Name: a syngeneic orthotopic osteosarcoma sprague dawley rat model with amputation to control metastasis rate
Uploaded: 2021-05-03T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Syngeneic Orthotopic Osteosarcoma Sprague Dawley Rat Model with Amputation to Control Metastasis Rate at JoVE.com

NIH funding through National Cancer Institute, grant # CA228582. Shun Ishiyama is currently receiving a grant from Toray Medical Co., Ltd.

All the procedures and experiments involving rats were performed according to protocols approved by Johns Hopkins Animal Care and Use Committee.
1. The SD rat OS cell line UMR-106 cell culture protocol
<ol>
	<li>Grow cells in DMEM, supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS, penicillin (10 U/mL)-streptomycin (10 U/mL) at 37 &#176;C in humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. Perform experiments using cells with passages of 2-812.</li>
</ol>
2. Intratibial i...

<ol>
	<li>Link, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+adjuvant+chemotherapy+on+relapse-free+survival+in+patients+with+osteosarcoma+of+the+extremity.">The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on relapse-free survival in patients with osteosarcoma of the extremity.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 314 (25), 1600-1606 (1986).</li><li>Bielack, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prognostic+factors+in+high-grade+osteosarcoma+of+the+extremities+or+trunk:+an+analysis+of+1,702+patients+treated+on+neoadjuvant+cooperative+osteosarcoma+study+group+protocols.">Prognostic factors in high-grade osteosarcoma of the extremities or trunk: an analysis of 1,702 patients treated on neoadjuvant cooperative osteosarcoma study group protocols.</a> Journal of Clinical Oncology. 20 (3), 776-790 (2002).</li><li>Botter, S. M., Neri, D., Fuchs, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+osteosarcoma.">Recent advances in osteosarcoma.</a> Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 16, 15-23 (2014).</li><li>Ek, E. T. H., Dass, C. R., Choong, P. F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Commonly+used+mouse+models+of+osteosarcoma.">Commonly used mouse models of osteosarcoma.</a> Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology. 60 (1), 1-8 (2006).</li><li>Guijarro, M. V., Ghivizzani, S. C., Gibbs, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+in+osteosarcoma.">Animal models in osteosarcoma.</a> Frontiers Oncology. 4, 189 (2014).</li><li>Janeway, K. A., Walkley, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+human+osteosarcoma+in+the+mouse:+From+bedside+to+bench.">Modeling human osteosarcoma in the mouse: From bedside to bench.</a> Bone. 47 (5), 859-865 (2010).</li><li>Mohseny, A. B., Hogendoorn, P. C., Cleton-Jansen, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteosarcoma+models:+from+cell+lines+to+zebrafish.">Osteosarcoma models: from cell lines to zebrafish.</a> Sarcoma. 2012, 417271 (2012).</li><li>Khanna, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+orthotopic+model+of+murine+osteosarcoma+with+clonally+related+variants+differing+in+pulmonary+metastatic+potential.">An orthotopic model of murine osteosarcoma with clonally related variants differing in pulmonary metastatic potential.</a> Clinical &amp; Experimental Metastasis. 18 (3), 261-271 (2000).</li><li>Martin, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parathyroid+hormone-responsive+adenylate+cyclase+in+induced+transplantable+osteogenic+rat+sarcoma.">Parathyroid hormone-responsive adenylate cyclase in induced transplantable osteogenic rat sarcoma.</a> Nature. 260 (5550), 436-438 (1976).</li><li>Fisher, J. L., Mackie, P. S., Howard, M. L., Zhou, H., Choong, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+expression+of+the+urokinase+plasminogen+activator+system+in+metastatic+murine+osteosarcoma:+an+in+vivo+mouse+model.">The expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator system in metastatic murine osteosarcoma: an in vivo mouse model.</a> Clinical Cancer Research. 7 (6), 1654-1660 (2001).</li><li>Yu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+reproducible+osteosarcoma+rat+model+using+orthotopic+implantation+technique.">Establishment of reproducible osteosarcoma rat model using orthotopic implantation technique.</a> Oncology Reports. 21 (5), 1175-1180 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homologous+mesenchymal+stem+cells+promote+the+emergence+and+growth+of+pulmonary+metastases+of+the+rat+osteosarcoma+cell+line+UMR-106.">Homologous mesenchymal stem cells promote the emergence and growth of pulmonary metastases of the rat osteosarcoma cell line UMR-106.</a> Oncology Letters. 8 (1), 127-132 (2014).</li><li>Gabrielson, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heat+shock+protein+90+and+ErbB2+in+the+cardiac+response+to+doxorubicin+injury.">Heat shock protein 90 and ErbB2 in the cardiac response to doxorubicin injury.</a> Cancer Research. 67 (4), 1436-1441 (2007).</li><li>Sysa-Shah, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bidirectional+cross-regulation+between+ErbB2+and+&#946;-adrenergic+signalling+pathways.">Bidirectional cross-regulation between ErbB2 and &#946;-adrenergic signalling pathways.</a> Cardiovascular Research. 109 (3), 358-373 (2016).</li><li>Wachtman, L. M., Browning, M. D., Bedja, D., Pin, S., Gabrielson, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+the+use+of+long-term+indwelling+jugular+catheters+in+a+rat+model+of+cardiotoxicity.">Validation of the use of long-term indwelling jugular catheters in a rat model of cardiotoxicity.</a> Journal of American Association Laboratory Animal Science. 45, 55-64 (2006).</li><li>Abdou, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Prognostic+role+of+Ezrin+and+HER2/neu+expression+in+osteosarcoma.">The Prognostic role of Ezrin and HER2/neu expression in osteosarcoma.</a> Applied Immunohistochemistry &amp; Molecular Morphology. 24 (5), 355-363 (2016).</li><li>Hughes, D. P., Thomas, D. G., Giordano, T. J., McDonagh, K. T., Baker, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Essential+erbB+family+phosphorylation+in+osteosarcoma+as+a+target+for+CI-1033+inhibition.">Essential erbB family phosphorylation in osteosarcoma as a target for CI-1033 inhibition.</a> Pediatric Blood &amp; Cancer. 46 (5), 614-623 (2006).</li><li>Wen, Y. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+growth+factor+receptor+in+osteosarcoma:+expression+and+mutational+analysis.">Epidermal growth factor receptor in osteosarcoma: expression and mutational analysis.</a> Human Pathology. 38 (8), 1184-1191 (2007).</li><li>Khanna, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+a+drug+development+path+that+targets+metastatic+progression+in+osteosarcoma.">Toward a drug development path that targets metastatic progression in osteosarcoma.</a> Clinical Cancer Research. 20 (16), 4200-4209 (2014).</li></ol>

Rats with OS tibial implants develop measurable tumors by 3 weeks post-implantation. If limbs with tumors are amputated 3 weeks post-implantation, the incidence of lung metastasis is reduced significantly. OSs are both osteolytic and osteoblastic. Rats without amputation develop lung metastases that are multiple and variably sized, observed by radiography or at necropsy by 7 weeks post-implantation.EGFR, ErbB2, and ErbB4 are expressed in rat UMR106 OS, similar to human OS16,<sup class="...

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor in children, adolescents, and young adults. The most recent advance in the treatment of OS occurred in the 1980s when multi-agent chemotherapy was shown to improve overall survival compared to surgery alone1. OS develops during rapid bone growth, typically occurring in long tubular bones such as femur, tibia, and humerus. They are characterized by an osteolytic, osteoblastic, or mixed appearance with notable periosteal reaction2. Chemotherapy and surgical resection can improve the outcome for patients with a 5-year survival for 65% of patients2,3. Unfortunately, high grade OS patients with metastatic disease have 20% survival. OS invades regionally and metastasizes primarily to the lungs or other bones and is more prevalent in males. The most compelling need for these young patients is a novel therapy that prevents and eliminates viability of distant metastases.
OS pre-clinical models have been reviewed4,5,6,7 and few available immunocompetent models using amputation of orthotopic OS have been developed. In 2000, an important model was developed using BALB/c mice with orthotopic syngeneic OS and amputation8. Compared to this mouse model, the rat model is based on genetically outbred and 10 times larger animals leading to some advantages. The rat UMR106 model was developed from a 32P induced OS in a Sprague Dawley (SD) rat, which was derived into a cell line9. In 2001, orthotopic implantation of UMR106-01 was first described in implanted tibias of athymic mice with rapid, consistent primary tumor development and radiological, histologic features in common with OS in humans. Pulmonary metastases developed and were dependent on orthotopic placement of UMR106 into the bone microenvironment10. In 2009, Yu et al.11 established a reproducible orthotopic femur OS rat model using UMR106 cells in larger male SD rats. The successful tumor implantations and lung metastasis rate in rats without amputation were similar to the data presented here. In this study, an added amputation to the model using young rats was performed, which suggested that the timing of primary tumor removal is crucial in modeling OS, especially related to metastatic progression. With this refinement, amputation and in vivo imaging improve this model for pre-clinical studies for novel drug assessment for OS.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AKT</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling TECHNOLOGY</td>
			<td>4685S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>J214H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-actin</td>
			<td>SANTA CRUZ BIOTECHNOLOGY</td>
			<td>sc-47778</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;2-AR antibody</td>
			<td>SANTA CRUZ BIOTECHNOLOGY</td>
			<td>sc-569</td>
			<td>replaced by &#946;2-AR (E-3): sc-271322</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bis&#8211;Tris gels</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>NP0321PK2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine SR Lab</td>
			<td>ZooPharm</td>
			<td>IZ-70000-201908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD3 antibody</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>#A0452</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD68 antibody</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>#14-0688-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemiluminescent substrate</td>
			<td>cytiva</td>
			<td>RPN2232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CL-Xposure film</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>34089</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Anesthesia System</td>
			<td>EVETEQUIP</td>
			<td>922120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>diaminobenzidine</td>
			<td>VECTOR LABORATORIES</td>
			<td>SK-4100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doxorubicin</td>
			<td>Actavis</td>
			<td>NDC 45963-733-60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGFR antibody</td>
			<td>SANTA CRUZ BIOTECHNOLOGY</td>
			<td>sc-03</td>
			<td>replaced by EGFR (A-10): sc-373746</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ERBB2 antibody</td>
			<td>SANTA CRUZ BIOTECHNOLOGY</td>
			<td>sc-284</td>
			<td>replaced by Neu (3B5): sc-33684</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ERBB4 antibody</td>
			<td>SANTA CRUZ BIOTECHNOLOGY</td>
			<td>sc-283</td>
			<td>replaced by ErbB4 (C-7): sc-8050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ERK antibody</td>
			<td>SANTA CRUZ BIOTECHNOLOGY</td>
			<td>sc-514302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eye lubricant</td>
			<td>PHARMADERM</td>
			<td>NDC 0462-0211-38</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamilton syringe (100 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>Model 1710 SN SYR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>horseradish peroxidase-linked secondary antibody</td>
			<td>cytiva</td>
			<td>NA934</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP polymer detection kit</td>
			<td>VECTOR LABORATORIES</td>
			<td>MP-7401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP polymer detection kit</td>
			<td>VECTOR LABORATORIES</td>
			<td>MP-7402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoflurane</td>
			<td>BUTLER SCHEIN</td>
			<td>NDC 11695-6776-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoflurane vaporizer</td>
			<td>EVETEQUIP</td>
			<td>911103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UMR-106 cell</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-1661</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-ray</td>
			<td>Faxitron</td>
			<td>UltraFocus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-ray processor</td>
			<td>Hope X-Ray Peoducts Inc</td>
			<td>MicroMax X-ray Processor</td>
			<td>Hope Processors are not available in USA anymore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>wound clips</td>
			<td>BECTON DICKINSON</td>
			<td>427631</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a syngeneic orthotopic osteosarcoma sprague dawley rat model with amputation to control metastasis rate

The most recent advance in the treatment of osteosarcoma (OS) occurred in the 1980s when multi-agent chemotherapy was shown to improve overall survival compared to surgery alone. To address this problem, the aim of the study is to refine a lesser-known model of OS in rats with a comprehensive histologic, imaging, biologic, implantation, and amputation surgical approach that prolongs survival. We used an immunocompetent, outbred Sprague-Dawley (SD), syngeneic rat model with implanted UMR106 OS cell line (originating from a SD rat) with orthotopic tibial tumor implants into 3-week-old male and female rats to model pediatric OS. We found that rats develop reproducible primary and metastatic pulmonary tumors, and that limb amputations at 3 weeks post implantation significantly reduce the incidence of pulmonary metastasis and prevent unexpected deaths. Histologically, the primary and metastatic OSs in rats were very similar to human OS. Using immunohistochemistry methods, the study shows that rat OS are infiltrated with macrophages and T cells. A protein expression survey of OS cells reveals that these tumors express ErbB family kinases. Since these kinases are also highly expressed in most human OSs, this rat model could be used to test ErbB pathway inhibitors for therapy.

Immunocompetent SD outbred rats are used for these OS studies, which offers an animal model with an intact immune system. We have used the UMR106 cell line from ATCC, developed from cells that were initially isolated from an OS from a SD rat. We implanted the cells into SD rats, thus providing a syngeneic model for OS. UMR106 cells are implanted into the tibia of 3-week-old male and female SD rats, simulating a pediatric OS model. Moreover, the orthotopic implantation of UMR106 cells directly into the tibia metaphysis/di...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Syngeneic Orthotopic Osteosarcoma Sprague Dawley Rat Model with Amputation to Control Metastasis Rate at JoVE.com

A Syngeneic Orthotopic Osteosarcoma Sprague Dawley Rat Model with Amputation to Control Metastasis Rate

Here, a syngeneic orthotopic implantation followed by an amputation procedure of the osteosarcoma with spontaneous pulmonary metastasis that can be used for preclinical investigation of metastasis biology and development of novel therapeutics is described.

The most recent advance in the treatment of osteosarcoma (OS) occurred in the 1980s when multi-agent chemotherapy was shown to improve overall survival ...

Implanting osteosarcoma cells inside the tibia microenvironment promotes lung metastasis. This model can also be useful for studying the mechanisms of pulmonary metastasis or novel cancer therapies that require an intact immune system. Once the tumor has been established, amputation is necessary to control the rate of metastasis in long-term survival studies.We use the jugular injections to allow the visualization of intravenous drug delivery. Jugular vein injection is useful for many other disease models for which a precise drug delivery is required. We have used this method to deliver nanoparticles and radiolabeled ligans for in-vivo imaging.We advise new users to practice removing a limb from five to 10 euthanized rats before attempting an experiment to master the mechanics of limb amputation without blood loss. After confirming a lack of response to penile reflex, secure the anesthetized rat in a nosecone on a low-heat setting heat pad in the supine position. Remove the hair on the right leg, up to the ventral and dorsal lower abdomen.Use gauze or spray to disinfect the surgical area with 70%ethanol and an appropriate diluted antiseptic and apply ointment to the animal's eyes. Using a drill-like motion to make an opening, insert a 22-gauge needle marked 10 millimeters from the tip 10 millimeters into the diaphysis of the tibia in the middle of the tibial plateau, extending the needle through the metaphysis into the diaphysis. After removing the needle, gently mix the tumor cell suspension of interest to obtain a homogenous cell suspension, and load 7.5 x 10 to the fourth of the cells in 20 microliters of PBS into a Hamilton syringe.Mark the Hamilton syringe with cells 10 millimeters from the needle tip and insert the needle to the 10 millimeter mark into the hole made by the 22-gauge needle. Then gently discharge the entire volume of cells into the marrow cavity, and place the rat into a cage on a heating pad with monitoring until full recumbency. For intravenous doxorubicin administration, after anesthesia confirmation, use careful dissection to visualize the right or left jugular vein, and insert the needle into the overlying muscle tissue.Direct the needle toward the head into the jugular vein lumen, as it is visualized in the jugular vein anterior to the pectoralis muscle, and draw a small volume of blood into the needle tip to confirm an accurate insertion. When the needle is in place, slowly inject 100 to 150 microliters of two milligram per kilogram doxorubicin over one minute. The solution should be visible within the vein during the delivery.When all of the solution has been delivered, use sterile gauze to apply gentle pressure to the vein, and use three to four wound clips to close the incision. After confirming sedation, remove the hair on the right leg, up to the ventral and the dorsal lower abdomen, and place the rat in the supine position on a heating pad. Scrub the skin from the middle of the calf to just above the hip joint of the right lower abdomen as demonstrated and apply ointment to the animal's eyes.Using sterile gloves and instruments, pull the leg through the vent of the sterile surgical drape and make a circumferential cutaneous incision just proximal to the stifle. Deglove the hind limb to expose the femoral artery and vein on the ventral-medial surface of the hind limb, and use 4-0 absorbable sutures to litigate the vessels at the level of the mid-femur and transect distally. Clamp the vein distally to reduce leakage during muscle dissection and use blunt dissection to abduct the hip joint with lateral outward rotation.Locate and disarticulate the head of the femur from the acetabulum, and remove any remaining tissue, keeping the leg attached to the body. Administer a splash block to the acetabulum and sciatic nerve with approximately six milligrams per kilogram of ropivacaine, and use a simple interrupted 4-0 absorbable suture to close the musculature over the acetabulum. Then use wound clips placed five to 10 millimeters to close the edges of the skin.X-ray imaging for tumor surveillance allows the confirmation of bone tumor invasion and can be performed on recently-amputated or formalin-fixed limbs. X-ray imaging also permits evaluation of the radiographic morphology of the lungs with and without metastases, providing a quick and easy method for determining the need for euthanasia to prevent unnecessary spontaneous deaths. In the rat osteosarcoma, both osteolytic and osteoblastic tumor morphology can be confirmed by histopathology of the amputated limb.Note that the cortical bone is absent in this example and that the adjacent bone has been replaced with or fortified by new woven bone that is oriented perpendicular to the existing shaft of the cortex. Islands of immature osteoids can also be identified within the tumor. In these images, the microscopic morphology of representative lung metastases, some with mineralized bone and tumor vascular emboli can be observed.Immunostaining of primary osteosarcoma tumors can reveal infiltration of the tumors by immune cell populations, such as CD68-positive macrophages or CD3-positive T-cells. Western blotting of tumor cell protein lysates can be used to determine the expression of protein kinases, protein kinase receptors, and other proteins that interact with these pathways. For tibial implantation, once the first tibial hole has been made, continue to hold the leg in your non-dominant hand at the same angle to keep the skin and the bone holes lined up to make the Hamilton needle insertion easier.For jugular injection, insert the needle into the muscle, but do not angle the needle too much to avoid missing the vein. For the amputation, practice the disarticulation on euthanized rats first.

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Cancer Research

Fluorescent Orthotopic Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the cancers for which survival has not improved substantially in the last few decades. Only 7% of diagnosed patients will survive longer than five years. In order to understand and mimic the microenvironment of pancreatic tumors, we utilized a murine orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that allows non-invasive imaging of tumor progression in real time. Pancreatic cancer cells expressing green fluorescent protein (PANC-1 GFP) were suspended in basement membrane matrix, high concentration, (e.g., Matrigel HC) with serum-free media and then injected into the tail of the pancreas via laparotomy. The cell suspension in the high concentration basement membrane matrix becomes a gel-like substance once it reaches room temperature; therefore, it gels when it comes in contact with the pancreas, creating a seal at the injection site and preventing any cell leakage. Tumor growth and metastasis to other organs are monitored in live animals by using fluorescence. It is critical to use the appropriate filters for excitation and emission of GFP. The steps for the orthotopic implantation are detailed in this article so researchers can easily replicate the procedure in nude mice. The main steps of this protocol are preparation of the cell suspension, surgical implantation, and whole body fluorescent in vivo imaging. This orthotopic model is designed to investigate the efficacy of novel therapeutics on primary and metastatic tumors.

A procedure to implant green fluorescent protein-expressing pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 GFP) orthotopically into the pancreas of Balb-c Ola Hsd-Fox1nu mice to assess tumor progression and metastasis is presented here.

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the cancers for which survival has not improved substantially in the last few decades. Only 7% of diagnosed patients will ...

Murine Experimental Model of Original Tumor Development and Peritoneal Metastasis via Orthotopic Inoculation with Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is associated with a poor prognosis because it shows peritoneal dissemination. To improve the prognosis, it is important to control peritoneal dissemination. However, it is still unclear how tumor cells detach from primary lesions and attach to the mesothelium. The establishment of an appropriate animal model is needed to gain an understanding of the mechanism of peritoneal dissemination in vivo. In the current study, we introduce the process from the local injection of EOC cells into the murine ovarian surface to the development of metastasis, including the peritoneum and distant organs. Female nude mice (BALB/c nu/nu) at 8 weeks of age were used. Under a microscopic field of view, EOC cells (1 x 105 cells/&#181;l of medium-extracellular matrix (ECM)-based hydrogel/unilateral ovary/mouse) were injected into murine ovaries through a retroperitoneal approach from the dorsal flank. This proposed method is a less invasive procedure for the mouse and minimizes damage to the ovary. Here, we describe the methodological steps in the development of the original and metastatic tumor formation of EOC.

Murine Experimental Model of Original Tumor Development and Peritoneal Metastasis via Orthotopic Inoculation with Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

To clarify the multistep process of peritoneal dissemination of ovarian carcinoma, the current study presents a murine experimental model of original tumor development and peritoneal metastasis via orthotopic inoculation with these tumor cells.

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is associated with a poor prognosis because it shows peritoneal dissemination. To improve the prognosis, it is ...

A Portal Vein Injection Model to Study Liver Metastasis of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Liver metastasis is involved in upwards of 30% of cases with breast cancer metastasis, and results in poor outcomes with median survival rates of only 4.8 - 15 months. Current rodent models of breast cancer metastasis, including primary tumor cell xenograft and spontaneous tumor models, rarely metastasize to the liver. Intracardiac and intrasplenic injection models do result in liver metastases, however these models can be confounded by concomitant secondary-site metastasis, or by compromised immunity due to removal of the spleen to avoid tumor growth at the injection site. To address the need for improved liver metastasis models, a murine portal vein injection method that delivers tumor cells firstly and directly to the liver was developed. This model delivers tumor cells to the liver without complications of concurrent metastases in other organs or removal of the spleen. The optimized portal vein protocol employs small injection volumes of 5 - 10 &#956;l, &#8805; 32 gauge needles, and hemostatic gauze at the injection site to control for blood loss. The portal vein injection approach in Balb/c female mice using three syngeneic mammary tumor lines of varying metastatic potential was tested; high-metastatic 4T1 cells, moderate-metastatic D2A1 cells, and low-metastatic D2.OR cells. Concentrations of &#8804; 10,000 cells/injection results in a latency of ~ 20 - 40 days for development of liver metastases with the higher metastatic 4T1 and D2A1 lines, and &#62; 55 days for the less aggressive D2.OR line. This model represents an important tool to study breast cancer metastasis to the liver, and may be applicable to other cancers that frequently metastasize to the liver including colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas.

A surgical procedure was developed to deliver mammary tumor cells to the murine liver via portal vein injection. This model permits investigation of late stages of liver metastasis in a fully immune competent host, including tumor cell extravasation, seeding, survival, and metastatic outgrowth in the liver.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Liver metastasis is involved in upwards of 30% of cases with breast ...

Practical Considerations in Studying Metastatic Lung Colonization in Osteosarcoma Using the Pulmonary Metastasis Assay

The pulmonary metastasis assay (PuMA) is an ex vivo lung explant and closed cell culture system that permits researchers to study the biology of lung colonization in osteosarcoma (OS) by fluorescence microscopy. This article provides a detailed description of the protocol, and discusses examples of obtaining image data on metastatic growth using widefield or confocal fluorescence microscopy platforms. The flexibility of the PuMA model permits researchers to study not only the growth of OS cells in the lung microenvironment, but also to assess the effects of anti-metastatic therapeutics over time. Confocal microscopy allows for unprecedented, high-resolution imaging of OS cell interactions with the lung parenchyma. Moreover, when the PuMA model is combined with fluorescent dyes or fluorescent protein genetic reporters, researchers can study the lung microenvironment, cellular and subcellular structures, gene function, and promoter activity in metastatic OS cells. The PuMA model provides a new tool for osteosarcoma researchers to discover new metastasis biology and assess the activity of novel anti-metastatic, targeted therapies.

The goal of this article is to provide a detailed description of the protocol for the pulmonary metastasis assay (PuMA). This model permits researchers to study metastatic osteosarcoma (OS) cell growth in lung tissue using a widefield fluorescence or confocal laser-scanning microscope.

The pulmonary metastasis assay (PuMA) is an ex vivo lung explant and closed cell culture system that permits researchers to study the biology of lung ...

A Preclinical Mouse Model of Osteosarcoma to Define the Extracellular Vesicle-mediated Communication Between Tumor and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Within the tumor microenvironment, resident or recruited mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contribute to malignant progression in multiple cancer types. Under the influence of specific environmental signals, these adult stem cells can release paracrine mediators leading to accelerated tumor growth and metastasis. Defining the crosstalk between tumor and MSCs is of primary importance to understand the mechanisms underlying cancer progression and identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention. 
Cancer cells produce high amounts of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can profoundly affect the behavior of target cells in the tumor microenvironment or at distant sites. Tumor EVs enclose functional biomolecules, including inflammatory RNAs and (onco)proteins, that can educate stromal cells to enhance the metastatic behavior of cancer cells or to participate in the pre-metastatic niche formation. In this article, we describe the development of a preclinical cancer mouse model that enables specific evaluation of the EV-mediated crosstalk between tumor and mesenchymal stem cells. First, we describe the purification and characterization of tumor-secreted EVs and the assessment of the EV internalization by MSCs. We then make use of a multiplex bead-based immunoassay to evaluate the alteration of the MSC cytokine expression profile induced by cancer EVs. Finally, we illustrate the generation of a bioluminescent orthotopic xenograft mouse model of osteosarcoma that recapitulates the tumor-MSC interaction, and show the contribution of EV-educated MSCs to tumor growth and metastasis formation. 
Our model provides the opportunity to define how cancer EVs shape a tumor-supporting environment, and to evaluate whether blockade of the EV-mediated communication between tumor and MSCs prevents cancer progression.

Direct injection of cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) leads to reprogramming of bone marrow supporting tumor progression; however, which cells mediate this effect is unclear. Herein, we describe a step-by-step protocol to investigate EV-mediated tumor-mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) interactions in vivo, revealing a crucial role for EV-educated MSCs in metastasis.

Within the tumor microenvironment, resident or recruited mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contribute to malignant progression in multiple cancer types. Under ...

A Syngeneic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model to Study the Effects of Irreversible Electroporation

Pancreatic cancer (PC), a disease which kills approximately 40,000 patients each year in the US, has successfully evaded several therapeutic approaches including the promising immunotherapeutic strategies. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation technique that induces tumor cell death without destruction of adjacent collagenous structures, thus enabling the procedure to be performed in tumors very close to blood vessels. Unlike thermal ablation techniques, IRE results in gradual apoptotic cell death, along with immediate ablation induced necrosis, and is currently in clinical use for selected patients with locally advanced PC. An ablative, non-target specific procedure like IRE can induce a myriad of responses in the tumor microenvironment. A few studies have addressed the effects of IRE on tumor growth in other tumor types, but none have focused on PC. We have developed a syngeneic mouse model of PC in which subcutaneous (SQ) and orthotopic tumors can be successfully treated with IRE in a highly controlled setting, facilitating various longitudinal studies post procedure. This animal model serves as a robust system to study the effects of IRE and ways to improve the clinical efficacy of IRE.

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation technique used for the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Being a relatively new technique, the effects of IRE on the tumor growth are poorly understood. We have developed a syngeneic mouse model that facilitates studying the effects of IRE on pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer (PC), a disease which kills approximately 40,000 patients each year in the US, has successfully evaded several therapeutic approaches ...

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

Orthotopic tumor modeling is a valuable tool for pre-clinical prostate cancer research, as it has multiple advantages over both subcutaneous and transgenic genetically engineered mouse models. Unlike subcutaneous tumors, orthotopic tumors contain more clinically accurate vasculature, tumor microenvironment, and responses to multiple therapies. In contrast to genetically engineered mouse models, orthotopic models can be performed with lower cost and in less time, involve the use of highly complex and heterogeneous mouse or human cancer cell lines, rather that single genetic alterations, and these cell lines can be genetically modified, such as to express imaging agents. Here, we present a protocol to surgically injecting a luciferase- and mCherry-expressing murine prostate cancer cell line into the anterior prostate lobe of mice. These mice developed orthotopic tumors that were non-invasively monitored in vivo and further analyzed for tumor volume, weight, mouse survival, and immune infiltration. Further, orthotopic tumor-bearing mice were surgically castrated, leading to immediate tumor regression and subsequent recurrence, representing castration-resistant prostate cancer. Although technical skill is required to carry out this procedure, this syngeneic orthotopic model of both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer is of great use to all investigators in the field.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the intra-prostatic injection of prostate cancer cells, with subsequent castration. Orthotopic pre-clinical models of androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer are critical to study the disease in the context of a clinically relevant tumor microenvironment and an immunocompetent host.

Orthotopic tumor modeling is a valuable tool for pre-clinical prostate cancer research, as it has multiple advantages over both subcutaneous and ...

Immunophenotyping of Orthotopic Homograft (Syngeneic) of Murine Primary KPC Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Flow Cytometry

Homograft (syngeneic) tumors are the workhorse of today&#39;s immuno-oncology (I/O) preclinical research. The tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly its immune-components, is vital to the prognosis and prediction of treatment outcomes, especially those of immunotherapy. TME immune-components are composed of different subsets of tumor-infiltrating immune cells assessable by multi-color FACS. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the deadliest malignances lacking good treatment options, thus an urgent and unmet medical need. One important reason for its non-responsiveness to various therapies (chemo-, targeted, I/O) has been its abundant TME, consisting of fibroblasts and leukocytes that protect tumor cells from these therapies. Orthotopically implanted PDAC is believed to more accurately recapture the TME of human pancreatic cancers than conventional subcutaneous (SC) models.
Homograft tumors (KPC) are transplants of mouse spontaneous PDAC originating from genetically engineered KPC-mice (KrasG12D/+/P53-/-/Pdx1-Cre) (KPC-GEMM). The primary tumor tissue is cut into small fragments (~2 mm3) and transplanted subcutaneously (SC) to the syngeneic recipients (C57BL/6, 7&#8211;9 weeks old). The homografts were then surgically orthotopically transplanted onto the pancreas of new C57BL/6 mice, along with SC-implantation, which reached tumor volumes of 300&#8211;1,000 mm3 by 17 days. Only tumors of 400&#8211;600 mm3 were harvested per approved autopsy procedure and cleaned to remove the adjacent non-tumor tissues. They were dissociated per protocol using a tissue dissociator into single-cell suspensions, followed by staining with designated panels of fluorescently-labeled antibodies for various markers of different immune cells (lymphoid, myeloid and NK, DCs). The stained samples were analyzed using multi-color FACS to determine numbers of immune cells of different lineages, as well as their relative percentage within tumors. The immune profiles of orthotopic tumors were then compared to those of SC tumors. The preliminary data demonstrated significantly elevated infiltrating TILs/TAMs in tumors over the pancreas, and higher B-cell infiltration into orthotopic rather than SC tumors.

Immunophenotyping of Orthotopic Homograft Syngeneic of Murine Primary KPC Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Flow Cytometry

The experimental procedure on the immunophenotyping of murine orthotopic PDAC homografts aims at profiling the tumor immuno-microenvironment. Tumors are orthotopically implanted via surgery. Tumors of 200&#8211;600 mm3 in size were harvested and dissociated to prepare single-cell suspensions, followed by multi-immune marker FACS analysis using different fluorescently-labeled antibodies.

Homograft (syngeneic) tumors are the workhorse of today&#39;s immuno-oncology (I/O) preclinical research. The tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly ...

Orthotopic Transplantation of Syngeneic Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells to Study PD-L1 Expression

The use of mouse models is indispensable for studying the pathophysiology of various diseases. With respect to lung cancer, several models are available, including genetically engineered models as well as transplantation models. However, genetically engineered mouse models are time-consuming and expensive, whereas some orthotopic transplantation models are difficult to reproduce. Here, a non-invasive intratracheal delivery method of lung tumor cells as an alternative orthotopic transplantation model is described. The use of mouse lung adenocarcinoma cells and syngeneic graft recipients allows studying tumorigenesis under the presence of a fully active immune system. Furthermore, genetic manipulations of tumor cells before transplantation makes this model an attractive time-saving approach to study the impact of genetic factors on tumor growth and tumor cell gene expression profiles under physiological conditions. Using this model, we show that lung adenocarcinoma cells express increased levels of the T-cell suppressor programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) when grown in their natural environment as compared to cultivation in vitro.

Here we describe a minimally invasive syngeneic orthotopic transplantation model of mouse lung adenocarcinoma cells as a time- and cost-reducing model to study non-small cell lung cancer.

The use of mouse models is indispensable for studying the pathophysiology of various diseases. With respect to lung cancer, several models are available, ...

Acellular and Cellular Lung Model to Study Tumor Metastasis

It is difficult to isolate tumor cells at different points of tumor progression. We created an ex vivo lung model that can show the interaction of tumor cells with a natural matrix and continual flow of nutrients, as well as a model that shows the interaction of tumor cells with normal cellular components and a natural matrix. The acellular ex vivo lung model is created by isolating a rat heart-lung block and removing all the cells using the decellularization process. The right main bronchus is tied off and tumor cells are placed in the trachea by a syringe. The cells move and populate the left lung. The lung is then placed in a bioreactor where the pulmonary artery receives a continual flow of media in a closed circuit. The tumor grown on the left lung is the primary tumor. The tumor cells that are isolated in the circulating media are circulating tumor cells and the tumor cells in the right lung are metastatic lesions. The cellular ex vivo lung model is created by skipping the decellularization process. Each model can be used to answer different research questions.

Here, we present a protocol for an ex vivo lung cancer model that mimics the steps of tumor progression and helps to isolate a primary tumor, circulating tumor cells, and metastatic lesions.

It is difficult to isolate tumor cells at different points of tumor progression. We created an ex vivo lung model that can show the interaction of tumor ...