Green RT-PCR Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>204156</td>
			<td>qRT-PCR for gene expression measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">205311</td>
			<td>cDNA synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Qubit Assay Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Q32856</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Qubit dsHS DNA kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Q32851</td>
			<td>Quantification of plasmid and cDNA samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Qubit fluorometer</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Q33226</td>
			<td>Quantification of plasmid and cDNA samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RNase-ExitusPlus</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A7153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rnasin Ribonuclease Inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N2511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Skimmed milk powder</td>
			<td>Sucofin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SYBR safe DNA Gel Stain</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S33102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TRI reagent&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T9424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Weighing boat</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10803-148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Wheat meal</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Osterm&#252;hle Naturkost GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6462</td>
			<td>Organic cultivation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a galleria mellonella oral administration model to study commensal-induced innate immune responses

The investigation of the immunogenic potential of commensal bacteria on the host immune system is one essential component when studying intestinal host-microbe interactions. It is well established that different commensals exhibit a different potential to stimulate the host intestinal immune system. Such investigations involve vertebrate animals, especially rodents. Since increasing ethical concerns are linked with experiments involving vertebrates, there is a high demand for invertebrate replacements models. 
Here, we provide a Galleria mellonella oral administration model using commensal non-pathogenic bacteria and the possible assessment of the immunogenic potential of commensals on the G. mellonella immune system. We demonstrate that G. mellonella is a useful alternative invertebrate replacement model that allows the analysis of commensals with different immunogenic potential such as Bacteroides vulgatus and Escherichia coli. Interestingly, the bacteria exhibited no killing effect on the larvae, which is similar to mammals. The immune responses of G. mellonella were comparable with vertebrate innate immune responses and involve recognition of the bacteria and production of antimicrobial molecules. We propose that G. mellonella was able to restore previous microbiota balance, which is well known from healthy mammalian individuals. Although providing comparable innate immune responses in both G. mellonella and vertebrates, G. mellonella does not harbor an adaptive immune system. Since the investigated components of the innate immune system are evolutionary conserved, the model allows a prescreening and first analysis of bacterial immunogenic properties.

The G. mellonella hemolymph infection model in widely used to analyze the virulence factors of a huge variety of pathogens. Most measurements include the analysis of larvae mortality, which is a quite easy method. Nevertheless, this method does not allow conclusions about immune responses in general and link the results of G. mellonella immune responses with vertebrate immune mechanisms. The G. mellonella oral administration model on the other hand is only rarel...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses at JoVE.com

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses

Here, we provide a detailed protocol for an oral administration model using Galleria mellonella larvae and how to characterize induced innate immune responses. Using this protocol, researchers without practical experience will be able to use the G. mellonella force-feeding method.

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses

The investigation of the immunogenic potential of commensal bacteria on the host immune system is one essential component when studying intestinal ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis

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Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses

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The Galleria mellonella Waxworm Infection Model for Disseminated Candidiasis

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Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)&#160;infections, including methicillin resistant stains, are an enormous burden on the healthcare system. With incidence ...

Use of the Invertebrate Galleria mellonella as an Infection Model to Study the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

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Tuberculosis is the leading global cause of infectious disease mortality and roughly a quarter of the world&#8217;s population is believed to be infected ...