The work was supported by the following grants: Stem Cell and Translation National Key Project (2016YFA0101403), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81661130160, 81422014, 81561138004), Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (5142005), Beijing Talents Foundation (2017000021223TD03), Support Project of High-level Teachers in Beijing Municipal Universities in the Period of 13th Five&#8211;year Plan (CIT &#38; TCD20180333), Beijing Medical System High Level Talent Award (2015-3-063), Beijing Municipal Health Commission Fund (PXM 2018_026283_000002), Beijing One Hundred, Thousand, and Ten Thousand Talents Fund (2018A03), Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support (ZYLX201706), and the Royal Society-Newton Advanced Fellowship (NA150482).

All procedures must follow the guidelines of institutional human research ethics committee. Informed consent must be obtained from patients or healthy volunteers before blood collection. This protocol was approved by the institution&#39;s human research ethics committee and was performed according to the institution&#39;s guidelines for care and use of animals.
1. Collection, isolation and expansion of PBMNCs
<ol>
	<li>Collection of PBMNCs
	<ol>
		<li>Collect 10-20 mL of don...

<ol>
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T., Jenner, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parkinson+disease:+from+pathology+to+molecular+disease+mechanisms.">Parkinson disease: from pathology to molecular disease mechanisms.</a> Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 62, 132-144 (2013).</li><li>Chen, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+Therapy+for+Parkinson's+Disease:+New+Hope+from+Reprogramming+Technologies.">Cell Therapy for Parkinson's Disease: New Hope from Reprogramming Technologies.</a> Aging and Disease. 6 (6), 499-503 (2015).</li><li>Takahashi, K., Yamanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+Pluripotent+Stem+Cells+from+Mouse+Embryonic+and+Adult+Fibroblast+Cultures+by+Defined+Factors.">Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors.</a> Cell. 126 (4), 663-676 (2006).</li><li>Doi, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+dopaminergic+progenitors+by+cell+sorting+for+successful+transplantation.">Isolation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitors by cell sorting for successful transplantation.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 2 (3), 337-350 (2014).</li><li>Kriks, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+neurons+derived+from+human+ES+cells+efficiently+engraft+in+animal+models+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Dopamine neurons derived from human ES cells efficiently engraft in animal models of Parkinson's disease.</a> Nature. 480 (7378), 547-551 (2011).</li><li>Perrier, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+of+midbrain+dopamine+neurons+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Derivation of midbrain dopamine neurons from human embryonic stem cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (34), 12543-12548 (2004).</li><li>Kikuchi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+iPS+cell-derived+dopaminergic+neurons+function+in+a+primate+Parkinson's+disease+model.">Human iPS cell-derived dopaminergic neurons function in a primate Parkinson's disease model.</a> Nature. 548 (7669), 592-596 (2017).</li><li>Ma, T., Xie, M., Laurent, T., Ding, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+in+the+reprogramming+of+somatic+cells.">Progress in the reprogramming of somatic cells.</a> Circulation Research. 112 (3), 562-574 (2013).</li><li>Tang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conversion+of+adult+human+peripheral+blood+mononuclear+cells+into+induced+neural+stem+cell+by+using+episomal+vectors.">Conversion of adult human peripheral blood mononuclear cells into induced neural stem cell by using episomal vectors.</a> Stem Cell Research. 16 (2), 236-242 (2016).</li><li>Yuan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopaminergic+precursors+differentiated+from+human+blood-derived+induced+neural+stem+cells+improve+symptoms+of+a+mouse+Parkinson's+disease+model.">Dopaminergic precursors differentiated from human blood-derived induced neural stem cells improve symptoms of a mouse Parkinson's disease model.</a> Theranostics. 8 (17), 4679-4694 (2018).</li><li>Takahashi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+Pluripotent+Stem+Cells+from+Adult+Human+Fibroblasts+by+Defined+Factors.">Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors.</a> Cell. 131 (5), 861-872 (2007).</li><li>Aasen, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+and+rapid+generation+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+human+keratinocytes.">Efficient and rapid generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human keratinocytes.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 26 (11), 1276-1284 (2008).</li><li>Thier, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+conversion+of+fibroblasts+into+stably+expandable+neural+stem+cells.">Direct conversion of fibroblasts into stably expandable neural stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 10 (4), 473-479 (2012).</li><li>Takahashi, K., Okita, K., Nakagawa, M., Yamanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+fibroblast+cultures.">Induction of pluripotent stem cells from fibroblast cultures.</a> Nature Protocols. 2 (12), 3081-3089 (2007).</li><li>Seki, T., Yuasa, S., Fukuda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+a+small+amount+of+human+peripheral+blood+using+a+combination+of+activated+T+cells+and+Sendai+virus.">Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from a small amount of human peripheral blood using a combination of activated T cells and Sendai virus.</a> Nature Protocols. 7 (4), 718-728 (2012).</li><li>Bazley, F. 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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+and+large-scale+generation+of+functional+dopamine+neurons+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Highly efficient and large-scale generation of functional dopamine neurons from human embryonic stem cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (9), 3392-3397 (2008).</li><li>Dowey, S. N., Huang, X., Chou, B. -. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Here we presented a protocol that covered different stages of iNSC-DA cell therapy for PD models. Critical aspects of this protocol include: (1) isolation and expansion of PBMNCs and reprogramming of PBMNCs into iNSCs by SeV infection, (2) differentiation of iNSCs to DA neurons, (3) establishment of unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned PD mouse models and behavioral assessment, and (4) cell transplantation of DA precursors and behavioral assessment.
In this protocol, the first part involves collecting a...

Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, caused by degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the ventral mesencephalon (VM), with a prevalence of more than 1% in population over 60 years of age1,2. Over the past decade, cell therapy, aimed at either replacing the degenerative or damaged cells, or nourishing the microenvironment around the degenerating neurons, has shown potential in treatment of PD3. Meanwhile, reprogramming technology has made significant progress4, which provides a promising cellular source for replacement therapy. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been proven to be able to differentiate into DA neural cells, which could survive, maturate, and improve the motor functions when grafted into rat and non-human primate PD models5,6,7,8. iPSCs represent a milestone in cellular reprogramming technologies and have a great potential in cell transplantation; however, there is still a concern about the risk of tumor formation from the incompletely differentiated cells. An alternative cellular source for cell transplantation is lineage-committed adult stem cells obtained through direct reprogramming, such as induced neural stem cells (iNSCs), which can be derived from the unstable intermediates, bypassing the pluripotency stage9,10,11.
Both iPSCs and iNSCs can be reprogrammed from autologous cellular sources, such as fibroblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and various other types of cells12,13,14, thus reducing the immunogenicity of transplanted cells to a great degree. Moreover, compared with iPSCs, iNSCs are inherent with reduced risk of tumor formation and lineage-committed plasticity, only able to differentiate into neurons and glia11. In the initial studies, human or mouse iPSCs and iNSCs were generated from fibroblasts obtained from skin biopsies, which is an invasive procedure14,15. With this respect, PBMNCs are an appealing starter cell source because of the less invasive sampling process, and the ease to obtain large numbers of cells within a short period of expansion time16. Initial reprogramming studies employed integrative delivery systems, such as lentiviral or retroviral vectors, which are efficient and easy to implement in many types of cells17; however, these delivery systems may cause mutations and reactivation of residual transgenes, which present safety issues for clinical therapeutic purposes12. Sendai virus (SeV) is a non-integrative RNA virus with a negative-sense, single-stranded genome that does not integrate into host genome, but only replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, offering an efficient and safe vehicle for reprogramming18,19. Recombinant SeV vectors are available that contain reprogramming factors including human OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC in their open reading frames. In addition, SeV viral vectors can be further improved by introducing temperature-sensitive mutations, so that they could be rapidly removed when the culture temperature is raised to 39 &#176;C20. In this article, we describe a protocol to reprogram PBMNCs to iNSCs using the SeV system.
Many studies have reported derivation of DA neurons from human ESCs or iPSCs using various methods6,8,21. However, there is a shortage of protocols describing the differentiation of DA neurons from iNSCs in details. In this protocol, we will describe the efficient generation of DA neurons from iNSCs using a two-stage method. The DA neuronal precursors can be transplanted into the striatum of PD mouse models for safety and efficacy evaluations. This article will present a detailed protocol that covers various stages from generation of induced neural stem cells by Sendai virus, differentiation of iNSCs into DA neurons, establishment of mouse PD models, to transplantation of DA precursors into the striatum of the PD models. Using this protocol, one can generate iNSCs from patients and healthy donors and derive DA neurons that are safe, standardizable, scalable and homogeneous for cell transplantation purposes, or for modeling PD in a dish and investigation of the mechanisms underlying disease onset and development.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:828px;" width="827">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">15-ml conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">430052</td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">1-Thioglycerol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">M6145</td>
			<td>Toxic for inhalation and skin contact</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">24-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">3337</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">50-ml conical tube&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">430828</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">6-OHDA</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">H4381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Accutase</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">A11105-01</td>
			<td>Cell dissociation reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Apomorphine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">A4393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Ascorbic acid</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">A92902</td>
			<td>Toxic with skin contact&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">B27 supplement&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">BDNF</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">450-02</td>
			<td>Brain derived neurotrophic factor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:277px;">Blood collection tubes containing sodium heparin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">367871</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">yisheng</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">36106es60</td>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">cAMP</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">D0627</td>
			<td>Dibutyryladenosine cyclic monophosphate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">CellBanker 2</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">ZENOAQ</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">100ml</td>
			<td>Used as freezing medium for PBMNCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Chemically defined lipid concentrate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">11905031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">CHIR99021</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gene Operation</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">04-0004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Coverslip</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">25*25-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">D8417-10mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">DAPT</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">D5942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">D2915-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">DMEM-F12</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">11330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">DMEM-F12</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">11320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Donkey serum</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Jackson</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">017-000-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">EPO</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">100-64-50UG</td>
			<td>Human Erythropoietin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">FGF8b</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Ficoll-Paque Premium</td>
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			<td style="width:153px;">17-5442-02</td>
			<td>P=1.077, density gradient medium</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">GDNF</td>
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			<td style="width:153px;">450-10</td>
			<td>Glial derived neurotrophic factor</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">21051024</td>
			<td>100 &#215; Glutamine stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Ham&#39;s-F12</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">11765-054</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">HBSS</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">14175079</td>
			<td>Balanced salt solution</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Human leukemia inhibitory factor</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Millpore</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">LIF1010</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Human recombinant SCF</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">300-07-100UG</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">IGF-1</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">100-11-100UG</td>
			<td>Human insulin-like growth factor&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">IL-3</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">200-03-10UG</td>
			<td>Human interleukin 3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">IMDM</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">215056-023</td>
			<td>Iscove&#39;s modified Dulbecco&#39;s medium</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">12585014</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">ITS-X</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">51500-056</td>
			<td>Insulin-transferrin-selenium-X supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Knockout serum replacement</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">10828028</td>
			<td>Serum free basal medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Laminin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">11243217001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Microsyringe</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">7653-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">N2 supplement&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">17502048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">NEAA</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">11140050</td>
			<td>Non-essential amino acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Neurobasal</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">10888</td>
			<td>Basic medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">PDL</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">P7280</td>
			<td>Poly-D-lysine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">SAG1</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Enzo</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">ALX-270-426-M01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">SB431542</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gene Operation</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">04-0010-10mg</td>
			<td>Store from light at -20&#8451;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Sendai virus</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MAN0009378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">baiaoshengke</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">TGF&#946;&#8546;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">100-36E</td>
			<td>Transforming growth factor&#160; &#946;&#8546;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Transferrin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">2914-HT-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Triton X 100</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">baiaoshengke</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td>Nonionic surfactant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Trypan blue</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">T10282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Xylazine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">X1126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of induced neural stem cells from peripheral mononuclear cells and differentiation toward dopaminergic neuron precursors for transplantation studies

Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the ventral mesencephalon (VM). Cell replacement therapy holds great promise for treatment of PD. Recently, induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) have emerged as a potential candidate for cell replacement therapy due to the reduced risk of tumor formation and the plasticity to give rise to region-specific neurons and glia. iNSCs can be reprogrammed from autologous somatic cellular sources, such as fibroblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and various other types of cells. Compared with other types of somatic cells, PBMNCs are an appealing starter cell type because of the ease to access and expand in culture. Sendai virus (SeV), an RNA non-integrative virus, encoding reprogramming factors including human OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC, has a negative-sense, single-stranded, non-segmented genome that does not integrate into host genome, but only replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, offering an efficient and safe vehicle for reprogramming. In this study, we describe a protocol in which iNSCs are obtained by reprogramming PBMNCs, and differentiated into specialized VM DA neurons by a two-stage method. Then DA precursors are transplanted into unilaterally 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned PD mouse models to evaluate the safety and efficacy for treatment of PD. This method provides a platform to investigate the functions and therapeutic effects of patient-specific DA neural cells in vitro and in vivo.

Here, we report a protocol that covers different stages of iNSC-DA cell therapy to treat PD models. Firstly, PBMNCs were isolated and expanded, and reprogrammed into iNSCs by SeV infection. A schematic representation of the procedures with PBMNC expansion and iNSC induction is shown in Figure 1. On day -14, PBMNCs were isolated by using a density gradient medium (Table of Materials). Before centrifugation, blood diluted with PBS and the density gradient medium were separated...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Induced Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Mononuclear Cells and Differentiation Toward Dopaminergic Neuron Precursors for Transplantation Studie

Generation of Induced Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Mononuclear Cells and Differentiation Toward Dopaminergic Neuron Precursors for Transplantation Studies

The protocol presents the reprogramming of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to induce neural stem cells by Sendai virus infection, differentiation of iNSCs into dopaminergic neurons, transplantation of DA precursors into the unilaterally-lesioned Parkinson&#39;s disease mouse models, and evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iNSC-derived DA precursors for PD treatment.

Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the ventral ...

This protocol describes a method to reprogram blood and mononuclear cells to neural stem cells that can be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. It offers an autologous cell source to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Also, the time frame required for conversion to induced neural stem cells and differentiation to desired cell types is shorter than for induced pluripotent stem cells.Induced neural stem cells possess a good proliferative capacity and can be scaled up before application. Since the iNSCs can be specified into different region-specific neural cells, such as spinal cord neurons or motor neurons, this method may be extended for the treatment of other neurological diseases. The whole procedure takes a long time, with all steps related and critical, so visual demonstration gives an idea about how the cells look like and provides some tips to ensure a successful generation of the desired cells.To begin, transfer previously isolated peripheral venous blood into a 50-milliliter conical tube, and dilute it with an equal volume of sterile Dulbecco's PBS. In another 50-milliliter conical tube, prepare 15 milliliters of sterilized density gradient medium. Tilt the tube at a 45-degree angle, and slowly and carefully lay 30 milliliters of diluted peripheral blood onto the density gradient medium.Centrifuge the tube at 800 times g for 15 minutes at room temperature with the centrifuge brake set at the off position. Aspirate the yellow, upper plasma layer, and discard it. Use a 10-milliliter pipette to transfer the white, cloudy thin film layer containing mononuclear cells to a new 50-milliliter conical tube.Add 30 milliliters of D-PBS to the tube with MNCs, and centrifuge at 600 times g for 10 minutes at four degrees Celsius. After discarding the supernatant, add 45 milliliters of D-PBS and resuspend the cells. After centrifuging the tube at 400 times g for 10 minutes at four degrees Celsius, discard the supernatant.Resuspend the cells with five milliliters of D-PBS, count the live cells with the trypan blue exclusion method, set aside the MNCs needed for expansion, and freeze the remaining cells for future use. On day minus 14, seed MNCs at a density of two to three million cells per milliliter per well of six-well plate with 1.5 milliliters of 37-degree Celsius, pre-warmed MNC medium. Incubate at 37 degrees Celsius, 5%carbon dioxide for two days.On day minus 11, use a sterilized pipette to collect the cells with the medium and transfer to a new 15-milliliter conical tube. Centrifuge at 250 times g for five minutes at room temperature, discard the supernatant, and resuspend the cells in one milliliter of pre-warmed MNC medium. After counting the viable cells with trypan blue, seed the MNCs at a density of one million cells per milliliter in pre-warmed MNC medium in a six-well plate.Incubate at 37 degrees Celsius, 5%carbon dioxide for three days, and repeat cell collecting, centrifuging, and plating in MNC medium on days minus eight and minus four. Sendai virus in this procedure is hazardous, and all procedures involving Sendai virus must be performed in a safety cabinet. And all tips and tubes exposed to Sendai virus should be treated with ethanol or bleach before disposal.On day zero, collect the cells in MNC medium and transfer to a 15-milliliter conical tube. After centrifuging the cells at 200 times g for five minutes, aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the cells with one milliliter of pre-warmed MNC medium. Count the viable cells with trypan blue, and then resuspend them with pre-warmed MNC medium to a concentration of 200, 000 cells per well in 24-well plates.Thaw the tubes removed from minus 80-degree Celsius storage containing Sendai virus in a 37-degree Celsius water bath for five to 10 seconds, and then leave them to thaw at room temperature. Once thawed, place them immediately on ice. Add the thawed Sendai virus to the wells of the 24-well plate with MNCs at a multiplicity of infection of 10.To facilitate the attachment of cells, centrifuge the plates at 1, 000 times g for 30 minutes and after that place the plates in the incubator at 37 degrees Celsius, 5%carbon dioxide. On day one, transfer the cells with the medium to a 15-milliliter centrifuge tube. To further detach the remaining cells, rinse the wells with one milliliter of MNC medium per well and add the cells with medium to the tube.After centrifuging the cell suspension at 200 times g for five minutes, aspirate the supernatant, resuspend the cells with 500 microliters of fresh pre-warmed MNC medium, and add to a well of a 24-well plate. On day two, use one milliliter per well of previously diluted 50 micrograms per microliter poly-D-lysine in D-PBS to coat six-well plates for at least two hours at room temperature. Aspirate poly-D-lysine from the six-well plates, and dry on the vertical clean bench for about 10 minutes.Then add one milliliter per well of a previously diluted five micrograms per milliliter laminin to the six-well plates, and incubate for four to six hours at 37 degrees Celsius to coat. Wash the plates with D-PBS before use. On day three, plate all Sendai virus-transduced MNCs in induced neural stem cell medium on the poly-D-lysine/laminin-coated six-well plates.On days five and seven, gently add one milliliter of 37-degree Celsius, pre-warmed iNSC medium to each well of the six-well plates. From day nine to day 28, replace the medium with fresh pre-warmed iNSC medium daily. Monitor the emergence of iNSC colonies, and in about two to three weeks pick colonies with appropriate morphology using burned glass pipettes and transfer each colony to a separate well of a six-well plate for expansion.To establish unilateral 6-hyroxydopamine-lesioned mouse models, shave the head of an anesthetized, adult, male, SCID-beige mouse, and apply erythromycin eye ointment. Place the mouse on the stereotaxic apparatus, and fix the mouse with incisor bars. Insert the ear cups correctly to securely and appropriately position the mouse head.Sterilize the head with povidone iodine and isopropyl alcohol, and then use a scalpel blade to make an approximately 1.5-centimeter sagittal incision on the head skin, exposing the skull. Adjust the incisor bar and ear bars to reduce the height difference between bregma and lambda to less than 0.1 millimeters. Slowly move and lower the tip of the microsyringe needle towards bregma, and treat bregma as the zero point.Move the tip to a position with coordinates of anterior 0.5 millimeters and lateral 2.1 millimeters relative to bregma. Retract the tip, mark the point with a marker pen, and, with an electronic drill, burr a little hole into the skull. Extract two microliters of five micrograms per milliliter 6-hyroxydopamine solution into the microsyringe.Return the needle to the point marked, and insert the needle to dorsal/ventral 3.2 millimeters. Inject the 6-hyroxydopamine solution from the syringe at a rate of one microliter per minute, leave the injection needle in place for another five minutes, and then retract it slowly. After closing the incision with sutures, apply erythromycin eye ointment on the eyes again.Remove the mouse from the stereotaxic apparatus, put it in the recovery cage, and allow access to food and water until it regains consciousness. After PBMNCs were infected with SeV, their morphology was changing and cells underwent a drastic death until day five. INSC colonies emerged on day 12.After picking and transferring iNSC clones for expansion for a number of passages, they showed a good morphology and could self-renew stably in iNSC medium, either in a monolayer form or as spheres. After 24 days of differentiation, iNSCs were identified as dopaminergic neurons as a majority of them expressed tyrosine hydroxylase, forkhead box A2, and neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin markers. After establishment of unilateral 6-hyroxydopamine-lesioned Parkinson's disease mouse models, behavioral assessment was conducted to estimate Parkinson's disease symptoms.The mice that had received cell transplantation showed significant improvement in motor function. The extent of 6-hyroxydopamine-induced lesioning was verified by post-mortem immunofluorescent staining for TH at the striatum, medial forebrain bundle, and substantia nigra pars compacta. The TH-positive signals were greatly recovered in the striatum where cells were implanted and also mildly recovered at SN.Three months after transplantation, among surviving cells, about 13.84%were TH-positive dopaminergic neurons.About 91.72%of the TH-positive cells expressed orphan nuclear receptor, about 86.76%expressed FOXA2, and about 98.77%were co-labeled with G-protein-coupled inward rectifier potassium. When laying 30 mils of diluted peripheral blood onto the density gradient medium, please do it slowly and carefully, not to disturb the gradient interface. Care should be taken to avoid repeated thawing and freezing of Sendai virus to ensure a high virus activity.When reprogramming peripheral blood mononuclear cells to induced neural stem cells, please closely observe the morphology of cells every day. Also, 6-hydroxydopamine is light-and temperature-sensitive. Be careful to protect the solution from light, and keep it on ice before use.Following this procedure, one can continue to study the disease mechanisms by using familial PD patient-derived dopaminergic neurons in culture. One can also continue to investigate how the transplanted cells influence the damaged neuronal circuits.

generation-induced-neural-stem-cells-from-peripheral-mononuclear

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

7.0K visualizações.  Ministry of Education. Este protocolo descreve um método para reprogramar células sanguíneas e mononucleares para células-tronco neurais que podem ser usadas para tratar doenças neurodegenerativas, como a doença de Parkinson. Oferece uma fonte celular autóloga para tratar doenças neurodegenerativas. Além disso, o prazo necessário para a conversão para células-tronco neurais induzidas e a diferenciação para os tipos de células desejadas é menor do que para células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas....

Vídeo: Generation of Induced Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Mononuclear Cells and Differentiation Toward Dopaminergic Neuron Precursors for Transplantation Studies