Este estudo é apoiado financeiramente pela ZonMw como parte do programa LSH 2Treat (436001003) e da Dutch Kidney Foundation (14a2d507). N.A.K. reconhece o apoio do Conselho Europeu de Pesquisa (851960). Agradecemos o Programa de Gravitação "Regeneração Impulsionada por Materiais", financiado pela Organização Holandesa de Pesquisa Científica (024.003.013).

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O bioreator descrito aqui permite a avaliação sistemática das contribuições do indivíduo e efeitos combinados do estresse da cisalhamento e do estiramento cíclico na inflamação e regeneração tecidual em andaimes tubulares resorbáveis. Essa abordagem também permite que uma grande variedade de análises sejam realizadas em construções vasculares, conforme exemplificado na seção de resultados representativos. Esses resultados mostram o impacto característico dos diferentes regimes de carregamento hemodinâ...

A engenharia de tecidos cardiovasculares (TE) está sendo perseguida como opção alternativa de tratamento às próteses cardiovasculares permanentes atualmente utilizadas (por exemplo, enxertos vasculares, substituições de válvulas cardíacas), que são subótimas para grandes coortes de pacientes1,2,3,4. Aplicações muito procuradas incluem enxertos vasculares (TEVGs)5,6 e válvulas cardíacas (TEHVs)7,8. Na maioria das vezes, as metodologias cardiovasculares de TE fazem uso de biomateriais resorbáveis (naturais ou sintéticos) que servem como um andaime instrutivo para a formação do novo tecido. A formação de novos tecidos pode ser projetada completamente in vitro, semeando o andaime com células e culminando em um bioreator antes da implantação (te in vitro)9,10,11, ou diretamente in situ, em que o andaime sintético é implantado sem pré-cultivo, a fim de induzir a formação de novos tecidos diretamente no corpo (in situ TE)12,13,14. Tanto para abordagens in vitro quanto in situ cardiovascular TE, a regeneração funcional bem sucedida é predominantemente dependente tanto da resposta imune do hospedeiro à construção implantada quanto do carregamento biomecânico adequado.
A importância do carregamento biomecânico para te cardiovascular é bem reconhecida15. No caso dos implantes cardiovasculares, as células que povoam o andaime são expostas ao estiramento cíclico e estresses de cisalhamento que surgem como resultado do ambiente hemodinâmico. Inúmeros estudos têm relatado o efeito estimulante do estiramento (cíclico) na formação de componentes matriciais, como o colágeno16,17,18,19, glicosaminoglicas (GAGs)20e elastina21,22, por vários tipos de células. Por exemplo, Huang et al. demonstraram que o estiramento biaxial elevou a deposição e organização do colágeno e da elastina em TEVGs in vitro usando um bioreator vascular23. Embora a ênfase tipicamente reside no alongamento como a carga dominante, esses estudos muitas vezes fazem uso de bioreatores orientados pelo fluxo em que a amostra também é exposta ao fluxo de cisalhamento. Embora relativamente pouco se saiba sobre a influência isolada das tensões de tesoura na formação de tecidos e inflamação em 3D, alguns dados estão disponíveis. Por exemplo, Hinderer et al. e Eoh et al. demonstraram que o fluxo de cisalhamento, além de uma microestrutura de andaime 3D, foi importante para a formação de elastina madura por células musculares vasculares humanas em um sistema de modelo in vitro24,25. Ao todo, esses achados ilustram a relevância tanto do alongamento cíclico quanto do estresse de cisalhamento para te cardiovascular.
Outro determinante importante para o sucesso ou falha dos implantes de TE é a resposta imune do hospedeiro ao enxerto implantado26. Isso é particularmente importante para estratégias de TE in situ in situ, que realmente contam com a resposta inflamatória aguda ao andaime para iniciar os processos subsequentes de influxo celular e formação de tecido endógeno e remodelação27. O macrófago é um iniciador crítico da regeneração do tecido funcional, que tem sido mostrado por múltiplos estudos28,29,30. Análoga à cicatrização de feridas, a regeneração do tecido é regida pela sinalização paracrina entre macrófagos e células produtoras de tecidos, como fibroblastos e miofibroblasts31,32,33. Além de coordenar a nova deposição tecidual, os macrófagos estão envolvidos na resorção ativa do material do andaime estrangeiro34,35. Como tal, a resposta in vitro de macrófago a um bioma material foi identificada como parâmetro preditivo para o sucesso in vivo dos implantes36,37,38.
A resposta do macrófago a um andaime implantado depende de características de design de andaimes, como composição de material e microestrutura35,39,40. Além das propriedades do andaime, a resposta do macrófago a um andaime e seu crosstalk com myofibroblasts também é impactada por cargas hemodinâmicas. Por exemplo, o estiramento cíclico mostrou-se um importante modulador do fenótipo macrófago41,42,43,44 e a secreção de citocinas43,44,45,46 em andaimes eletroscardos 3D. Utilizando um sistema de co-cultura de macrófagos e células musculares lisas vasculares, Battiston et al. demonstraram que a presença de macrófagos levou ao aumento dos níveis de elastina e GAGs e que níveis moderados de estiramento cíclico (1,07-1,10) estimularam a deposição do colágeno I e elastina47. Em trabalhos anteriores, demonstramos que o estresse da cisalhamento é um importante determinante para o recrutamento de monócitos em andaimes eletroscados3D 48,49, e que tanto o estresse da cisalhamento quanto o estiramento cíclico impactam a sinalização paracrina entre monócitos humanos e células estrômicas mesenquimais50. Fahy et al. demonstraram que o fluxo de cisalhamento aumentou a secreção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias por monócitos humanos51.
Em conjunto, as evidências acima mostram que uma compreensão adequada e controle sobre cargas hemodinâmicas é crucial para o TE cardiovascular, e que é importante considerar a resposta inflamatória para conseguir isso. Inúmeros bioreatores foram descritos anteriormente para a cultura in vitro52,53,54,55,56,57,58 ou ex vivo59,60,61 cultura de tecidos cardiovasculares. No entanto, todos esses sistemas são projetados para imitar as condições fisiológicas de carregamento hemodinâmico tanto quanto possível. Embora isso seja altamente valioso para o propósito de criar tecidos cardiovasculares in vitro ou manter culturas ex vivo, tais sistemas não permitem estudos sistemáticos sobre os efeitos individuais das pistas individuais. Isso ocorre porque a aplicação tanto do estresse cíclico quanto do cisalhamento nesses bioreatores é impulsionada pelo mesmo fluxo pressurizado, que os liga intrinsecamente. Embora microsistemas que permitam manipulação mecânica precisa de várias pistas tenham sido descritos para substratos2D configurações de hidrogel 62 ou 3D63,64, tais configurações não permitem a incorporação de andaimes biomateriais 3D elastoméricos.
Aqui, apresentamos a aplicação de um sistema bioreator tubular que permite exclusivamente o desacoplamento do estresse da cisalhamento e do estiramento cíclico e ajuda a investigar mecanicamente seus efeitos individuais e combinados. Este sistema permite testar uma ampla variedade de enxertos vasculares projetados por tecido (por exemplo, origem sintética ou natural, microarquiteção diferente, várias porosidades). Para efetivamente desacoplar a aplicação do estresse e do alongamento da tesoura, os conceitos-chave que o bioreator usa são (1) separação do controle do estresse e do estiramento da tesoura usando sistemas de bomba distintos e (2) estimulação dos andaimes de forma "de dentro para fora" com dimensões computacionalmente orientadas. O fluxo é aplicado na superfície externa do andaime tubular através do uso de uma bomba de fluxo, enquanto o trecho circunferencial do andaime é induzido pela expansão de um tubo de silicone no qual o andaime é montado através do uso de uma bomba de tensão separada. As dimensões do tubo de silicone e do tubo de vidro que contém a construção são cuidadosamente escolhidas e validadas por meio de simulações de dinâmica computacional de fluidos, para garantir que o estresse da cisalhamento no andaime (devido ao fluxo) e o estiramento circunferencial (devido à expansão do tubo) não afetem significativamente uns aos outros. Este design de dentro para fora tem várias lógicas práticas. Se o estiramento for aplicado pela pressão do fluido luminal (semelhante ao carregamento fisiológico), ele requer inerentemente que o desenho da amostra seja livre de vazamentos. Além disso, a pressão necessária para esticar a amostra seria completamente determinada pela rigidez amostral, que pode variar entre amostras e dentro de uma amostra ao longo do tempo, dificultando o controle do trecho. Este bioreator monta o enxerto de tecido projetado em torno de um tubo de silicone e permite a aplicação de estresse de corte de parede (WSS) na parede externa do enxerto e pressuriza o enxerto por dentro. Dessa forma, condições iguais de carregamento entre amostras e dentro das amostras ao longo do tempo podem ser garantidas, e, além disso, as amostras podem ser vazadas, como é comum para andaimes vasculares porosos19. Este bioreator de dentro para fora destina-se especificamente a estudos sistemáticos sobre os efeitos da tesoura e/ou alongamento, em vez da engenharia de um vaso sanguíneo nativo in vitro, para o qual as configurações tradicionais de bioreatores vasculares são mais adequadas. Consulte a Figura 1A-B para os desenhos de design bioreator, e sua tabela correspondente 1 para uma descrição funcional e racionalidade por trás dos principais componentes do bioreator.
O uso do bioreator é demonstrado com base em uma série de estudos recentes do nosso grupo em que investigamos as influências individuais e combinadas do estresse da cisalhamento e do estiramento cíclico na inflamação e formação tecidual em andaimes eletrosopunis resorbáveis para in situ tecido cardiovascular19,43,44. Para isso, usamos macrófagos humanos e miofibroblasts em mono ou em co-cultura para simular as várias fases da cascata regenerativa in situ. Demonstramos que a secreção de citocinas por macrófagos humanos é claramente impactada tanto pelo estresse do estiramento cíclico quanto pelo cisalhamento, afetando a deposição matricial e a organização por myofibroblasts humanos nestes andaimes, tanto via sinalização paracririna quanto pelo contato direto19,43,44. Notavelmente, esses estudos revelaram que, no caso da aplicação combinada de estresse e alongamento da tesoura, os efeitos na formação e inflamação tecidual são dominados por uma das duas cargas, ou há efeitos sinérgicos de ambas as cargas. Esses achados ilustram a relevância da desacoplamento de ambas as cargas para obter uma melhor compreensão da contribuição do ambiente mecânico nos processos de TE. Esse entendimento pode ser aplicado para otimizar sistematicamente parâmetros de design de andaimes em regimes de carregamento hemodinâmicos relevantes. Além disso, os dados mecanicistas de ambientes tão bem controlados podem servir de entrada para modelos numéricos que estão sendo desenvolvidos para prever o curso da remodelação de tecidos in situ, como relatado recentemente para TEVGs65 ou TEHVs66, para melhorar ainda mais a capacidade preditiva.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >advanced Dulbecco&#8217;s modified EagleMedium (aDMEM)</td>
			<td >Gibco</td>
			<td >12491-015</td>
			<td >cell culture medium for fibroblasts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Aqua Stabil</td>
			<td >Julabo</td>
			<td >8940012</td>
			<td >prevent microorganism growth in bioreactor-hydraulic reservoir</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Bovine fibrinogen</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >F8630</td>
			<td >to prepare fibrinogen gel to seed the cells on the electrospun scaffold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Bovine thrombin</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >T4648</td>
			<td >to prepare fibrinogen gel to seed the cells on the electrospun scaffold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Centrifuge</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >5804</td>
			<td >to spin down cells and conditioned medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Clamp scissor - &#34;kelly forceps&#34;</td>
			<td >Almedic</td>
			<td >P-422</td>
			<td >clamp the silicone tubing and apply pre-stretch to the scaffold so the scaffold can be sutured into the engraved groove (autoclave at step 1, step 7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CO2 cell culture incubators</td>
			<td >Sanyo</td>
			<td >MCO-170AIC-PE</td>
			<td >for cell culturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Compressed air reservoir</td>
			<td >Festo</td>
			<td >CRVZS-5</td>
			<td >smoothing air pressure fluctuations and create time delays for pressure build-up</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Custom Matlab script to calculate the maximum stretches</td>
			<td >Matlab</td>
			<td >R2017. The Mathworks, Natick, MA</td>
			<td >calculate the minimum and maximum outer diameter of the electrospun scaffold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Data acquisition board</td>
			<td >National Instruments</td>
			<td >BNC-2090</td>
			<td >data processing in between amplifier system and computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ethanol</td>
			<td >VWR</td>
			<td >VWRK4096-9005</td>
			<td >to keep sterile working conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Fetal bovine calf serum (FBS)</td>
			<td >Greiner</td>
			<td >758087</td>
			<td >cell culture medium supplement; serum-supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Flow culture chamber compartments, consisting of a pressure conduit with engraved grooves and small holes to apply pressure on silicone tubing, a screw thread, nose cone, top compartment with flow inlet and bottom compartment flow outlet, adapter bushing</td>
			<td >Custom made, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology</td>
			<td >n.a.</td>
			<td >flow culture chamber compartments (autoclave at step 1, step 7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Glass Pasteur pipet</td>
			<td >Assistant</td>
			<td >HE40567002</td>
			<td >apply vacuum on electrospun scaffold (autoclave at step 1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Glass tubes of the flow culture chamber</td>
			<td >Custon made, Equipment &#38; Prototype Center, Eindhoven University of Technology</td>
			<td >n.a.</td>
			<td >part of the flow culture chamber (clean and store in 70% ethanol, at step 1 and 7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >GlutaMax</td>
			<td >Gibco</td>
			<td >35050061</td>
			<td >cell culture medium amino acid supplement, minimizes ammonia build-up</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >High speed camera</td>
			<td >MotionScope</td>
			<td >M-5</td>
			<td >to monitor the stretch during culture; time-lapse photographs of the scaffolds are captured at a frequency of 30 Hz for 6 sec (i.e. 3 stretch cycles)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >High speed camera lens - Micro-NIKKOR 55mm f/2.8 - lens</td>
			<td >Nikon</td>
			<td >JAA616AB</td>
			<td >to monitor the stretch during culture; time-lapse photographs of the scaffolds are captured at a frequency of 30 Hz for 6 sec (i.e. 3 stretch cycles)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hose clip</td>
			<td >ibidi GmbH</td>
			<td >10821</td>
			<td >block medium flow (autoclave at step 1, step 7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hydraulic reservoir with 8 screw threads for 8 flow culture chambers</td>
			<td >Custom made, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology</td>
			<td >n.a.</td>
			<td >to apply pressure to the silicone mounted constructs (clean outside with a paper tissue with 70% ethanol, rinse reservoir with 70% ethanol followed by demi water, at step 1 and 7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ibidi pump system (8x) including ibidi pump, PumpControl software, fluidic unit, perfusion set (medium tubing), air pressure tubing, drying bottles with orange silica beads</td>
			<td >ibidi GmbH</td>
			<td >10902</td>
			<td >set up used to control the flow in the flow culture chambers. Note 1: the ibidi pumps were modified by the manufacturer to enable 200 mbar capacity. Note 2: can be replaced by pump system of other manufacturer, as long as same flow regimes can be applied.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Knives (no.10 sterile blades, individual foil pack) and scalpel handle (stainless steel, individually wrapped)</td>
			<td >Swann Morton</td>
			<td >0301; 0933</td>
			<td >to cut the silicone tubing in the correct size for the scaffold and to cut the suture material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >LabVIEW Software</td>
			<td >National Instruments</td>
			<td >version 2018</td>
			<td >to control the stretch applied to the scaffolds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Laminar flow biosafety cabinet with UV light</td>
			<td >Labconco</td>
			<td >302310001</td>
			<td >to ensure sterile working conditions. The UV is used to decontaminate everything that cannot be autoclaved, or touched after autoclaving</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Large and small petri dishes</td>
			<td >Greiner</td>
			<td >664-160</td>
			<td >for sterile working conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (vitamin C)</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >A8960</td>
			<td >cell culture medium supplement, important for collagen production</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >LED light cold source KL2500</td>
			<td >Zeiss</td>
			<td >Schott AG</td>
			<td >to aid in visualization for the time lapse of the scaffolds during monitoring of the stretch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Luer (female and male) locks and connectors, white luer caps</td>
			<td >ibidi GmbH</td>
			<td >various, see (https://ibidi.com/26-flow-accessories)</td>
			<td >to close or connect parts of the bioreactor and the ibidi pump (autoclave at step 1, step 7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Measuring amplifier (PICAS)</td>
			<td >PEEKEL instruments B.V.</td>
			<td >n.a.</td>
			<td >to amplify the signal from the pressure sensor and feedback to LabView</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Medium reservoir (large syringes 60 mL) and reservoir holders</td>
			<td >ibidi GmbH</td>
			<td >10974</td>
			<td >medium reservoir (autoclave at step 1, step 7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Medium tubing with 4.25 mm outer diameter and 1 mm inner diameter</td>
			<td >Rubber BV</td>
			<td >1805</td>
			<td >to allow for a larger flow rate, the ibidi medium tubing with larger diameter is used. Note: the part of medium tubing guided through the fluidic unit valves are the same as the default ibidi medium tubing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Motion Studio Software</td>
			<td >Idtvision</td>
			<td >2.15.00</td>
			<td >to make the high speed time lapse images for stretch monitoring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Needle (19G)</td>
			<td >BD Microlance</td>
			<td >301700</td>
			<td >together with thin flexible tubing used to fill the hydraulic reservoir with ultrapure water without adding air bubbles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Needle driver</td>
			<td >Adson</td>
			<td >2429218</td>
			<td >to handle the needle of the nylon suture through the silicone tube (autoclave at step 1, step 7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Paper tissues</td>
			<td >Kleenex</td>
			<td >38044001</td>
			<td >for cleaning of the equipment with 70% ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Parafilm</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >P7793-1EA</td>
			<td >quick fix if leakage occurs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Penicillin/streptomycin (P/S)</td>
			<td >Lonza</td>
			<td >DE17-602E</td>
			<td >cell culture medium supplement; prevent bacterial contamination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >P4417-100TAB</td>
			<td >for storage and washing steps (autoclave at step 1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Plastic containers (60 mL) with red screw caps</td>
			<td >Greiner</td>
			<td >206202</td>
			<td >to prepare the fibrinogen solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Pneumatic cylinder</td>
			<td >Festo</td>
			<td >AEVC-20-10-I-P</td>
			<td >to actuate the Teflon bellow (clean with a paper tissue with 70% ethanol at step 1 and 7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Polycaprolactone bisurea (PCL-BU) tubular scaffolds (3 mm inner diameter, 200 &#181;m wall thickness, 20 mm length)</td>
			<td >SyMO-Chem, Eindhoven, The Netherlands</td>
			<td >n.a.</td>
			<td >produced using electrospinning from 15% (w/w) chloroform (Sigma; 372978) polymer solutions. See Van Haaften et al Tissue Engineering Part C (2018) for more details</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Pressure conduit without holes (for static control)</td>
			<td >Custom made, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology</td>
			<td >n.a.</td>
			<td >to mount electrospun tubes on silicon tubing (autoclave at step 1, step 7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Pressure sensor and transducer</td>
			<td >BD</td>
			<td >TC-XX and P 10 EZ</td>
			<td >the air pressure going to the pneumatic actuated pump is raised until it reaches the set pressure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Proportional air pressure control valve and pressure sensor</td>
			<td >Festo</td>
			<td >MPPES-3-1/8-2-010, 159596</td>
			<td >provides compressed air to the pneumatic actuated pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI-1640)</td>
			<td >Gibco</td>
			<td >A1049101</td>
			<td >cell culture medium for monocyte/macrophage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Safe lock Eppendorf tubes (1.5 mL)</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >30120086</td>
			<td >multiple applications (autoclave at step 1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sodium dodecyl sulfate solution 20%</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >5030</td>
			<td >Used to clean materials, at a concentration of 0.1%.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Silicone O-rings</td>
			<td >Technirub</td>
			<td >1250S</td>
			<td >to prevent leakage (autoclave at step 1, step 7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Silicone tubing (2.8 mm outer diameter, 400 um wall thickness)</td>
			<td >Rubber BV</td>
			<td >1805</td>
			<td >to mount the electrospun tubes on the pressure conduits (autoclave at step 1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sterile tube (15 mL)</td>
			<td >Falcon</td>
			<td >352095</td>
			<td >multiple applications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Suture, 5-0 prolene with pre-attached taper point needle</td>
			<td >Ethicon, Johnson&#38;Johnson</td>
			<td >EH7404H</td>
			<td >Prolene suture wire 5-0 (75cm length, TF taper point needle, 1/2 circle, 13 mm needle length)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Syringe (24 mL)</td>
			<td >B. Braun Melsungen AG</td>
			<td >2057932</td>
			<td >to add the ultrapure water or medium to the hydraulic reservoir or flow culture chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Syringe filter (0.2 &#181;m)</td>
			<td >Satorius</td>
			<td >17597-K</td>
			<td >to filter the fibrinogen solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >T150 cell culture flask with filter cap</td>
			<td >Nunc</td>
			<td >178983</td>
			<td >to degas culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >T75 Cell culture flask with filter cap</td>
			<td >Nunc</td>
			<td >156499</td>
			<td >to culture static control samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Teflon bellow</td>
			<td >Custom made, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology</td>
			<td >n.a.</td>
			<td >to load the hydraulic reservoir (clean outside with a paper tissue with 70% ethanol at step 1 and 7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Tray (stainless steel)</td>
			<td >PolarWare</td>
			<td >15-248</td>
			<td >for easy transport of the fluidic culture chambers and the bioreactor from incubator to laminar flow cabinet and back (clean with a paper tissue with 70% ethanol before and after use)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Tweezers</td>
			<td >Wironit</td>
			<td >4910</td>
			<td >sterile handling of individual parts (autoclave at step 1 and 7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ultrapure water</td>
			<td >Stakpure</td>
			<td >Omniapure UV 18200002</td>
			<td >to correct for medium evaporation, mixed with aqua stabil mixed and used as hydraulic fluid. (autoclave ultrapure water at step 1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >UV light</td>
			<td >Philips</td>
			<td >TUV 30W/G30 T8</td>
			<td >for decontamination of grafts and bioreactor parts before seeding</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a multi-cue bioreactor to evaluate the inflammatory and regenerative capacity of biomaterials under flow and stretch

O uso de biomateriais resorbáveis para induzir a regeneração diretamente no corpo é uma estratégia atraente do ponto de vista translacional. Tais materiais induzem uma resposta inflamatória após a implantação, que é o condutor da posterior resorção do material e da regeneração de novos tecidos. Essa estratégia, também conhecida como engenharia de tecidos in situ, é perseguida para obter substituições cardiovasculares, como enxertos vasculares projetados por tecidos. Tanto os processos inflamatórios quanto os regenerativos são determinados pelas pistas biomecânicas locais no andaime (ou seja, estresse de estiramento e calha). Aqui, descrevemos em detalhes o uso de um bioreator desenvolvido sob medida que permite exclusivamente a dissociação do estresse de estiramento e tesoura em um andaime tubular. Isso permite a avaliação sistemática e padronizada da capacidade inflamatória e regenerativa dos andaimes tubulares sob a influência de cargas mecânicas bem controladas, que demonstramos com base em um experimento dinâmico de co-cultura usando macrófagos humanos e miofibroblasts. As principais etapas práticas dessa abordagem — a construção e a configuração do bioreator, a preparação dos andaimes e a semeadura de células, a aplicação e a manutenção do fluxo de estiramento e cisalhamento e a colheita de amostras para análise — são discutidas detalhadamente.

Este bioreator foi desenvolvido para estudar os efeitos individuais e combinados do estresse da cisalhamento e do estiramento cíclico no crescimento do tecido vascular e remodelação em andaimes biomateriais 3D. O desenho do bioreator permite a cultivo de até oito construções vasculares sob várias condições de carregamento(Figura 1A). As construções vasculares são posicionadas em uma câmara de cultura de fluxo (Figura 1B) na qual tanto o trecho circu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Multi-Cue Bioreactor to Evaluate the Inflammatory and Regenerative Capacity of Biomaterials under Flow and Stretch at JoVE.com

A Multi-Cue Bioreactor to Evaluate the Inflammatory and Regenerative Capacity of Biomaterials under Flow and Stretch

O objetivo deste protocolo é executar uma co-cultura dinâmica de macrófagos humanos e miofibroblasts em andaimes eletroscarados tubulares para investigar a regeneração de tecidos conduzidos por materiais, usando um bioreator que permite o desacoplamento do estresse da tesoura e do estiramento cíclico.

Um Bioreator multi-cue para avaliar a capacidade inflamatória e regenerativa de biomateriais sob fluxo e estiramento

The use of resorbable biomaterials to induce regeneration directly in the body is an attractive strategy from a translational perspective. Such materials ...

a-multi-cue-bioreactor-to-evaluate-inflammatory-regenerative-capacity

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

5.4K visualizações.  Eindhoven University of Technology. O objetivo deste protocolo é executar uma co-cultura dinâmica de macrófagos humanos e miofibroblasts em andaimes eletroscarados tubulares para investigar a regeneração de tecidos conduzidos por materiais, usando um bioreator que permite o desacoplamento do estresse da tesoura e do estiramento cíclico.

Vídeo: A Multi-Cue Bioreactor to Evaluate the Inflammatory and Regenerative Capacity of Biomaterials under Flow and Stretch

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is presented. The SANS shear cell consists of a concentric cylinder Couette geometry that is sealed and rotating about a horizontal axis so that the vorticity direction of the flow field is aligned with the neutron beam enabling scattering from the 1-2 plane of shear (velocity-velocity gradient, respectively). This approach is an advance over previous shear cell sample environments as there is a strong coupling between the bulk rheology and microstructural features in the 1-2 plane of shear. Flow-instabilities, such as shear banding, can also be studied by spatially resolved measurements. This is accomplished in this sample environment by using a narrow aperture for the neutron beam and scanning along the velocity gradient direction. Time resolved experiments, such as flow start-ups and large amplitude oscillatory shear flow are also possible by synchronization of the shear motion and time-resolved detection of scattered neutrons. Representative results using the methods outlined here demonstrate the useful nature of spatial resolution for measuring the microstructure of a wormlike micelle solution that exhibits shear banding, a phenomenon that can only be investigated by resolving the structure along the velocity gradient direction. Finally, potential improvements to the current design are discussed along with suggestions for supplementary experiments as motivation for future experiments on a broad range of complex fluids in a variety of shear motions.

A shear cell is developed for small-angle neutron scattering measurements in the velocity-velocity gradient plane of shear and is used to characterize complex fluids. Spatially resolved measurements in the velocity gradient direction are possible for studying shear-banding materials. Applications include investigations of colloidal dispersions, polymer solutions, and self-assembled structures.

Medição de materiais Microstructure Sob fluxo Usando 1-2 Plane Fluxo-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is ...

Engenharia

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs and condition-based maintenance. These materials are adopted in a wide range of engineering applications, from aircraft and ship structures, to bridges, wind turbine blades, biomaterials and biomedical implants. Polymers are viscoelastic materials, and their response may be highly nonlinear and thus make it challenging to predict and monitor their in-service performance. The laboratory-scale testing platform presented herein assists the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical loadings and environmental conditions on these materials. The platform was designed to be low-cost and user-friendly. Its chemically resistant materials make the platform adaptable to studies of chemical degradation due to in-service exposure to fluids. An example of experiment was conducted at RT on closed-cell polyurethane foam samples loaded with a weight corresponding to ~50% of their ultimate static and dry load. Results show that the testing apparatus is appropriate for these studies. Results also highlight the larger vulnerability of the polymer under concurrent loading, based on the higher mid-point displacements and lower residual failure loads. Recommendations are made for additional improvements to the testing apparatus.

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites in service is a critical aspect for their designs and condition-based maintenance. We present a novel low-cost laboratory testing platform for the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical and environmental loadings, and may help design more efficient yet safer composite structures.

A Plataforma de testes de durabilidade Estudos de Polímeros e reforçado com fibra de polímero Composites, sob estímulo Concurrent Hygrothermo-mecânico

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs ...

Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering, which is a fundamental element to the approach of nanosafety-by-design of nanostructured products for their durable development. This approach is basically a preemptive one in which the focus is put on minimizing the emission of engineered nanomaterials' aerosols during the usage phase of the product's life cycle. This can be attained by altering its material properties during its design phase without compromising with any of its added benefits. In this article, an experimental protocol is presented to investigate the nanosafety-by-design of three commercial nanostructured products with respect to their mechanical solicitation and environmental weathering. The means chosen for applying the mechanical solicitation is an abrasion process and for the environmental weathering, it is an accelerated UV exposure in the presence of humidity and heat. The eventual emission of engineered nanomaterials is studied in terms of their number concentration, size distribution, morphology and chemical composition. The purpose of the protocol is to study the emission for test samples and experimental conditions which are corresponding to real life situations. It was found that the application of the mechanical stresses alone emits the engineered nanomaterials' aerosols in which the engineered nanomaterial is always embedded inside the product matrix, thus, a representative product element. In such a case, the emitted aerosols comprise of both nanoparticles as well as microparticles. But if the mechanical stresses are coupled with the environmental weathering, the experimental protocol reveals then the eventual deterioration of the product, after a certain weathering duration, may lead to the emission of the free engineered nanomaterial aerosols too.

In this article, an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering is presented. Results on the emission of engineered nanomaterials, in the form of aerosols are presented. The specific experimental set-up is described in detail.

Protocolo Experimental para investigar Particle aerossolização de um produto Segundo abrasão e Sub Weathering Ambiental

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental ...

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas industry faces continued scrutiny for methane emissions from across the supply chain, due to methane&#39;s relatively high global warming potential (25-84x that of carbon dioxide, according to the Energy Information Administration). Currently, a variety of techniques of varied uncertainties exists to measure or estimate methane emissions from components or facilities. Currently, only one commercial system is available for quantification of component level emissions and recent reports have highlighted its weaknesses.
In order to improve accuracy and increase measurement flexibility, we have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases based on transportation emissions measurement principles. The FFS is a modular system that consists of an explosive-proof blower(s), mass airflow sensor(s) (MAF), thermocouple, sample probe, constant volume sampling pump, laser based greenhouse gas sensor, data acquisition device, and analysis software. Dependent upon the blower and hose configuration employed, the current FFS is able to achieve a flow rate ranging from 40 to 1,500 standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM). Utilization of laser-based sensors mitigates interference from higher hydrocarbons (C2+). Co-measurement of water vapor allows for humidity correction. The system is portable, with multiple configurations for a variety of applications ranging from being carried by a person to being mounted in a hand drawn cart, on-road vehicle bed, or from the bed of utility terrain vehicles (UTVs). The FFS is able to quantify methane emission rates with a relative uncertainty of &#177; 4.4%. The FFS has proven, real world operation for the quantification of methane emissions occurring in conventional and remote facilities.

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System FFS for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

We have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases from across the natural gas supply chain.

Concepção e utilização de um sistema de amostragem total do fluxo (FFS) para a quantificação das emissões de metano

The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas ...

A Robotic Platform to Study the Foreflipper of the California Sea Lion

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most of their thrust with their large foreflippers. This protocol describes a robotic platform designed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the swimming California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;). The kinematics of the sea lion&#39;s propulsive stroke are extracted from video data of unmarked, non-research sea lions at the Smithsonian Zoological Park (SNZ). Those data form the basis of the actuation motion of the robotic flipper presented here. The geometry of the robotic flipper is based a on high-resolution laser scan of a foreflipper of an adult female sea lion, scaled to about 60% of the full-scale flipper. The articulated model has three joints, mimicking the elbow, wrist and knuckle joint of the sea lion foreflipper. The robotic platform matches dynamics properties&#8212;Reynolds number and tip speed&#8212;of the animal when accelerating from rest. The robotic flipper can be used to determine the performance (forces and torques) and resulting flowfields.

A robotic platform is described that will be used to study the hydrodynamic performance&#8212;forces and flowfields&#8212;of the swimming California sea lion. The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;).

A plataforma robótica para estudar a Foreflipper do Leão de mar de Califórnia

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most ...

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Thermoplastic microfluidic devices offer many advantages over those made from silicone elastomers, but bonding procedures must be developed for each thermoplastic of interest. Solvent bonding is a simple and versatile method that can be used to fabricate devices from a variety of plastics. An appropriate solvent is added between two device layers to be bonded, and heat and pressure are applied to the device to facilitate the bonding. By using an appropriate combination of solvent, plastic, heat, and pressure, the device can be sealed with a high quality bond, characterized as having high bond coverage, bond strength, optical clarity, durability over time, and low deformation or damage to microfeature geometry. We describe the procedure for bonding devices made from two popular thermoplastics, poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA), and cyclo-olefin polymer (COP), as well as a variety of methods to characterize the quality of the resulting bonds, and strategies to troubleshoot low quality bonds. These methods can be used to develop new solvent bonding protocols for other plastic-solvent systems.

Solvent bonding is a simple and versatile method for fabricating thermoplastic microfluidic devices with high quality bonds. We describe a protocol to achieve strong, optically clear bonds in PMMA and COP microfluidic devices that preserve microfeature details, by a judicious combination of pressure, temperature, an appropriate solvent, and device geometry.

Bonding solvente para Fabricação de PMMA e COP microfluídicos

Thermoplastic microfluidic devices offer many advantages over those made from silicone elastomers, but bonding procedures must be developed for each ...

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to visualize the behavior of petroleum samples under process conditions. The experimental setup relies on a custom-built micro-reactor fitted with a sapphire window at the bottom, which is placed over the objective of an inverted microscope equipped with a cross-polarizer module. Using reflection microscopy enables the visualization of opaque samples, such as petroleum vacuum residues, or asphaltenes. The combination of the sapphire window from the micro-reactor with the cross-polarizer module of the microscope on the light path allows high-contrast imaging of isotropic and anisotropic media. While observations are carried out, the micro-reactor can be heated to the temperature range of cracking reactions (up to 450 &#176;C), can be subjected to H2 pressure relevant to hydroconversion reactions (up to 16 MPa), and can stir the sample by magnetic coupling. 
Observations are typically carried out by taking snapshots of the sample under cross-polarized light at regular time intervals. Image analyses may not only provide information on the temperature, pressure, and reactive conditions yielding phase separation, but may also give an estimate of the evolution of the chemical (absorption/reflection spectra) and physical (refractive index) properties of the sample before the onset of phase separation.

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

This article describes a setup and method for the in situ visualization of oil samples under a variety of temperature and pressure conditions that aim to emulate refining and upgrading processes. It is primarily used for studying isotropic and anisotropic media involved in the fouling behavior of petroleum feeds.

In Situ Visualização do comportamento da fase de Amostras de óleo sob Refinaria Condições do Processo

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to ...

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light scattering from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles. This protocol describes the SLSP platform and how it employs a 360&#176; rotational photodetector sensor that is scanned around an IOL sample while recording the intensity and location of scattered light as it passes through the IOL medium. The SLSP platform can be used to predict, non-clinically, the propensity for current and novel IOL designs and materials to induce light scatter. Non-clinical evaluation of light scattering properties of IOLs can significantly reduce the number of patient complaints related to unwanted glare, glistening, optical defects, poor image quality, and other phenomena associated with the unintended light scattering. Future studies should be conducted to correlate SLSP data with clinical results to help identify which measured light scatter is most problematic for patients that have undergone cataract surgery subsequent to IOL implantation.

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

This protocol describes the scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) that enables the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward scattering of light from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles.

Metodologia baseada em Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) para avaliar quantitativamente a dispersão de luz para frente e para trás a partir de lentes intraoculares

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional experimental approaches, such as out-of-plane and in-plane tests, are not applicable to the determination of forming limits when heating and rapid cooling processes are introduced prior to forming for tests conducted under hot stamping conditions. A novel in-plane biaxial testing system was designed and used for the determination of forming limits of sheet metals at various strain paths, temperatures, and strain rates after heating and cooling processes in a resistance heating uniaxial testing machine. The core part of the biaxial testing system is a biaxial apparatus, which transfers a uniaxial force provided by the uniaxial testing machine to a biaxial force. One type of cruciform specimen was designed and verified for the formability test of aluminum alloy 6082 using the proposed biaxial testing system. The digital image correlation (DIC) system with a high-speed camera was used for taking strain measurements of a specimen during a deformation. The aim of proposing this biaxial testing system is to enable the forming limits of an alloy to be determined at various temperatures and strain rates under hot stamping conditions.

This protocol proposes a novel biaxial testing system used on a resistance heating uniaxial tensile test machine in order to determine the forming limit diagram (FLD) of sheet metals under hot stamping conditions.

Um novo aparelho Biaxial Teste para a Determinação do limite de conformação sob Hot Stamping Condições

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional ...

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy (ATOM)

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the main trend in the advanced development of flow cytometry. Notably, adding high-resolution imaging capabilities allows for the complex morphological analysis of cellular/sub-cellular structures. This is not possible with standard flow cytometers. However, it is valuable for advancing our knowledge of cellular functions and can benefit life science research, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. Incorporating imaging capabilities into flow cytometry compromises the assay throughput, primarily due to the limitations on speed and sensitivity in the camera technologies. To overcome this speed or throughput challenge facing imaging flow cytometry while preserving the image quality, asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy (ATOM) has been demonstrated to enable high-contrast, single-cell imaging with sub-cellular resolution, at an imaging throughput as high as 100,000 cells/s. Based on the imaging concept of conventional time-stretch imaging, which relies on all-optical image encoding and retrieval through the use of ultrafast broadband laser pulses, ATOM further advances imaging performance by enhancing the image contrast of unlabeled/unstained cells. This is achieved by accessing the phase-gradient information of the cells, which is spectrally encoded into single-shot broadband pulses. Hence, ATOM is particularly advantageous in high-throughput measurements of single-cell morphology and texture &#8211; information indicative of cell types, states, and even functions. Ultimately, this could become a powerful imaging flow cytometry platform for the biophysical phenotyping of cells, complementing the current state-of-the-art biochemical-marker-based cellular assay. This work describes a protocol to establish the key modules of an ATOM system (from optical frontend to data processing and visualization backend), as well as the workflow of imaging flow cytometry based on ATOM, using human cells and micro-algae as the examples.

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy ATOM

This protocol describes the implementation of an asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy system for single-cell imaging in ultrafast microfluidic flow and its applications in imaging flow cytometry.

Citometria de Fluxo de Imagem Microfluídica por Microscopia Óptica de Tempo-estiramento com detecção assimétrica (ATOM)

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the ...