Name: neuronavigation and laparoscopy guided ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion for the treatment of hydrocephalus
Uploaded: 2022-10-14T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus at JoVE.com

We thank Mr. Quentin Collier for his assistance with the creation of the video.

The following protocol follows the guidelines of the University of Calgary Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board. Informed media consent for the procedure was obtained and the patient provided written consent for this publication.
1. Positioning and pre-procedure setup
<ol>
	<li>Obtain a preoperative cranial MRI or computed tomography (CT) with the appropriate neuronavigation protocol.</li>
	<li>Place the patient supine on a donut headrest with the head turned toward the con...

<ol>
	<li>Isaacs, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-specific+global+epidemiology+of+hydrocephalus:+Systematic+review,+metanalysis+and+global+birth+surveillance.">Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: Systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance.</a> PLoS One. 13 (10), 0204926 (2018).</li><li>Rekate, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+contemporary+definition+and+classification+of+hydrocephalus.">A contemporary definition and classification of hydrocephalus.</a> Seminars in Pediatric Neurology. 16 (1), 9-15 (2009).</li><li>Del Bigio, M. R., Di Curzio, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonsurgical+therapy+for+hydrocephalus:+a+comprehensive+and+critical+review.">Nonsurgical therapy for hydrocephalus: a comprehensive and critical review.</a> Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 13 (1), 3 (2016).</li><li>Reddy, G. K., Bollam, P., Shi, R., Guthikonda, B., Nanda, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+adult+hydrocephalus+with+ventriculoperitoneal+shunts:+Long-term+single-institution+experience.">Management of adult hydrocephalus with ventriculoperitoneal shunts: Long-term single-institution experience.</a> Neurosurgery. 69 (4), 780-771 (2011).</li><li>Isaacs, A. M., Williams, M. A., Hamilton, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+update+on+treatment+strategies+for+idiopathic+normal+pressure+hydrocephalus.">Current update on treatment strategies for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.</a> Current Treatment and Options in Neurology. 21 (12), 65 (2019).</li><li>Isaacs, A. M., Krahn, D., Walker, A. M., Hurdle, H., Hamilton, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transesophageal+echocardiography-guided+ventriculoatrial+shunt+insertion.">Transesophageal echocardiography-guided ventriculoatrial shunt insertion.</a> Operative Neurosurgery. 19 (1), 25-31 (2020).</li><li>Hung, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventriculoatrial+versus+ventriculoperitoneal+shunt+complications+in+idiopathic+normal+pressure+hydrocephalus.">Ventriculoatrial versus ventriculoperitoneal shunt complications in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.</a> Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 157, 1-6 (2017).</li><li>Kazui, H., Miyajima, M., Mori, E., Ishikawa, M., Investigators, S. -. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lumboperitoneal+shunt+surgery+for+idiopathic+normal+pressure+hydrocephalus+(SINPHONI-2):+An+open-label+randomised+trial.">Lumboperitoneal shunt surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (SINPHONI-2): An open-label randomised trial.</a> Lancet Neurology. 14 (6), 585-594 (2015).</li><li>Khan, F., Rehman, A., Shamim, M. S., Bari, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+ventriculoperitoneal+shunt+survival+in+adult+patients.">Factors affecting ventriculoperitoneal shunt survival in adult patients.</a> Surgical Neurology International. 6, 25 (2015).</li><li>Lund-Johansen, M., Svendsen, F., Wester, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shunt+failures+and+complications+in+adults+as+related+to+shunt+type,+diagnosis,+and+the+experience+of+the+surgeon.">Shunt failures and complications in adults as related to shunt type, diagnosis, and the experience of the surgeon.</a> Neurosurgery. 35 (5), 839-844 (1994).</li><li>Anderson, I. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+associated+with+30-day+ventriculoperitoneal+shunt+failure+in+pediatric+and+adult+patients.">Factors associated with 30-day ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure in pediatric and adult patients.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery. 130 (1), 145-153 (2018).</li><li>Korinek, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morbidity+of+ventricular+cerebrospinal+fluid+shunt+surgery+in+adults:+an+8-year+study.">Morbidity of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid shunt surgery in adults: an 8-year study.</a> Neurosurgery. 68 (4), 985-994 (2011).</li><li>Albanese, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibiotic-impregnated+ventriculo-peritoneal+shunts+in+patients+at+high+risk+of+infection.">Antibiotic-impregnated ventriculo-peritoneal shunts in patients at high risk of infection.</a> Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien). 151 (10), 1259-1263 (2009).</li><li>Reddy, G. K., Bollam, P., Caldito, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventriculoperitoneal+shunt+surgery+and+the+risk+of+shunt+infection+in+patients+with+hydrocephalus:+Long-term+single+institution+experience.">Ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery and the risk of shunt infection in patients with hydrocephalus: Long-term single institution experience.</a> World Neurosurgery. 78 (1-2), 155-163 (2012).</li><li>Lundar, T., Langmoen, I. A., Hovind, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shunt+failure+caused+by+valve+collapse.">Shunt failure caused by valve collapse.</a> Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry. 54 (6), 559-560 (1991).</li><li>Leibold, A. T., Weyhenmeyer, J., Rodgers, R., Lee, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventriculoperitoneal+shunt+valve+fracture+after+traumatic+motor+vehicle+collision.">Ventriculoperitoneal shunt valve fracture after traumatic motor vehicle collision.</a> Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery. 16, 79-81 (2019).</li><li>Sainte-Rose, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shunt+obstruction:+A+preventable+complication.">Shunt obstruction: A preventable complication.</a> Pediatric Neurosurgery. 19 (3), 156-164 (1993).</li><li>Hamilton, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+hydrocephalus+in+adults.">Treatment of hydrocephalus in adults.</a> Seminars in Pediatric Neurology. 16 (1), 34-41 (2009).</li><li>Jaraj, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+idiopathic+normal-pressure+hydrocephalus.">Prevalence of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus.</a> Neurology. 82 (16), 1449-1454 (2014).</li><li>Williams, M. A., Sharkey, P., van Doren, D., Thomas, G., Rigamonti, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+shunt+surgery+on+healthcare+expenditures+of+elderly+fee-for-service+Medicare+beneficiaries+with+hydrocephalus.">Influence of shunt surgery on healthcare expenditures of elderly fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries with hydrocephalus.</a> Journal in Neurosurgery. 107 (1), 21-28 (2007).</li><li>Rosenbaum, B. P., Vadera, S., Kelly, M. L., Kshettry, V. R., Weil, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventriculostomy:+Frequency,+length+of+stay+and+in-hospital+mortality+in+the+United+States+of+America,+1988-2010.">Ventriculostomy: Frequency, length of stay and in-hospital mortality in the United States of America, 1988-2010.</a> Journal of Clinical Neurosciences. 21 (4), 623-632 (2014).</li><li>Smith, E. R., Butler, W. E., Barker, F. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-hospital+mortality+rates+after+ventriculoperitoneal+shunt+procedures+in+the+United+States,+1998+to+2000:+Relation+to+hospital+and+surgeon+volume+of+care.">In-hospital mortality rates after ventriculoperitoneal shunt procedures in the United States, 1998 to 2000: Relation to hospital and surgeon volume of care.</a> Jouranl of Neurosurgery. 100, 90-97 (1998).</li><li>Simon, T. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hospital+care+for+children+with+hydrocephalus+in+the+United+States:+utilization,+charges,+comorbidities,+and+deaths.">Hospital care for children with hydrocephalus in the United States: utilization, charges, comorbidities, and deaths.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics. 1 (2), 131-137 (2008).</li><li>Tullberg, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shunt+surgery+in+idiopathic+normal+pressure+hydrocephalus+is+cost-effective-a+cost+utility+analysis.">Shunt surgery in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is cost-effective-a cost utility analysis.</a> Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien). 160 (3), 509-518 (2018).</li><li>Tubbs, R. S., Maher, C. O., Young, R. L., Cohen-Gadol, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distal+revision+of+ventriculoperitoneal+shunts+using+a+peel-away+sheath).">Distal revision of ventriculoperitoneal shunts using a peel-away sheath).</a> Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics. 4 (4), 402-405 (2009).</li><li>Naftel, R. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+versus+open+insertion+of+the+peritoneal+catheter+in+ventriculoperitoneal+shunt+placement:+Review+of+810+consecutive+cases.">Laparoscopic versus open insertion of the peritoneal catheter in ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement: Review of 810 consecutive cases.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery. 115 (1), 151-158 (2011).</li><li>Lind, C. R., Tsai, A. M., Lind, C. J., Law, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventricular+catheter+placement+accuracy+in+non-stereotactic+shunt+surgery+for+hydrocephalus.">Ventricular catheter placement accuracy in non-stereotactic shunt surgery for hydrocephalus.</a> Journal of Clinical Neurosciences. 16 (7), 918-920 (2009).</li><li>Reddy, G. K., Bollam, P., Caldito, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+outcomes+of+ventriculoperitoneal+shunt+surgery+in+patients+with+hydrocephalus.">Long-term outcomes of ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery in patients with hydrocephalus.</a> World Neurosurgery. 81 (2), 404-410 (2014).</li><li>Puca, A., Anile, C., Maira, G., Rossi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebrospinal+fluid+shunting+for+hydrocephalus+in+the+adult:+factors+related+to+shunt+revision.">Cerebrospinal fluid shunting for hydrocephalus in the adult: factors related to shunt revision.</a> Neurosurgery. 29 (6), 822-826 (1991).</li><li>Paff, M., Alexandru-Abrams, D., Muhonen, M., Loudon, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventriculoperitoneal+shunt+complications:+A+review.">Ventriculoperitoneal shunt complications: A review.</a> Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery. 13, 66-70 (2018).</li><li>Cozzens, J. W., Chandler, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+risk+of+distal+ventriculoperitoneal+shunt+obstruction+associated+with+slit+valves+or+distal+slits+in+the+peritoneal+catheter.">Increased risk of distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt obstruction associated with slit valves or distal slits in the peritoneal catheter.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery. 87 (5), 682-686 (1997).</li><li>Hayhurst, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+electromagnetic-navigated+shunt+placement+on+failure+rates:+a+prospective+multicenter+study.">Effect of electromagnetic-navigated shunt placement on failure rates: a prospective multicenter study.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery. 113 (6), 1273-1278 (2010).</li><li>Shao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+laparoscopic+approach+to+ventriculoperitoneal+shunt+placement+with+a+novel+fixation+method+for+distal+shunt+catheter+in+the+treatment+of+hydrocephalus.">A laparoscopic approach to ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement with a novel fixation method for distal shunt catheter in the treatment of hydrocephalus.</a> Minimum Invasive Neurosurgery. 54 (1), 44-47 (2011).</li><li>Kestle, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+Hydrocephalus+Clinical+Research+Network+protocol+to+reduce+cerebrospinal+fluid+shunt+infection.">A new Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network protocol to reduce cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics. 17 (4), 391-396 (2016).</li><li>Svoboda, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preventing+distal+catheter+obstruction+in+laparoscopic+ventriculoperitoneal+shunt+placement+in+adults:+The+&amp;#34;Falciform+Technique&amp;#34;.">Preventing distal catheter obstruction in laparoscopic ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in adults: The &amp;#34;Falciform Technique&amp;#34;.</a> Journal of Laparoendoscopy and Advanced Surgical Techiques A. 25 (8), 642-645 (2015).</li><li>Isaacs, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reducing+the+risks+of+proximal+and+distal+shunt+failure+in+adult+hydrocephalus:+A+shunt+outcomes+quality+improvement+study.">Reducing the risks of proximal and distal shunt failure in adult hydrocephalus: A shunt outcomes quality improvement study.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery. 136 (3), 877-886 (2022).</li><li>Relkin, N., Marmarou, A., Klinge, P., Bergsneider, M., Black, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosing+idiopathic+normal-pressure+hydrocephalus.">Diagnosing idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus.</a> Neurosurgery. 57, 4-16 (2005).</li><li>Muram, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+standardized+infection+prevention+bundle+for+reduction+of+CSF+shunt+infections+in+adult+ventriculoperitoneal+shunt+surgery+performed+without+antibiotic-impregnated+catheters.">A standardized infection prevention bundle for reduction of CSF shunt infections in adult ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery performed without antibiotic-impregnated catheters.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery. , 1-9 (2022).</li><li>Hamilton, M., Fung, A., Liam-Li, D., Isaacs, A., Conly, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+application+of+a+surgical+site+infection+prevention+bundle+for+shunt-related+insertions+and+revisions.">Development and application of a surgical site infection prevention bundle for shunt-related insertions and revisions.</a> Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 15, (2018).</li></ol>

Patients tolerate the procedure well, are extubated immediately postop and are suitable for non-acute wards for overnight monitoring. It has been our practice to obtain a plain CT scan of the head the next morning to confirm the proximal catheter placement and as baseline imaging for future management. In addition, we obtain an abdominal x-ray to confirm the postoperative position of the abdominal catheter. The majority of our patients are assessed by both occupational therapy and physiotherapy and deemed safe by allied ...

Hydrocephalus, a common neurological disorder affecting approximately 175 per 100,000 adults worldwide1 is characterized by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cerebral ventricles due to an imbalance between CSF production and uptake processes in the brain2. As various non-surgical therapies have been unsuccessful3, the only viable treatment of hydrocephalus is the surgical diversion of the CSF from the cerebral ventricles. The most common approach utilized in adults is the placement of a shunt that drains the ventricular CSF into the peritoneal cavity (ventriculoperitoneal [VP] shunt)4,5.
A VP shunt has three subcutaneously located components: a proximal ventricular catheter inserted into a CSF ventricle through a skull burr hole, a valve to regulate the flow, and a distal catheter to connect the valve to the peritoneal cavity where the CSF is deposited and reabsorbed (Figure 1). Alternatively, a shunt can drain into the venous system at the level of the right atrium (ventriculoatrial [VA] shunt)6,7 or divert the spinal CSF from the spine into the peritoneal cavity (lumboperitoneal [LP] shunt)8. There is currently no evidence to support the superiority of VP versus VA versus LP shunt systems. In adults, 15%-25%9,10,11,12 of new VP shunts fail, typically within the first 6 months, and upward of 50% fail in high-risk populations13.VP shunt failure may be secondary to a shunt infection, valve malfunction, or catheter failure at the proximal or distal sites12,14,15,16,17. Each shunt failure requires repeat surgery, which is associated with a cumulative risk for perioperative complications18,19 and stress for patients and families, in addition to increased healthcare infrastructure costs20,21,22,23,24.
The &#34;traditional&#34; VP shunt insertion technique involves freehand insertion of the proximal catheter using surface anatomical landmarks and placement of the distal catheter either via a mini-laparotomy or a trocar conduit25,26,27. These techniques do not allow for real-time tracking or direct visualization of the final location during or after catheter insertion. Failure to achieve an ideal position for these catheters can lead to shunt failure, which is the most frequent long-term complication associated with VP shunt treatment of hydrocephalus10,28. Proximal catheters typically fail due to malposition and/or subsequent occlusion by the choroid plexus tissues or intraventricular debris. The leading causes of distal catheter failure in adults include catheter mispositioning, migration, and/or occlusion by omental tissues, bowel, and intrabdominal debris or adhesions11, 28,29,30,31.
There is recent evidence to suggest that the modification of VP shunt insertion techniques by placing the proximal and distal catheters under neuronavigation and laparoscopic guidance respectively, are associated with reduced risks of shunt failures26,32,33. In addition, compliance with shunt infection reduction protocols has been shown to reduce the risks of shunt failure secondary to infections34. Furthermore, Svoboda et al. described a &#34;falciform technique&#34; where the distal catheter was anchored to the falciform ligament and placed in the perihepatic space away from the omentum, which helped reduce the risk of catheter migration and obstruction by the omentum35. To our knowledge, while the use of neuronavigation and laparoscopy have been independently assessed, their combined benefits have not been reported, and the surgical techniques have not been adequately described in the literature.
We recently completed a 7 year prospective quality improvement study that combined neuronavigation, laparoscopy, the falciform technique and a shunt infection reduction protocol in adult hydrocephalus patients36. With our combined approach, the overall risk of shunt failure was reduced by 44%36. The objective of this paper is to present a surgical video accompanied by a step-by-step guide of the operative techniques to promote a paradigm shift toward the use of these adjuncts to reduce the risks of shunt failures in adults.
The surgical approach presented here can be performed for any VP shunt insertion surgery. We describe the case of a 72-year-old male who was diagnosed with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and met the criteria for a VP shunt insertion37. The patient presented with a 1 year history of progressive gait and cognitive impairment, with intermittent urinary incontinence. His past medical history was significant for hypertension and the surgical treatment of bladder cancer. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain evaluation of the patient showed ventriculomegaly with an Evan&#39;s index of 0.41. An MRI evaluation completed 4 years earlier did not demonstrate ventriculomegaly with an Evan&#39;s index of 0.29 (Figure 2). His neurological examination confirmed that he had a wide-based shuffling gait with low steppage and an abnormally slow gait velocity of 0.83 m/s. He had no signs of myelopathy. His Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) version 7.1 score was 22/30, which confirmed his mild-moderate cognitive impairment. After a 3 day external lumbar drain (ELD) trial with hourly CSF removal to test CSF removal symptom responsiveness, his gait velocity improved to 1.2 m/s and his MoCA score increased by 3 points.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>30-degree angle laparoscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td>0502-937-030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Barium impregnated proximal catheter&#160;</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>41101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bowel grasper</td>
			<td>Richard Wolf</td>
			<td>8393.25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Certas Valve inline&#160;</td>
			<td>Codman</td>
			<td>82-8800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloraprep</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>355-S10325/103.25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrocautery</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28160KA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Frameless-based neuronavigation system with magnetic tracking (AxiEM)</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>9735428/9734887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hasson trocar&#160;</td>
			<td>Applied Medical Inc</td>
			<td>C0R95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ioban</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>6661EZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monocryl</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>D8550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Open barium impregnated proximal catheter&#160;</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>23092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pneumatic surgical drill</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>PM100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steri-Strips</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>R1547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video System Endoscopy</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td>Not Available</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

neuronavigation and laparoscopy guided ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion for the treatment of hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is a common adult neurosurgical condition typically requiring treatment with a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt, of which the ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is the most common type. Unfortunately, the failure rates of VP shunts are alarmingly high, with up to 50% of patients requiring revision surgery within 2 years. VP shunt failure may occur due to infection, or catheter mispositioning, migration, and occlusion. We undertook a joint neurosurgery and general surgery collaboration in a 7-year prospective non-randomized consecutive quality improvement cohort study to reduce the rates of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt failures in 224 adult patients at a tertiary care institution. The initiative combined the use of electromagnetic stereotactic neuronavigation to guide the placement of the proximal catheter and laparoscopy to place the distal catheter under direct visualization. With laparoscopic assistance, the distal catheter was anchored through a small hole created in the falciform ligament and placed into the right retrohepatic space, free from the omentum, adhesions, or bowel that might obstruct the catheter tip. The surgeries were performed using a shunt infection prevention protocol to reduce the risk of shunt infections. Here, we present an intraoperative video of the surgical procedure. Compliance with shunt infection reduction strategies and the combined utilization of neuronavigation and laparoscopy techniques in adult VP shunt surgery resulted in a 44% reduction in the risk of overall shunt failure. The significant positive impact with regard to shunt-failure-free patient outcomes among patients who underwent VP shunt surgery using this strategy underscores the value associated with the use of these modern intraoperative techniques and cross-specialty collaboration during VP shunt surgery.

On postoperative day #1, the patient presented in the video underwent a CT of the head and an x-ray of the abdomen (Figure 7). This imaging, respectively, demonstrated optimal proximal catheter placement in the right lateral ventricle and the location of the distal catheter in the peri-hepatic space. At the patient&#39;s 3-month and 1-year postoperative clinic assessments following placement of the VP shunt, his gait velocity had improved from a preoperative 0.83 m/s to 1.4 m/s and his MoCA ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus at JoVE.com

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus

Patient outcomes of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt surgery, the mainstay treatment for hydrocephalus in adults, are poor due to high shunt failure rates. We present intraoperative footage of VP shunt insertion using neuronavigation and laparoscopy guidance, with the goal to reduce the risks of proximal and distal shunt catheter failures, respectively.

Hydrocephalus is a common adult neurosurgical condition typically requiring treatment with a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt, of which the ...

Introduction We described the case of a 72 year old male who was diagnosed with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, or iNPH, who met the criteria for insertion of a ventricular peritoneal shunt. The patient presented with a one year history of progressive gait and cognitive impairment and intermittent urinary incontinence. His past medical history was significant for hypertension and the surgical treatment of bladder cancer.A magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, of the brain showed ventriculomegaly with an Evans index of 0.41. An MRI evaluation completed four years earlier did not demonstrate ventriculomegaly and had an Evans index of 0.29. His neurological examination confirmed he had a wide-based shuffling gait with low steppage and an abnormally slow gait velocity of 0.83 meters per second.He had no signs of myelopathy. His Montreal Cognitive Assessment, or MoCA, was 22 out of 30, which confirmed his mild to moderate cognitive impairment. A three day External Lumbar Drain, also known as an ELD trial, with hourly CSF removal, was done to test CSF removal symptom responsiveness.After the ELD trial, his gait velocity improved to 1.2 meters per second, and his MoCA score increased by three points. Given the positive response to temporary CSF removal, the patient was offered ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery. The protocol and videos presented follow the guidelines of the University of Calgary Conjoint Health Ethics Research Board and an informed media consent was obtained, and the patient provided written consent to this publication.Protocol The surgical approach presented here can be performed for any ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion surgery. Positioning and pre-procedure set-up Place the patient supine on a donut headrest, with the head turned towards the contralateral side, and then place a shoulder roll to augment exposure of the occipital region. Obtain a preoperative cranial MRI or computed tomography, or CT, with an appropriate neuronavigation protocol.Upload the patient's pre-operative cranial MRI or CT, and register to the neuronavigation system and complete the neuronavigation workstation planning. Select an entry point and target for the proximal catheter. Mark the selected entry site location on the patient's scalp.By standard, a right-sided posterior approach is preferred unless precluded by the patient's circumstances. Mark an inverted U-shaped or horseshoe shaped incision to incorporate the entry point. Shave any hair surrounding the incision with a clipper.Infiltrate the scalp incision with a local anesthetic. Prep the entire surgical field with a 2%chlorhexidine gluconate and alcohol solution. A strict infection prevention protocol, often referred to as a bundle, must be adhered to.Prior to operative draping, all scrubbed surgical staff must double glove, and change their outer gloves for a new pair after draping the patient has been completed. Drape the entire surgical field with an antimicrobial incise drape, which can also help hold the drapes in place and reduce surgical team direct contact with skin. Apply a standard laparoscopic drape, and extend the opening in a cranial direction to the edges of the draping, to allow exposure of the cranium and the chest surgical fields.Cranial exposure Use a number 15 scalpel to score the horseshoe shaped incision. Use a fine tip monopolar cautery to deepen the incision, making sure to preserve the periosteal layer. Retract the skin edges with a self retaining retractor, and make a cruciate periosteal incision in the center to expose the skull using monopolar cautery.Make an approximately two centimeter burr hole in the center of the periosteal exposure, ensuring the underlying dura is preserved. Subcutaneous Distal Catheter Placement Make a paramidline sub-xiphisternum incision down to the perifascial fat layer. Blunt dissect the subcutaneous tissue for 2-3 centimeters in the cranial direction.Carefully guide a tunneling stylet within its encasing plastic sheath within the subcutaneous layer and pass it toward the cranial incision, taking every caution to stay above the ribs and clavicle, and avoid piercing the skin. Once the inferior aspect of the cranial incision is pierced by the tunneler, withdraw the stylet, leaving the plastic sheath in place. Create a subgaleal pocket at the inferior edge of the cranial tissue around the plastic sheath that will be sizeable enough to bury the shunt valve.Use monopolar cautery and blunt dissection with the Kelly forceps. Remove the distal catheter from the sterile packaging and place it in sterile saline. Thread the distal catheter through the tunnel plastic sheath from the cranial to the caudal direction, minimizing contact of the shunt components to the drapes, and then remove the plastic sheath.Prime the system with sterile saline to remove any air. Valve attachment If a programmable shunt valve is used, it should be programmed to the desired setting before it is removed from the packaging and before it is passed into the operative field. Just before use, remove the valve from its sterile packaging and place it into sterile saline, and prime it with the sterile saline.Attach the distal port of the valve to the proximal end of the distal catheter. Secure the catheter twice with silk ties, and prime the system with sterile saline to remove any residual air. Ventricular or proximal catheter insertion Just before it is needed, remove the ventricular catheter from a sterile packaging, and place it into sterile saline.Create a small, centrally-located, circular durotomy, equivalent to the diameter of the proximal catheter that incorporates the underlying pia and arachnoid. Use the fine tip, or needle tip, monopolar cautery to do this. Place the navigation stylet within the proximal catheter, and pass the catheter into the ipsilateral ventricle, using real-time navigation along the pre-programmed trajectory to the target depth.Often there is CSF flow at about five centimeters of depth. However, it is appropriate to advance the catheter to a depth of approximately 8 to 10 centimeters. Once at the target depth remove the stylet from the ventricular catheter, and confirm that there is free flow of CSF.At this point, clamp the catheter with a snap, using booties to protect the catheter. Trim the proximal catheter, leaving about two centimeters extra from the edge of the outer table of the skull. Attach the distal end of the proximal catheter to the proximal outlet of the valve, and secure it with two silk ties.Carefully place the valve into the subgaleal pocket, and anchor the valve sleeve to the preserved periosteum with 4-0 silk suture. Apply gentle traction on the distal catheter at the abdominal incision to ensure no catheter kinks exist. Confirm spontaneous CSF flow at the distal end of the shunt system.Intraabdominal, or distal, catheter placement The distal catheter is placed laparoscopically within the peritoneal cavity, ideally by a general surgeon. Make a curvilinear periumbilical incision with a 15 blade scalpel, followed by blunt dissection down to the abdominal wall fascia. Grasp the fascia on each side with coker forceps, and incise it in a vertical fashion to ensure entry into the peritoneal cavity.Place 2 Polyglactin stay sutures through the incised fascia on the other side, and then insert a blunt Hassan trocar. Insert a 30 degree angle laparoscope through the Hassan trocar access port. Place a five millimeter port in standard fashion under direct vision, usually on the left, but this position may vary depending on the density and position of the interperitoneal adhesions.Perform any lysis of adhesions that may be required. Make a small hole in the falciform ligament from the left side of the ligament, using a combination of electrocautery and laparoscopic Metzenbaum scissors. The hole in the falciform ligament must be made as close to liver and diaphragm as possible, to allow adequate and proper positioning of the catheter.Using the electrocautery hook, create a transverse abdominal tunnel through the previously created sub-xiphisternum incision, where the distal VP catheter exits through the subcutaneous space. Insert the distal peritoneal shunt catheter into the peritoneal cavity through the path created with an 11 French Peel-Away Sheath Introducer. Once the catheter is visualized in the abdominal cavity with the laparoscope, grasp it and position it through the hole in the falciform ligament.The catheter should be trimmed laparoscopically to fit the patient's anatomy and position the catheter as described. It should be noted that there is no predetermined length of the catheter. The catheter's final resting place must be in the retro-hepatic space.The final position of the catheter should ideally be inferior to the diaphragm and superior and posterior to the mobilized liver. It should be immediately superior to the right paracolic gutter. CSF flow through the catheter can be confirmed by direct visualization with the laparoscope.Remove the residual trimmed portion of the catheter through the five millimeter port. Deflate the abdomen slowly and cautiously to ensure no migration of the catheter occurs. Then remove all the instruments.Wound closure Close the cranial wound in a layered fashion. Use 3-0 Polyglactin simple interrupted varied sutures in the galeal layer and staples for the skin layer. Close the abdominal fascia using the previously placed polyglactin stay suture, followed by 4-0 poliglecaprone 25 subcuticular sutures and acrylic adhesive for skin closure.Apply a surgical dressing. Representative results On postoperative day one, the patient presented in this video underwent a CT of the head, and X-ray of the abdomen. The CT of the head demonstrated optimal placement of the proximal catheter within the right lateral ventricle.The abdominal X-ray demonstrated the distal catheter was in the peri-hepatic space. At the patient's three month and one year postoperative clinic assessment, following the placement of the VP shunt, his gait velocity had improved from a preoperative 0.83 meters per second to 1.4 meters per second. His MoCA score had normalized at 29 over 30 from a preoperative score of 22.The feasibility and patient outcomes of the surgical approach presented here were examined in a seven year prospective continuous quality improvement study, which has now been reported in the Journal of Neurosurgery. Summarizing that report, 224 consecutive adult patients were enrolled at a tertiary center. The primary objective was to determine the combined role of cranial intraoperative navigation and laparoscopy with a shunt infection prevention strategy to reduce the incidence of VP shunt insertion failure.Of these patients, 115 underwent VP shunt insertion without neuronavigation and/or laparoscopic assistance, and 129 patients were treated with the surgical approaches presented here. We found that, with a background of shunt infection reduction protocols, combined neuronavigation and laparoscopy, was associated with reduction of overall shunt failure rates from 37%to 14%at one year, 45%to 22%at two years, and 51%to 29%at three years, with a hazard ratio of 0.44. There were no proximal catheter failures when neuronavigation was used.The two year rates of distal catheter failure were 42%for those that did not undergo the combined neuronavigation laparoscopy-guided surgery, compared to only 20%among those patients that did undergo the combined neuronavigation laparoscopy-guided VP shunt surgery. Conclusion A combination of shunt infection and reduction strategies, neuronavigation, and laparoscopy techniques in adult VP shunt surgery can significantly improve shunt failure-free patient outcomes. In this protocol, we combined all three strategies, including anchoring the distal catheter to the falciform ligament to assist placement in the retro-hepatic space away from the Omentum.We observed a decreased rate of infection, and a 44%reduction in the risk of overall shunt failure over time.

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