This work was supported in part by R01HD090887-01A1 from NICHD to AH. The authors also acknowledge the facilities provided by Dr. Peter Mc Farlane&#39;s lab such as inhalation anesthesia/ heating pad system. Ms. Catherine Mayer&#39;s valuable assistance in setting up of the system is appreciated. No role was played by the funding body in the design of the study, collection, analysis and interpretation of data or in writing the manuscript.

All experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol # 2020-0035) at the Case Western Reserve University. All animals were treated in accordance with the NIH guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.
1. Animals
<ol>
	<li>Commercially obtain pregnant Sprague Dawley rats.</li>
	<li>Maintain animals at an approved veterinary facility with 14 h/10 h light-dark cycle and 45-60% relative humidity.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of...

<ol>
	<li>Pulmonary Cell Biology Lab: Neonatal Lung Disease. Mayo Clinic Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mayo.edu/research/labs/pulmonary-cell-biology/projects/neonatal=lung-disease">https://www.mayo.edu/research/labs/pulmonary-cell-biology/projects/neonatal=lung-disease</a> (2020)</li><li>Mart&#237;nez-Burnes, J., L&#243;pez, A., Lemke, K., Dobbin, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+intratracheal+inoculation+method+for+use+with+neonatal+rats.">Transoral intratracheal inoculation method for use with neonatal rats.</a> Comparative Medicine. 51 (2), 134-137 (2001).</li><li>Pinkerton, K. E., Crapo, J. D., Witschi, H., Brain, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphometry+of+the+alveolar+region+of+the+lung.">Morphometry of the alveolar region of the lung.</a> Toxicology of Inhaled Materials Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 95, 259-285 (1985).</li><li>Nardiello, C., Mi&#382;&#237;kov&#225;, I., Morty, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Looking+ahead:+where+to+next+for+animal+models+of+bronchopulmonary+dysplasia.">Looking ahead: where to next for animal models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.</a> Cell and Tissue Research. 367 (3), 457-468 (2017).</li><li>Sugimoto, M., Ando, M., Senba, H., Tokuomi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+defenses+in+neonates:+Effects+of+bronchial+lavage+fluids+from+adult+and+neonatal+rabbits+on+superoxide+production+by+their+alveolar+macrophages.">Lung defenses in neonates: Effects of bronchial lavage fluids from adult and neonatal rabbits on superoxide production by their alveolar macrophages.</a> Journal of the Reticuloendothelial Society. 27 (6), 595-606 (1980).</li><li>Grayson, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controls+for+lung+dendritic+cell+maturation+and+migration+during+respiratory+viral+infection.">Controls for lung dendritic cell maturation and migration during respiratory viral infection.</a> Journal of Immunology. 179 (3), 1438-1448 (2007).</li><li>Moreira, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+delivery+of+human+umbilical+cord+Wharton's+jelly+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+restores+lung+alveolarization+and+vascularization+in+experimental+bronchopulmonary+dysplasia.">Intranasal delivery of human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal cells restores lung alveolarization and vascularization in experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia.</a> Stem Cells Translational Medicine. 9 (2), 221-234 (2020).</li><li>Bar-Haim, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interrelationship+between+dendritic+cell+trafficking+and+Francisella+tularensis+dissemination+following+airway+infection.">Interrelationship between dendritic cell trafficking and Francisella tularensis dissemination following airway infection.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 4 (11), 1000211 (2008).</li><li>Linderholm, A. L., Franzi, L. M., Bein, K. J., Pinkerton, K. E., Last, J. 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Y., Martin, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deposition+of+particles+in+the+lungs+of+infant+and+adult+rats+after+direct+intratracheal+administration.">Deposition of particles in the lungs of infant and adult rats after direct intratracheal administration.</a> Laboratory Animal Science. 45 (2), 205-210 (1995).</li><li>Sun, B., Curstedt, T., Song, G. W., Robertson, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surfactant+improves+lung+function+and+morphology+in+newborn+rabbits+with+meconium+aspiration.">Surfactant improves lung function and morphology in newborn rabbits with meconium aspiration.</a> Biology of the Neonate. 63 (2), 96-104 (1993).</li><li>Nicholson, J. W., Kinkead, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+device+for+intratracheal+injections+in+rats.">A simple device for intratracheal injections in rats.</a> Laboratory Animal Science. 32 (5), 509-510 (1982).</li><li>Carlon, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+gene+transfer+into+the+mouse+lung+by+fetal+intratracheal+injection+of+rAAV2/6.2.">Efficient gene transfer into the mouse lung by fetal intratracheal injection of rAAV2/6.2.</a> Molecular Therapy: The Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 18 (12), 2130-2138 (2010).</li><li>Chen, C. -. M., Chen, Y. -. J., Huang, Z. -. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intratracheal+Instillation+of+Stem+Cells+in+Term+Neonatal+Rats.">Intratracheal Instillation of Stem Cells in Term Neonatal Rats.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (159), e61117 (2020).</li><li>Reynolds, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preventing+maternal+cannibalism+in+rats.">Preventing maternal cannibalism in rats.</a> Science. 213 (4512), 1146 (1981).</li><li>Park, C. M., Clegg, K. E., Harvey-Clark, C. J., Hollenberg, M. 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(73), e50318 (2013).</li><li>Oka, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reliable+method+for+intratracheal+instillation+of+materials+to+the+entire+lung+in+rats.">A reliable method for intratracheal instillation of materials to the entire lung in rats.</a> Journal of Toxicologic Pathology. 19 (2), 107-109 (2006).</li><li>Watanabe, A., Hashimoto, Y., Ochiai, E., Sato, A., Kamei, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+confirming+correct+endotracheal+intubation+in+mice.">A simple method for confirming correct endotracheal intubation in mice.</a> Laboratory Animals. 43 (4), 399-401 (2009).</li><li>Kim, J. -. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+automatic+video+instillator+for+intratracheal+instillation+in+the+rat.">An automatic video instillator for intratracheal instillation in the rat.</a> Laboratory Animals. 44 (1), 20-24 (2010).</li><li>Lawrenz, M. B., Fodah, R. A., Gutierrez, M. G., Warawa, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intubation-mediated+intratracheal+(IMIT)+instillation:+a+noninvasive,+lung-specific+delivery+system.">Intubation-mediated intratracheal (IMIT) instillation: a noninvasive, lung-specific delivery system.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (93), e52261 (2014).</li><li>Ordodi, V. L., Mic, F. A., Mic, A. A., Sandesc, D., Paunescu, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+device+for+intubation+of+rats.">A simple device for intubation of rats.</a> Lab Animal. 34 (8), 37-39 (2005).</li><li>Cleary, G. M., Wiswell, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Meconium-stained+amniotic+fluid+and+the+meconium+aspiration+syndrome.+An+update.">Meconium-stained amniotic fluid and the meconium aspiration syndrome. An update.</a> Pediatric Clinics of North America. 45 (3), 511-529 (1998).</li><li>Vandivort, T. C., An, D., Parks, W. 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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intratracheal+transplantation+of+human+umbilical+cord+blood-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+dose-dependently+attenuate+hyperoxia-induced+lung+injury+in+neonatal+rats.">Intratracheal transplantation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells dose-dependently attenuate hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal rats.</a> Cell Transplantation. 20 (11-12), 1843-1854 (2011).</li><li>Chang, Y. 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Intratracheal instillation is an excellent method that offers several advantages over the existing methods for respiratory disease interventions as well as disease model development. It is a quick method and with experience, can be performed with an average speed of 2-3 minutes per animal. The key considerations for a successful intubation are proper sedation of the animal, it&#39;s correct positioning, especially the head, as well as accurate depth of placement/ size of the specula in the oropharynx. Proper sedation wou...

Neonates born prematurely have poorly developed lungs requiring many interventional therapies such as long-term ventilation. These interventions place the surviving neonates at a high risk of subsequent sequelae1. Experimental animal models serve as an important tool in simulating various disease conditions, studying the pathobiology of diseases, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. Even though a broad range of animal models from mice, rat, and rabbit to pre-term lambs and pigs are available, mice and rat are the most used. 
The primary advantage of using mice and rats are the relatively short gestation period and reduced cost. They are also readily available, easy to maintain in disease-free environments, genetically homogeneous and have relatively less ethical concern2,3. Another major advantage of the rodent model is that at birth the neonatal pup is at late canalicular/early saccular stage of lung development which is morphologically equivalent to the lung of a 24-week preterm neonatal human infant going on to develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia4. In addition, as their lung development rapidly progresses to completion within the first 4 weeks of life, it is feasible to study the post-natal lung maturation in a reasonable time frame4. Despite these advantages, the small size of the mice and rat pups is a source of concern for various interventions, which compels most researchers to use adult animals rather than pups5. Neonatal lungs are in a developmental stage and the response of a neonate to an inciting agent differs from that of an adult. This makes it appropriate to use neonatal animal models to study human neonatal disease conditions.
There are different methods to administer drugs/ biological agents to the lung. This includes intranasal6,7 or intratracheal8,9,10 instillation as well as aerosol inhalation11,12. Each approach has its own technical challenges, advantages, as well as limitations13. Intratracheal route of administration of therapeutic agents is preferred to study the direct therapeutic impact in the organ bypassing the systemic effects. This route could also be used to study lung pathology caused by inciting agents. There are both invasive and minimally invasive techniques to do this and is easy to perform in adults. However, in pups, because of the small size of the animal, there are technical challenges associated with the intubation process. The current study presents a simple, consistent, non-surgical intratracheal instillation (ITI) method in rat pups that could be used to study the efficacy of various neonatal therapeutic interventions as well as to generate animal models simulating neonatal respiratory diseases.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Evans Blue dye</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>314-13-6</td>
			<td>Confirmation of drug administration into lungs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine Hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Hospira. Inc, Lake Forest, IL, USA</td>
			<td>Dispensed from Animal care facility</td>
			<td>For sedation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operating Otoscope</td>
			<td>Welch Allyn, Hillrom, Chicago, IL, USA</td>
			<td>21770- 3.5V</td>
			<td>For visualization of vocal cords</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Otoscope Rechargeable Handle</td>
			<td>Welch Allyn, Hillrom, Chicago, IL, USA</td>
			<td>71050-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tip (Gel loading)</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>02-707-139</td>
			<td>Administering the drug</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platform for restraining (inclined plane)</td>
			<td>Animal care facility</td>
			<td>Dispensed from Animal care facility</td>
			<td>Wired roof of mice cage can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3M Micropore Surgical White Paper (sticking tape)</td>
			<td>3M, St. Paul, MN, USA</td>
			<td>1530-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock SyringeSyringes (1 ml)</td>
			<td>BD Franklin Lakes, NJ , USA</td>
			<td>NBD2515</td>
			<td>Administering the drug</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Hospira. Inc, Lake Forest, IL, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For sedation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a minimally invasive method for intratracheal instillation of drugs in neonatal rodents to treat lung disease

Treatment of neonatal rodent with drugs instilled directly into the trachea could serve as a valuable tool to study the impact of a locally administered drug. This has direct translational impact because surfactant and drugs are administered locally into the lungs. Though the literature has many publications describing minimally invasive transoral intubation of adult mice and rats in therapeutic experiments, this approach in neonatal rat pups is lacking. The small size of orotracheal region/pharynx in the pups makes visualization of laryngeal lumen (vocal cords) difficult, contributing to the variable success rate of intratracheal drug delivery. We hereby demonstrate effective oral intubation of neonatal rat pup - a technique that is non-traumatic and minimally-invasive, so that it can be used for serial administration of drugs. We used an operating otoscope with an illumination system and a magnifying lens to visualize the tracheal opening of the rat neonates. The drug is then instilled using a 1 mL syringe connected to a pipette tip. The accuracy of the delivery method was demonstrated using Evans blue dye administration. This method is easy to get trained in and could serve as an effective way to instill drugs into trachea. This method could also be used for administration of inoculum or agents to simulate disease conditions in animals and, also, for cell-based treatment strategies for various lung diseases.

The instillation of Evans blue revealed multifocal distribution of the dye involving all pulmonary lobes (Figure 4A,B). Our result as shown in Figure 4 demonstrates efficacy of distribution to all lobes. The picture is taken immediately after ITI of the dye into the trachea. 100% efficacy was achieved in instilling the dye into the trachea followed by its spread into all the lobes on both sides. It is expected that the dye would spread further w...

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A Minimally Invasive Method for Intratracheal Instillation of Drugs in Neonatal Rodents to Treat Lung Disease

This technique of instilling drugs directly into the trachea of neonatal rodents is important in studying the impact of locally administered drugs or biologicals on neonatal lung diseases. Additionally, this method can also be used for inducing lung injury in animal models.

Treatment of neonatal rodent with drugs instilled directly into the trachea could serve as a valuable tool to study the impact of a locally administered ...

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5.3K visualizações.  Case Western Reserve University. Este protocolo demonstra que é possível incutir material de pesquisa sobre a traqueia de filhotes de ratos neonatais, de cinco dias de idade, por visualização direta. Este método melhora a confiabilidade da administração de material de pesquisa ou droga na traqueia por visualização direta. Ao evitar a injeção na traqueia, este método reduz a dor e, mais importante, o sangramento na traqueia, permitindo uma melhor sobrevida.O desenvolvimento de habilidades finas é necessár...