Name: manufacturing chimeric antigen receptor (car) t cells for adoptive immunotherapy
Uploaded: 2019-12-17T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part through funding provided by Novartis Pharmaceuticals through a research alliance with the University of Pennsylvania (Michael C. Milone) as well as St. Baldrick&#39;s Foundation Scholar Award (Saba Ghassemi).

All animal studies are approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Pennsylvania.
1. T Cell Activation, Transduction, and Expansion
<ol>
	<li>Activate fresh or cryopreserved primary human T cells by mixing with anti CD3/CD28 magnetic beads (e.g., dynabeads) at a ratio of 3 beads per T cell in 6-well cell culture dishes. Culture T cells in X-VIVO 15 medium supplemented with 5% normal human AB serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 20 mM HEPES, and IL2 (100 units/mL). Mai...

<ol>
	<li>Brentjens, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD19-targeted+T+cells+rapidly+induce+molecular+remissions+in+adults+with+chemotherapy-refractory+acute+lymphoblastic+leukemia.">CD19-targeted T cells rapidly induce molecular remissions in adults with chemotherapy-refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 5 (177), 177ra138 (2013).</li><li>Grupp, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chimeric+antigen+receptor-modified+T+cells+for+acute+lymphoid+leukemia.">Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 368 (16), 1509-1518 (2013).</li><li>Kalos, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+Cells+with+Chimeric+Antigen+Receptors+Have+Potent+Antitumor+Effects+and+Can+Establish+Memory+in+Patients+with+Advanced+Leukemia.">T Cells with Chimeric Antigen Receptors Have Potent Antitumor Effects and Can Establish Memory in Patients with Advanced Leukemia.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 3 (95), 95ra73 (2011).</li><li>Kochenderfer, J. N., Rosenberg, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treating+B-cell+cancer+with+T+cells+expressing+anti-CD19+chimeric+antigen+receptors.">Treating B-cell cancer with T cells expressing anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors.</a> Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology. 10 (5), 267-276 (2013).</li><li>Maude, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chimeric+antigen+receptor+T+cells+for+sustained+remissions+in+leukemia.">Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for sustained remissions in leukemia.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (16), 1507-1517 (2014).</li><li>Porter, D. L., Levine, B. L., Kalos, M., Bagg, A., June, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chimeric+antigen+receptor-modified+T+cells+in+chronic+lymphoid+leukemia.">Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (8), 725-733 (2011).</li><li>Porter, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chimeric+antigen+receptor+T+cells+persist+and+induce+sustained+remissions+in+relapsed+refractory+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia.">Chimeric antigen receptor T cells persist and induce sustained remissions in relapsed refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 7 (303), 303ra139 (2015).</li><li>Maude, S. L., Teachey, D. T., Porter, D. L., Grupp, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD19-targeted+chimeric+antigen+receptor+T-cell+therapy+for+acute+lymphoblastic+leukemia.">CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.</a> Blood. 125 (26), 4017-4023 (2015).</li><li>Kochenderfer, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphoma+Remissions+Caused+by+Anti-CD19+Chimeric+Antigen+Receptor+T+Cells+Are+Associated+With+High+Serum+Interleukin-15+Levels.">Lymphoma Remissions Caused by Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Are Associated With High Serum Interleukin-15 Levels.</a> Journal of Clinical Oncology. 35 (16), 1803-1813 (2017).</li><li>Bollard, C. M., Rooney, C. M., Heslop, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T-cell+therapy+in+the+treatment+of+post-transplant+lymphoproliferative+disease.">T-cell therapy in the treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease.</a> Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology. 9 (9), 510-519 (2012).</li><li>Brestrich, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adoptive+T-cell+therapy+of+a+lung+transplanted+patient+with+severe+CMV+disease+and+resistance+to+antiviral+therapy.">Adoptive T-cell therapy of a lung transplanted patient with severe CMV disease and resistance to antiviral therapy.</a> American Journal of Transplantation. 9 (7), 1679-1684 (2009).</li><li>Savoldo, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+solid+organ+transplant+recipients+with+autologous+Epstein+Barr+virus-specific+cytotoxic+T+lymphocytes+(CTLs).">Treatment of solid organ transplant recipients with autologous Epstein Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).</a> Blood. 108 (9), 2942-2949 (2006).</li><li>Berger, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adoptive+transfer+of+effector+CD8++T+cells+derived+from+central+memory+cells+establishes+persistent+T+cell+memory+in+primates.">Adoptive transfer of effector CD8+ T cells derived from central memory cells establishes persistent T cell memory in primates.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 118 (1), 294-305 (2008).</li><li>Gattinoni, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+human+memory+T+cell+subset+with+stem+cell-like+properties.">A human memory T cell subset with stem cell-like properties.</a> Nature Methods. 17 (10), 1290-1297 (2011).</li><li>Hinrichs, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adoptively+transferred+effector+cells+derived+from+naive+rather+than+central+memory+CD8++T+cells+mediate+superior+antitumor+immunity.">Adoptively transferred effector cells derived from naive rather than central memory CD8+ T cells mediate superior antitumor immunity.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (41), 17469-17474 (2009).</li><li>Klebanoff, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+memory+self/tumor-reactive+CD8++T+cells+confer+superior+antitumor+immunity+compared+with+effector+memory+T+cells.">Central memory self/tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells confer superior antitumor immunity compared with effector memory T cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (27), 9571-9576 (2005).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engraftment+of+human+central+memory-derived+effector+CD8++T+cells+in+immunodeficient+mice.">Engraftment of human central memory-derived effector CD8+ T cells in immunodeficient mice.</a> Blood. 117 (6), 1888-1898 (2011).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+naive+and+central+memory+derived+CD8++effector+cell+engraftment+fitness+and+function+following+adoptive+transfer.">Comparison of naive and central memory derived CD8+ effector cell engraftment fitness and function following adoptive transfer.</a> Oncoimmunology. 5 (1), e1072671 (2016).</li><li>Fraietta, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determinants+of+response+and+resistance+to+CD19+chimeric+antigen+receptor+(CAR)+T+cell+therapy+of+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia.">Determinants of response and resistance to CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.</a> Nature Medicine. 24 (5), 563-571 (2018).</li><li>Ghassemi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reducing+Ex+Vivo+Culture+Improves+the+Antileukemic+Activity+of+Chimeric+Antigen+Receptor+(CAR)+T+Cells.">Reducing Ex Vivo Culture Improves the Antileukemic Activity of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells.</a> Cancer Immunology Research. 6 (9), 1100-1109 (2018).</li><li>Milone, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chimeric+receptors+containing+CD137+signal+transduction+domains+mediate+enhanced+survival+of+T+cells+and+increased+antileukemic+efficacy+in+vivo.">Chimeric receptors containing CD137 signal transduction domains mediate enhanced survival of T cells and increased antileukemic efficacy in vivo.</a> Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 17 (8), 1453-1464 (2009).</li><li>Cieri, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-7+and+IL-15+instruct+the+generation+of+human+memory+stem+T+cells+from+naive+precursors.">IL-7 and IL-15 instruct the generation of human memory stem T cells from naive precursors.</a> Blood. 121 (4), 573-584 (2013).</li><li>Cui, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-7-Induced+Glycerol+Transport+and+TAG+Synthesis+Promotes+Memory+CD8+T+Cell+Longevity.">IL-7-Induced Glycerol Transport and TAG Synthesis Promotes Memory CD8 T Cell Longevity.</a> Cell. 161 (4), 750-761 (2015).</li><li>Xu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Closely+related+T-memory+stem+cells+correlate+with+in+vivo+expansion+of+CAR.CD19-T+cells+and+are+preserved+by+IL-7+and+IL-15.">Closely related T-memory stem cells correlate with in vivo expansion of CAR.CD19-T cells and are preserved by IL-7 and IL-15.</a> Blood. 123 (24), 3750-3759 (2014).</li><li>Singh, N., Perazzelli, J., Grupp, S. A., Barrett, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+memory+phenotypes+drive+T+cell+proliferation+in+patients+with+pediatric+malignancies.">Early memory phenotypes drive T cell proliferation in patients with pediatric malignancies.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 8 (320), 320ra323 (2016).</li></ol>

Here we describe approaches to measure the function and efficacy of CAR T cells harvested at varying intervals throughout ex vivo culture. Our methods provide comprehensive insight into assays designed to assess proliferative capacity as well as effector function in vitro. We describe how to measure CAR T cell activity following stimulation through the CAR and detail xenograft models of leukemia using CAR T cells harvested at day 3 vs day 9 of their logarithmic expansion phase.
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Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) provide a promising approach to redirect T cells against distinct tumor antigens. CARs are synthetic receptors that bind an antigen target. While their precise composition is variable, CARs generally contain 3 distinct domains. The extracellular domain directs binding to a target antigen and is typically comprised of a single chain antibody fragment linked to the CAR via an extracellular hinge. The second domain, commonly derived from the CD3&#950; chain of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex, promotes T cell activation following CAR engagement. A third costimulatory domain is included to enhance T cell function, engraftment, metabolism, and persistence. The success of CAR T cell therapy in various hematopoietic malignancies including B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma highlights the therapeutic promise of this approach1,2,3,4,5,6. The recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals for two CD19-specific CAR T cell therapies, tisagenlecleucel for pediatric and young adult ALL and axicabtagene ciloleucel for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, reinforces the translational merit of CAR T cell Therapy.
CAR T-based approaches involve the isolation of T cells from peripheral blood, activation, genetic modification, and expansion ex vivo. Differentiation is an important parameter regulating CAR T cell efficacy. Accordingly, restricting T cell differentiation during ex vivo culture enhances the ability of the infused product to engraft, expand, and persist, providing long term immunosurveillance following adoptive transfer2,7,8,9. T cells consist of several distinct subsets including: na&#239;ve T cells (Tn), central memory (Tcm), effector memory (Tem), effector differentiated (Tte) and stem cell memory (Tscm). Effector differentiated T cells have potent cytolytic ability; however, they are short lived and engraft poorly10,11,12. In contrast, T cells with a less-differentiated phenotype including na&#239;ve T cells and Tcm exhibit superior engraftment and proliferative abilities following adoptive cell transfer13,14,15,16,17,18. The composition of the collected T cells in the premanufactured product can vary across patients and correlates with the therapeutic potential of CAR T cells. The proportion of T cells with a na&#239;ve-like immunophenotype in the starting apheresis product is highly correlated with both engraftment and clinical response19.
Culture duration is an important parameter influencing differentiation in CAR T cells prepared for adoptive transfer. We recently developed an approach to generate superior quality CAR T cells using an abbreviated culture paradigm20. Using our approach, we showed that limited culture gives rise to CAR T cells with superior effector function and persistence following adoptive transfer in xenograft models of leukemia. Here, we present the approaches to reliably generate CART19 cells (autologous T cells engineered to express anti-CD19 scFv attached to CD3&#950; and the 4-1BB signaling domains) and include a detailed description of the assays that provide insight into CAR T bioactivity and efficacy prior to adoptive transfer.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti CD3/CD28 dynabeads</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>40203D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC Mouse Anti-Human CD8</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555369</td>
			<td>RRID:AB_398595</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC-H7 Mouse anti-Human CD8 Antibody</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560179</td>
			<td>RRID:AB_1645481</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD FACS Lysing Solution 10X Concentrate</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>349202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Trucount Absolute Counting Tubes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>340334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brilliant Violet 510 anti-human CD4 Antibody</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>317444</td>
			<td>RRID:AB_2561866</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brilliant Violet 605 anti-human CD3 Antibody</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>317322</td>
			<td>RRID:AB_2561911</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellTrace CFSE Cell Proliferation Kit</td>
			<td>Life Technolohgies</td>
			<td>C34554</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CountBright Absolute Counting Beads,</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C36950</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC anti-Human CD197 (CCR7) Antibody</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>561271</td>
			<td>RRID:AB_10561679</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC Mouse Anti-Human CD4</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555346</td>
			<td>RRID:AB_395751</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human AB serum</td>
			<td>Valley Biomedical</td>
			<td>HP1022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human IL-2 IS, premium grade</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-097-744</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>28030-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid scintillation counter, MicroBeta trilux</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIVE/DEAD Fixable Violet</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>L34964</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multisizer Coulter Counter</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na251CrO4</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>NEZ030S001MC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pacific Blue anti-human CD14 Antibody</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>325616</td>
			<td>RRID:AB_830689</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pacific Blue anti-human CD19 Antibody</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>302223</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE anti-human CD45RO Antibody</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555493</td>
			<td>RRID:AB_395884</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE/Cy5 anti-human CD95 (Fas) Antibody</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>305610</td>
			<td>RRID:AB_493652</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE/Cy7 anti-human CD27 Antibody</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A54823</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol red-free medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10373-017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure SDS Solution, 10%</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15553027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Via-Probe</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555815</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-VIVO 15</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>04-418Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XenoLight D-Luciferin - K+ Salt</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>122799</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

manufacturing chimeric antigen receptor (car) t cells for adoptive immunotherapy

Adoptive immunotherapy holds promise for the treatment of cancer and infectious disease. We describe a simple approach to transduce primary human T cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and expand their progeny ex vivo. We include assays to measure CAR expression as well as differentiation, proliferative capacity and cytolytic activity. We describe assays to measure effector cytokine production and inflammatory cytokine secretion in CAR T cells. Our approach provides a reliable and comprehensive method to culture CAR T cells for preclinical models of adoptive immunotherapy.

Using the methods described above, we stimulated and expanded T cells for either 3 or 9 days (Figure 1A,B). We also analyzed their differentiation profile, as indicated by the gating strategy outlined in Figure 1C, by measuring the abundance of distinct glycoproteins expressed on the cell surface. We show a progressive shift towards effector differentiation over time during ex vivo culture (Figure 1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy at JoVE.com

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

We describe an approach to reliably generate chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and test their differentiation and function in vitro and in vivo.

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Adoptive immunotherapy holds promise for the treatment of cancer and infectious disease. We describe a simple approach to transduce primary human T cells ...

De-lib-er-ating a CAR T Cell product with functional competence that engraft, proliferate and has cit-el-uric activity following infusion is a key component of an effective adoptive immunotherapy. For example, in solid tumors, CAR T cells they can penetrate solid tumors and they receive optimal antigen stimulation;however, their overall engraftment and proliferation is impeded in people. The main benefit of this approach is that it can retain the quality of the CAR T cells or differentiation state of the CAR T cells without generating terminally differentiated or exhausted T cells, which would have diminished proliferative capacity or poor effective function following infusion.This technique can be difficult because T cells are very sensitive to their cell concentration or the surface area of the vessels that their cultured in. As well as their metabolic needs. Essentially T cells need to be kept happy throughout the process, otherwise they won't grow.To begin this procedure, set out 6-well culture dishes. Activate fresh or cryo-preserved primary human T cells by mixing them with anti-CD3 CD28 magnetic beads, at a ratio of three beads per T cell in the wells of the culture dishes. Culture the T cells in X-Vivo 15 medium supplemented with normal human AB serum, L-glutamine, he-pees and IL2.Activate the T cells at a concentration of one million T cells per milliliter during expansion. And culture them at 37 degrees Celsius with 20%oxygen, 5%carbon-dioxide and 95%humidity. After overnight stimulation, add lentiviral supernatants to the activated T cells.Calculate the volume of supernatants necessary to achieve a multiplicity of infection between three and five. Continue culturing the cells using the same conditions. On day three, collect a representative aliquot of the cells of cryo-preservation.Prior to cryo-preservation, remove the magnetic beads by gently pipetting and magnetic separation. Prepare the freezing medium, which contains PBS with 0.5%DMSO. And store it at four degrees Celsius until ready to use.Next, centrifuge the T cells at 300 times G for five minutes. Discard the supernatant and add five milliliters of PBS. Centrifuge the cells again at 300 times G for five minutes and discard the PBS.We suspend the pellant in one milliliter of cold cryo-preservation medium. Freeze the T cells in a chilled freezing container. And store at minus 80 degrees Celsius for 48 hours.After this, transfer the frozen cells to liquid nitrogen. Wash the rest of the T cells once in five milliliters of PBS to eliminate any residual vector. Centrifuge at 300 times G for five minutes.Then, decant the PBS and re-suspend the cell pellant in T cell culture medium at a concentration of 500, 000 cells per milliliter. Split the T cells into two cultures designed 45 and nine. Count the T cells by flow cytometry using counting beads and monoclonal antibodies to human CD4 and CD8.As well as a viability dye. Refeed the cultures every other day to maintain them at a concentration of 500, 000 cells per milliliter. On day five, count and cryo-preserve the day five cultures as previously described.On day seven, wash 500, 000 cells in PBS. And re-suspend them in 100 microliters of fluorescence activated cell sorting buffer. Then, detect CAR surface protein expression by immuno-staining with a fluorescently conjugated anti-CAR 19 idio-type by flow cytometry.On day nine count and cryo-preserve the day nine cultures as previously described. In this study the function and efficacy of CAR T cells that are harvested at varying intervals throughout X-Vivo culture are measured. Using the methods described in this video, T cells are stimulated and expanded for either three or nine days.The cells differentiation profile as indicated by the gating strategy shown here, is analyzed by measuring the abundance of distinct glycoproteins expressed on the cell surface. A progressive shift towards effector differentiation is seen over time during X-Vivo culture. The effector function and proliferative capacity of CAR T cells in response to antigen is then assessed.Cells that are expanded less are functionally superior to those extensively cultured over a longer duration. In a human xenograft mouse model of ALL the potency of CAR T cells harvested at different time periods is compared. The nine day cells show a dose-dependent anti-lukemic response with a complete response worth a high dose of three million;and a loss of efficacy for the low dose of 500, 000.However, the day three cells showed persistent tumor control in both high and low doses. This response is associated with the absolute count of CAR-T 19 in the peripheral blood of mice. Overall, these results provide evidence that CAR T cells harvested earlier, outperform those harvested later.Following this procedure, additional function assays such as seahorse assay can be performed to measure their metabolic properties such as oxygen consumption or spir-it-ed capacity. Several rounds of re-stimulation can also be performed to provide insight into their differentiation and persistence of CAR T cells. Using this work as a foundation we and other researchers are engaged in studies to abbreviate the culture process further.It can also be extended in core approaches design for other cancer antigens. Care always have to be taken when you work with lentivirus. But even when the lentivirus is engineered to be replication incompetent.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

A Syngeneic Mouse B-Cell Lymphoma Model for Pre-Clinical Evaluation of CD19 CAR T Cells

The astonishing clinical success of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has led to the approval of two second generation chimeric antigen ...

A Spheroid Killing Assay by CAR T Cells

Immunotherapy has become a field of growing interest in the fight against cancer otherwise untreatable. Among all immunotherapeutic methods, chimeric ...

Preparation of Exosomes for siRNA Delivery to Cancer Cells

Extracellular vesicles, in particular exosomes, have recently gained interest as novel drug delivery vectors due to their biological origin, abundance, ...

In Vitro Tumor Cell Rechallenge For Predictive Evaluation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Antitumor Function

The field of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is rapidly advancing with improvements in CAR design, gene-engineering approaches and ...

Using CRISPR/Cas9 to Knock Out GM-CSF in CAR-T Cells

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy is a cutting edge and potentially revolutionary new treatment option for cancer. However, there are ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Generation of Tumor Antigen-specific T Cells

The generation and expansion of functional T cells in vitro can lead to a broad range of clinical applications. One such use is for the treatment of ...

Ultrasound-Guided Orthotopic Implantation of Murine Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

The recent success of immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma and lung adenocarcinoma has galvanized the field of immuno-oncology as well as revealed the ...

Isolating Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and CD4+ T cells from S&#233;zary Syndrome Patients for Transcriptomic Profiling

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) are derived from the transformation and uncontrolled proliferation of mature skin-homing T cells, and mycosis fungoides ...

Dynamic Imaging of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells with [18F]Tetrafluoroborate Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography

Dynamic Imaging of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells with [18F]Tetrafluoroborate Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography

T cells genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) have shown unprecedented results in pivotal clinical trials for patients with B ...

Assessment of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell-Associated Toxicities Using an Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient-Derived Xenograft Mouse Model

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cell therapy has emerged as a powerful tool for the treatment of multiple types of CD19+ malignancies, which has led to ...