The work was supported by the following grants: Stem Cell and Translation National Key Project (2016YFA0101403), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81661130160, 81422014, 81561138004), Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (5142005), Beijing Talents Foundation (2017000021223TD03), Support Project of High-level Teachers in Beijing Municipal Universities in the Period of 13th Five&#8211;year Plan (CIT &#38; TCD20180333), Beijing Medical System High Level Talent Award (2015-3-063), Beijing Municipal Health Commission Fund (PXM 2018_026283_000002), Beijing One Hundred, Thousand, and Ten Thousand Talents Fund (2018A03), Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support (ZYLX201706), and the Royal Society-Newton Advanced Fellowship (NA150482).

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Here we presented a protocol that covered different stages of iNSC-DA cell therapy for PD models. Critical aspects of this protocol include: (1) isolation and expansion of PBMNCs and reprogramming of PBMNCs into iNSCs by SeV infection, (2) differentiation of iNSCs to DA neurons, (3) establishment of unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned PD mouse models and behavioral assessment, and (4) cell transplantation of DA precursors and behavioral assessment.
In this protocol, the first part involves collecting a...

Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, caused by degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the ventral mesencephalon (VM), with a prevalence of more than 1% in population over 60 years of age1,2. Over the past decade, cell therapy, aimed at either replacing the degenerative or damaged cells, or nourishing the microenvironment around the degenerating neurons, has shown potential in treatment of PD3. Meanwhile, reprogramming technology has made significant progress4, which provides a promising cellular source for replacement therapy. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been proven to be able to differentiate into DA neural cells, which could survive, maturate, and improve the motor functions when grafted into rat and non-human primate PD models5,6,7,8. iPSCs represent a milestone in cellular reprogramming technologies and have a great potential in cell transplantation; however, there is still a concern about the risk of tumor formation from the incompletely differentiated cells. An alternative cellular source for cell transplantation is lineage-committed adult stem cells obtained through direct reprogramming, such as induced neural stem cells (iNSCs), which can be derived from the unstable intermediates, bypassing the pluripotency stage9,10,11.
Both iPSCs and iNSCs can be reprogrammed from autologous cellular sources, such as fibroblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and various other types of cells12,13,14, thus reducing the immunogenicity of transplanted cells to a great degree. Moreover, compared with iPSCs, iNSCs are inherent with reduced risk of tumor formation and lineage-committed plasticity, only able to differentiate into neurons and glia11. In the initial studies, human or mouse iPSCs and iNSCs were generated from fibroblasts obtained from skin biopsies, which is an invasive procedure14,15. With this respect, PBMNCs are an appealing starter cell source because of the less invasive sampling process, and the ease to obtain large numbers of cells within a short period of expansion time16. Initial reprogramming studies employed integrative delivery systems, such as lentiviral or retroviral vectors, which are efficient and easy to implement in many types of cells17; however, these delivery systems may cause mutations and reactivation of residual transgenes, which present safety issues for clinical therapeutic purposes12. Sendai virus (SeV) is a non-integrative RNA virus with a negative-sense, single-stranded genome that does not integrate into host genome, but only replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, offering an efficient and safe vehicle for reprogramming18,19. Recombinant SeV vectors are available that contain reprogramming factors including human OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC in their open reading frames. In addition, SeV viral vectors can be further improved by introducing temperature-sensitive mutations, so that they could be rapidly removed when the culture temperature is raised to 39 &#176;C20. In this article, we describe a protocol to reprogram PBMNCs to iNSCs using the SeV system.
Many studies have reported derivation of DA neurons from human ESCs or iPSCs using various methods6,8,21. However, there is a shortage of protocols describing the differentiation of DA neurons from iNSCs in details. In this protocol, we will describe the efficient generation of DA neurons from iNSCs using a two-stage method. The DA neuronal precursors can be transplanted into the striatum of PD mouse models for safety and efficacy evaluations. This article will present a detailed protocol that covers various stages from generation of induced neural stem cells by Sendai virus, differentiation of iNSCs into DA neurons, establishment of mouse PD models, to transplantation of DA precursors into the striatum of the PD models. Using this protocol, one can generate iNSCs from patients and healthy donors and derive DA neurons that are safe, standardizable, scalable and homogeneous for cell transplantation purposes, or for modeling PD in a dish and investigation of the mechanisms underlying disease onset and development.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:828px;" width="827">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">15-ml conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">430052</td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">1-Thioglycerol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">M6145</td>
			<td>Toxic for inhalation and skin contact</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">24-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">3337</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">50-ml conical tube&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">430828</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">6-OHDA</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">H4381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Accutase</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">A11105-01</td>
			<td>Cell dissociation reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Apomorphine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">A4393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Ascorbic acid</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">A92902</td>
			<td>Toxic with skin contact&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">B27 supplement&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">BDNF</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">450-02</td>
			<td>Brain derived neurotrophic factor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:277px;">Blood collection tubes containing sodium heparin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">367871</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">yisheng</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">36106es60</td>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">cAMP</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">D0627</td>
			<td>Dibutyryladenosine cyclic monophosphate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">CellBanker 2</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">ZENOAQ</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">100ml</td>
			<td>Used as freezing medium for PBMNCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Chemically defined lipid concentrate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">11905031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">CHIR99021</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gene Operation</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">04-0004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Coverslip</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">25*25-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">D8417-10mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">DAPT</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">D5942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">D2915-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">DMEM-F12</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">11330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">DMEM-F12</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">11320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Donkey serum</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Jackson</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">017-000-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">EPO</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">100-64-50UG</td>
			<td>Human Erythropoietin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">FGF8b</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">100-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Ficoll-Paque Premium</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">17-5442-02</td>
			<td>P=1.077, density gradient medium</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">GDNF</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">450-10</td>
			<td>Glial derived neurotrophic factor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">21051024</td>
			<td>100 &#215; Glutamine stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Ham&#39;s-F12</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">11765-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">HBSS</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">14175079</td>
			<td>Balanced salt solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Human leukemia inhibitory factor</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Millpore</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">LIF1010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Human recombinant SCF</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">300-07-100UG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">IGF-1</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">100-11-100UG</td>
			<td>Human insulin-like growth factor&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">IL-3</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">200-03-10UG</td>
			<td>Human interleukin 3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">IMDM</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">215056-023</td>
			<td>Iscove&#39;s modified Dulbecco&#39;s medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">12585014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">ITS-X</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">51500-056</td>
			<td>Insulin-transferrin-selenium-X supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Knockout serum replacement</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">10828028</td>
			<td>Serum free basal medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Laminin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">11243217001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Microsyringe</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">7653-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">N2 supplement&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">17502048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">NEAA</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">11140050</td>
			<td>Non-essential amino acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Neurobasal</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">10888</td>
			<td>Basic medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">PDL</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">P7280</td>
			<td>Poly-D-lysine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">SAG1</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Enzo</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">ALX-270-426-M01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">SB431542</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gene Operation</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">04-0010-10mg</td>
			<td>Store from light at -20&#8451;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Sendai virus</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MAN0009378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">baiaoshengke</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">TGF&#946;&#8546;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">100-36E</td>
			<td>Transforming growth factor&#160; &#946;&#8546;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Transferrin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">2914-HT-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Triton X 100</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">baiaoshengke</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td>Nonionic surfactant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Trypan blue</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">T10282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Xylazine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">X1126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of induced neural stem cells from peripheral mononuclear cells and differentiation toward dopaminergic neuron precursors for transplantation studies

Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the ventral mesencephalon (VM). Cell replacement therapy holds great promise for treatment of PD. Recently, induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) have emerged as a potential candidate for cell replacement therapy due to the reduced risk of tumor formation and the plasticity to give rise to region-specific neurons and glia. iNSCs can be reprogrammed from autologous somatic cellular sources, such as fibroblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and various other types of cells. Compared with other types of somatic cells, PBMNCs are an appealing starter cell type because of the ease to access and expand in culture. Sendai virus (SeV), an RNA non-integrative virus, encoding reprogramming factors including human OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC, has a negative-sense, single-stranded, non-segmented genome that does not integrate into host genome, but only replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, offering an efficient and safe vehicle for reprogramming. In this study, we describe a protocol in which iNSCs are obtained by reprogramming PBMNCs, and differentiated into specialized VM DA neurons by a two-stage method. Then DA precursors are transplanted into unilaterally 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned PD mouse models to evaluate the safety and efficacy for treatment of PD. This method provides a platform to investigate the functions and therapeutic effects of patient-specific DA neural cells in vitro and in vivo.

Here, we report a protocol that covers different stages of iNSC-DA cell therapy to treat PD models. Firstly, PBMNCs were isolated and expanded, and reprogrammed into iNSCs by SeV infection. A schematic representation of the procedures with PBMNC expansion and iNSC induction is shown in Figure 1. On day -14, PBMNCs were isolated by using a density gradient medium (Table of Materials). Before centrifugation, blood diluted with PBS and the density gradient medium were separated...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Induced Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Mononuclear Cells and Differentiation Toward Dopaminergic Neuron Precursors for Transplantation Studie

Generation of Induced Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Mononuclear Cells and Differentiation Toward Dopaminergic Neuron Precursors for Transplantation Studies

The protocol presents the reprogramming of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to induce neural stem cells by Sendai virus infection, differentiation of iNSCs into dopaminergic neurons, transplantation of DA precursors into the unilaterally-lesioned Parkinson&#39;s disease mouse models, and evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iNSC-derived DA precursors for PD treatment.

Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the ventral ...

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7.1K Views.  Ministry of Education. The protocol presents the reprogramming of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to induce neural stem cells by Sendai virus infection, differentiation of iNSCs into dopaminergic neurons, transplantation of DA precursors into the unilaterally-lesioned Parkinson's disease mouse models, and evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iNSC-derived DA precursors for PD treatment.

Video: Generation of Induced Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Mononuclear Cells and Differentiation Toward Dopaminergic Neuron Precursors for Transplantation Studies

Direct Induction of Human Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

Human disease specific neuronal cultures are essential for generating in vitro models for human neurological diseases. However, the lack of access to primary human adult neural cultures raises unique challenges. Recent developments in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provides an alternative approach to derive neural cultures from skin fibroblasts through patient specific iPSC, but this process is labor intensive, requires special expertise and large amounts of resources, and can take several months. This prevents the wide application of this technology to the study of neurological diseases. To overcome some of these issues, we have developed a method to derive neural stem cells directly from human adult peripheral blood, bypassing the iPSC derivation process. Hematopoietic progenitor cells enriched from human adult peripheral blood were cultured in vitro and transfected with Sendai virus vectors containing transcriptional factors Sox2, Oct3/4, Klf4, and c-Myc. The transfection results in morphological changes in the cells which are further selected by using human neural progenitor medium containing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The resulting cells are characterized by the expression for neural stem cell markers, such as nestin and SOX2. These neural stem cells could be further differentiated to neurons, astroglia and oligodendrocytes in specified differentiation media. Using easily accessible human peripheral blood samples, this method could be used to derive neural stem cells for further differentiation to neural cells for in vitro modeling of neurological disorders and may advance studies related to the pathogenesis and treatment of those diseases.

A method was developed to directly derive human neural stem cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells enriched from peripheral blood cells.

Human disease specific neuronal cultures are essential for generating in vitro models for human neurological diseases. However, the lack of access to ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral T Cells Using Sendai Virus in Feeder-free Conditions

Recently, iPSCs have attracted attention as a new source of cells for regenerative therapies. Although the initial method for generating iPSCs relied on dermal fibroblasts obtained by invasive biopsy and retroviral genomic insertion of transgenes, there have been many efforts to avoid these disadvantages. Human peripheral T cells are a unique cell source for generating iPSCs. iPSCs derived from T cells contain rearrangements of the T cell receptor (TCR) genes and are a source of antigen-specific T cells. Additionally, T cell receptor rearrangement in the genome has the potential to label individual cell lines and distinguish between transplanted and donor cells. For safe clinical application of iPSCs, it is important to minimize the risk of exposing newly generated iPSCs to harmful agents. Although fetal bovine serum and feeder cells have been essential for pluripotent stem cell culture, it is preferable to remove them from the culture system to reduce the risk of unpredictable pathogenicity. To address this, we have established a protocol for generating iPSCs from human peripheral T cells using Sendai virus to reduce the risk of exposing iPSCs to undefined pathogens. Although handling Sendai virus requires equipment with the appropriate biosafety level, Sendai virus infects activated T cells without genome insertion, yet with high efficiency. In this protocol, we demonstrate the generation of iPSCs from human peripheral T cells in feeder-free conditions using a combination of activated T cell culture and Sendai virus.

This protocol describes how to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from human peripheral T cells in feeder-free conditions using a combination of matrigel and Sendai virus vectors containing reprogramming factors.

Recently, iPSCs have attracted attention as a new source of cells for regenerative therapies. Although the initial method for generating iPSCs relied on ...

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal Vectors (EV) to generate integration-free iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNCs). The episomal vectors used are DNA plasmids incorporated with oriP and EBNA1 elements from the Epstein-Barr (EB) virus, which&#160;allow for replication and long-term retainment of plasmids in mammalian cells, respectively. With further optimization, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood. Two critical factors for achieving high reprogramming efficiencies&#160;are: 1) the use of a 2A &#34;self-cleavage&#34; peptide to link OCT4 and SOX2, thus achieving equimolar expression of the two factors; 2) the use of two vectors to express MYC and KLF4 individually. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for generating integration-free iPSCs from adult peripheral blood samples. The generated iPSCs are integration-free as residual episomal plasmids are undetectable after five passages. Although the reprogramming efficiency is comparable to that of Sendai Virus (SV) vectors, EV plasmids are considerably more economical than the commercially available SV vectors. This affordable EV reprogramming system holds potential for clinical applications in regenerative medicine and provides an approach for the direct reprogramming of PB MNCs to integration-free mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, etc.

This protocol describes a detailed method for efficient generation of integration-free iPSCs from human adult peripheral blood cells. With the use of four oriP/EBNA-based episomal vectors to express the reprogramming factors, KLF4, MYC, BCL-XL, or OCT4 and SOX2, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal ...

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In this study, we used peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as seed cells to produce chondrocytes via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an integration-free method. Following embryoid body (EB) formation and fibroblastic cell expansion, the iPSCs are induced for chondrogenic differentiation for 21 days under serum-free and xeno-free conditions. After chondrocyte induction, the phenotypes of the cells are evaluated by morphological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses, as well as by the quantitative real-time PCR examination of chondrogenic differentiation markers. The chondrogenic pellets show positive alcian blue and toluidine blue staining. The immunohistochemistry of collagen II and X staining is also positive. The sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content and the chondrogenic differentiation markers COLLAGEN 2 (COL2), COLLAGEN 10 (COL10), SOX9, and AGGRECAN are significantly upregulated in chondrogenic pellets compared to hiPSCs and fibroblastic cells. These results suggest that PBCs can be used as seed cells to generate iPSCs for cartilage repair, which is patient-specific and cost-effective.

We present a protocol to generate a chondrogenic lineage from human peripheral blood (PB) via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using an integration-free method, which includes embryoid body (EB) formation, fibroblastic cells expansion, and chondrogenic induction.

In this study, we used peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as seed cells to produce chondrocytes via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality microscopic images is not entirely dependent upon the quality of the microscope, but also upon the methods of tissue processing, which often involve multiple critical actions or steps. Furthermore, mesenchymal cell types in the skin and other tissues represent a new challenge for tissue preparation and imaging. Here, we present a complete process, from tissue harvest to microscopy. Our technique, called &#34;horizontal whole mount,&#34; is one that novices can quickly become proficient in and that allows for antigen preservation and detection in 60-300 &#181;m-thick sections cut with a cryostat. Sections of this thickness provide enhanced visualization of tissue microarchitecture in a three-dimensional environment. In addition, the protocol preserves mesenchymal cells in a manner that enhances image quality when compared to standard cryostat or paraffin sections, thereby increasing the efficacy and reliability of immunostaining. We believe that this protocol will benefit all laboratories that visualize skin, and possibly other tissues and organs.

This work presents a novel processing and imaging protocol for thick, three-dimensional tissue cross-section analysis that enables the full exploitation of confocal imaging modalities. This protocol preserves antigenicity and represents a robust system to analyze skin histology and potentially other tissue types.

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing a detailed and thorough protocol is to clearly demonstrate each step and to make this readily available to researchers in the field. This protocol results in a homogenous layer of RPE with minimal or no manual dissection needed. The method presented here has been shown to be effective for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we describe methods for cryopreservation of intermediate cell banks that allow long-term storage. RPE generated using this protocol might be useful for iPSC disease-in-a-dish modeling or clinical application.

This protocol describes how to produce retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) from pluripotent stem cells. The method uses a combination of growth factors and small molecules to direct the differentiation of stem cells into immature RPE in fourteen days and mature, functional RPE after three months.

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause disease when disrupted. Scientists have developed clever techniques to investigate characteristics and natural dynamics of these cells within intact tissue by expressing fluorescent proteins in subsets of cells. However, at times, experiments require more selected visualization of cells within the tissue, sometimes at the single-cell or population-of-cells manner. To achieve this and visualize single cells within a population of cells, scientists have utilized single-cell photoconversion of fluorescent proteins. To demonstrate this technique, we show here how to direct UV light to an Eos-expressing cell of interest in an intact, living zebrafish. We then image those photoconverted Eos+ cells 24 h later to determine how they changed in the tissue. We describe two techniques: single cell photoconversion and photoconversions of populations of cell. These techniques can be used to visualize cell-cell interactions, cell-fate and differentiation, and cell migrations, making it a technique that is applicable in numerous biological questions.

Here, we present a protocol to show how cell photoconversion is achieved through UV exposure to specific areas expressing the fluorescent protein, Eos, in living animals.

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Derivation and Differentiation of Canine Ovarian Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Interest in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has increased over the past decade due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and culture. Recently, studies have demonstrated the wide differentiation capacity that these cells possess. The ovary represents a promising candidate for cell-based therapies due to the fact that it is rich in MSCs and that it is frequently discarded after ovariectomy surgeries as biological waste. This article describes procedures for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of MSCs derived from the canine ovary, without the necessity of cell-sorting techniques. This protocol represents an important tool for regenerative medicine because of the broad applicability of these highly differentiable cells in clinical trials and therapeutic uses.

Herein, we describe a method for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from canine ovarian tissue.

Interest in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has increased over the past decade due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and culture. Recently, studies ...

Generation of 3D Skin Organoid from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily functions. Biomimetics is the imitation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems1. Skin biomimetics is a useful tool for in vitro disease research and in vivo regenerative medicine. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the characteristic of unlimited proliferation and the ability of differentiation to three germ layers. Human iPSCs are generated from various primary cells, such as blood cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and more. Among them, cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) have emerged as an alternative cell source from the perspective of allogeneic regenerative medicine. CBMCs are useful in regenerative medicine because human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is essential to the cell banking system. We provide a method for the differentiation of CBMC-iPSCs into keratinocytes and fibroblasts and for generation of a 3D skin organoid. CBMC-iPSC-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts have characteristics similar to a primary cell line. The 3D skin organoids are generated by overlaying an epidermal layer onto a dermal layer. By transplanting this 3D skin organoid, a humanized mice model is generated. This study shows that a 3D human iPSC-derived skin organoid may be a novel, alternative tool for dermatologic research in vitro and in vivo.

We propose a protocol that shows how to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cell-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts and generate a 3D skin organoid, using these keratinocytes and fibroblasts. This protocol contains an additional step of generating a humanized mice model. The technique presented here will improve dermatologic research.

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily ...