Research in the Bianco laboratory is supported by NIH grants GM100156 and GM144414 to P.R.B.

1. Laser trap alignment and testing with polystyrene beads
NOTE: For the setup, refer to Figure 1A,B.
CAUTION: The experimentalist should wear appropriate protective eyewear or laser safety glasses during laser beam alignment. As the optical tweezer system described herein uses both HeNe and IR beams, two separate sets of laser safety glassware are required.
<ol>
	<li>HeNe Beam alignment
	<ol>
		<li>P...

<ol>
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M., Huang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidics+for+biological+measurements+with+single-molecule+resolution.">Microfluidics for biological measurements with single-molecule resolution.</a> Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 25, 69-77 (2014).</li><li>Madariaga-Marcos, J., Corti, R., Hormeno, S., Moreno-Herrero, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+microfluidic+approaches+for+a+fast+and+efficient+reagent+exchange+in+single-molecule+studies.">Characterizing microfluidic approaches for a fast and efficient reagent exchange in single-molecule studies.</a> Scientific Reports. 10 (1), 18069 (2020).</li><li>Grayson, P., Han, L., Winther, T., Phillips, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+observations+of+single+bacteriophage+lambda+DNA+ejections+in+vitro.">Real-time observations of single bacteriophage lambda DNA ejections in vitro.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (37), 14652-14657 (2007).</li><li>Luo, G., Wang, M., Konigsberg, W. H., Xie, X. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-molecule+and+ensemble+fluorescence+assays+for+a+functionally+important+conformational+change+in+T7+DNA+polymerase.">Single-molecule and ensemble fluorescence assays for a functionally important conformational change in T7 DNA polymerase.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (31), 12610-12615 (2007).</li><li>Sia, S. K., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+devices+fabricated+in+poly(dimethylsiloxane)+for+biological+studies.">Microfluidic devices fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) for biological studies.</a> Electrophoresis. 24 (21), 3563-3576 (2003).</li><li>Wuite, G. J. L., Davenport, R. J., Rappaport, A., Bustamante, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+integrated+laser+trap/flow+control+video+microscope+for+the+study+of+single+biomolecules.">An integrated laser trap/flow control video microscope for the study of single biomolecules.</a> Biophysical Journal. 79 (2), 1155-1167 (2000).</li><li>Kim, S., Blainey, P. C., Schroeder, C. M., Xie, X. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplexed+single-molecule+assay+for+enzymatic+activity+on+flow-stretched+DNA.">Multiplexed single-molecule assay for enzymatic activity on flow-stretched DNA.</a> Nature Methods. 4 (5), 397-399 (2007).</li><li>Tanaka, H., Ishijima, A., Honda, M., Saito, K., Yanagida, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orientation+dependence+of+displacements+by+a+single+one-headed+myosin+relative+to+the+actin+filament.">Orientation dependence of displacements by a single one-headed myosin relative to the actin filament.</a> Biophysical Journal. 75 (4), 1886-1894 (1998).</li><li>Merenda, F., Andrews, D. L., Galves, E. J., Nienhuis, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refractive+multiple+optical+tweezers+for+parallel+biochemical+analysis+in+micro-fluidics.">Refractive multiple optical tweezers for parallel biochemical analysis in micro-fluidics.</a> Proceeding of SPIE. , 6483 (2007).</li><li>Brewer, L. R., Corzett, M., Balhorn, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protamine-induced+condensation+and+decondensation+of+the+same+DNA+molecule.">Protamine-induced condensation and decondensation of the same DNA molecule.</a> Science. 286 (5437), 120-123 (1999).</li><li>Ladoux, B., Quivy, J. P., Doyle, P. S., Almouzni, G., Viovy, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+imaging+of+single-molecules:+from+dynamics+of+a+single+DNA+chain+to+the+study+of+complex+DNA-protein+interactions.">Direct imaging of single-molecules: from dynamics of a single DNA chain to the study of complex DNA-protein interactions.</a> Science Progress. 84, 267-290 (2001).</li><li>Bianco, P. R., Bradfield, J. J., Castanza, L. R., Donnelly, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rad54+oligomers+translocate+and+cross-bridge+double-stranded+DNA+to+stimulate+synapsis.">Rad54 oligomers translocate and cross-bridge double-stranded DNA to stimulate synapsis.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 374 (3), 618-640 (2007).</li><li>Pezza, R. J., Camerini-Otero, R. D., Bianco, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hop2-Mnd1+condenses+DNA+to+stimulate+the+synapsis+phase+of+DNA+strand+exchange.">Hop2-Mnd1 condenses DNA to stimulate the synapsis phase of DNA strand exchange.</a> Biophysical Journal. 99 (11), 3763-3772 (2010).</li><li>Rye, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+fluorescent+complexes+of+double-stranded+DNA+with+bis-intercalating+asymmetric+cyanine+dyes:+properties+and+applications.">Stable fluorescent complexes of double-stranded DNA with bis-intercalating asymmetric cyanine dyes: properties and applications.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 20 (11), 2803-2812 (1992).</li></ol>

The author declares no conflicts of interest.

The careful assembly of the flow system is critical to the successful outcome of experiments4,6. One of the most challenging aspects of the protocol is the attachment of connectors to the glass surface. For this, we use the following two approaches: press-fit fit tubing connectors and nanoport assemblies. Press-fit connectors adhere easily to glass followed by pushing of PTFE tubing into the preformed holes using forceps. When a more stable attachment is required...

The ability to visualize protein-DNA interactions at the single-molecule level and in real-time has provided significant insight into genome stability1,2. In addition to working with single molecules of DNA one at a time, the ability to view transactions between individual molecules nearby provides additional insight3,4,5. The manipulation of additional DNA molecules requires both additional optical traps as well as high-quality, multi-channel, microfluidic flow cells6.
There are several methods available to generate more than one optical trap. These include galvanometer scanning mirrors, acoustic optic modulators, and diffractive optics, which generate holographic optical tweezers4,7,8,9. Often, scanning mirrors and acoustic optic modulators produce traps that timeshare. In the setup described here, the beam of a single Nd:YAG laser is split on polarization, and then galvanometer laser scanning mirrors control the position of what is termed the mobile trap (Figure 1)4. To facilitate the positioning of mirrors and filters to direct the trapping beam to the back aperture of the microscope objective, a HeNe laser is used. This makes overall alignment easier as the HeNe beam is visible to the naked eye, whereas infrared beams are not. The HeNe beam is also safer to work with making the positioning of mirrors and other components less stressful. Initially, the beam path for this laser is separate from the 1064 nm beam, but is introduced into the same beam path, and then into the microscope objective. Once physical alignment is achieved, positioning the 1064 nm beam on top of the HeNe beam is done and this is facilitated by the use of an infrared viewer and various beam imaging tools to visualize beam position and quality. Then, the beam expander is introduced, and the resulting expanded infrared beam is aligned onto the back aperture of the objective. Finally, the objective is removed and the power in each polarized beam is measured and adjusted using &#955;/2 waveplates to be equal (Figure 1C). Power measurements are also done once the objective is returned and typically there is a 53% power loss. There is, however, sufficient power to form stable fixed and moving optical traps in the focal plane (Figure 1D).
To image DNA transactions, microfluidic flow cells play a key role as they permit controlled measurements at the single-molecule level with high spatial and temporal resolution (Figure 2). The term microfluidic refers to the ability to manipulate fluids in one or more channels with dimensions ranging from 5-500 &#956;m10,11. The term stream refers to the actual fluid within a channel and the channel refers to the physical channel in which a fluid stream or streams move. Single-channel flow cell design has a common, physical channel where reactions are observed and there is typically only one fluid stream present. Thus, these designs are known as single-stream flow cells. In contrast, multi-stream flow cells are defined as a microfluidic device in which two or more entry channels converge into a single, common, physical channel (Figure 2A). Within the common channel, the fluid streams that originate from the individual channels flow parallel to one another, and remain separated with only minimal mixing between them occurring due to diffusion (Figure 2B). In the majority of experimental setups, a single pump pushes fluids into each channel at the same speed. In contrast, when boundary steering is used, three or more, independently controlled pumps push fluids through the channels. However, each pump operates at a different speed but the net flow rate in the common channel is constant12. This&#160;permits the rapid exchange of main channel components simply by altering pump speed.
In addition to laminar flow, another critical factor is the parabolic velocity profile within the laminar fluid stream. The highest flow velocity occurs in the middle of the stream and the slowest occurs&#160;next to the surfaces (Figure 2C)13. This profile must be considered to fully stretch a DNA molecule that is attached to a bead held in the stream for precise visualization of fluorescent DNA and accurate single-molecule analyses. Here, the DNA is stretched to B-form and is held in place under 0 pN of force. To achieve this, focusing of the optical trap position should be to a position 10-20 &#956;m from the bottom coverslip surface (Figure 2D). Care must be taken so that the DNA molecule is not stretched beyond B-form as this can inhibit enzyme reactions. Under typical buffer conditions, 1 &#956;m = 3,000 bp of DNA14. Furthermore, by trapping 10-20 &#956;m from the coverslip, the DNA complex is positioned far from the surface thereby minimizing surface interactions.
Many methods have been used to create microfluidic device channels and these can be done in the laboratory or flow cells can be purchased from commercial sources6,15,16,17. The optimal materials used to construct the flow cells must be mechanically rigid, optically transparent with low fluorescence, and impervious to organic solvents6. Frequently, borosilicate float glass, or fused silica are used to provide a stable flow environment for an extended time that is suitable for optical trapping, visualization, and force detection. These materials also permit the use of non-aqueous solvents (e.g., spectrophotometric grade methanol) to simplify surface wetting and removal of air bubbles, and denaturants (e.g., 6M guanidinium hydrochloride) or detergents to clean the flow cell. Finally, the methods used to introduce fluids into flow cells vary from complex vacuum pump systems to single syringe pumps14,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27. In the approach described here, a syringe pump that can accommodate up to 10 syringes is used (Figure 3A). This provides flexibility to use single-channel flow cells or flow cells with multiple inlet channels. Here, a three-channel flow cell is used and is mated to syringes held in place on the syringe pump using poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) tubing (Figure 3A-C). The flow of fluids is controlled by four-way switching valves and thus serve to minimize the introduction of bubbles into the flow cell (Figure 3A,D). In addition, Hamilton gastight syringes which have stiff glass walls and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-coated plungers, are recommended as they provide exceptionally smooth plunger motion that is essential to obtaining a smooth flow14,27.
In the experimental system described, flow cells with two to five inlet channels have been used. The number of inlet channels is dictated by the experiment being done. For the study of RecBCD and Hop2-Mnd1, two stream channels were sufficient14,28. For the helicase, the enzyme was bound to the free end of the DNA and translated into a stream containing magnesium and ATP to initiate translocation and unwinding. For Hop2-Mnd1, optically trapped DNA was translated into the adjacent fluid stream containing proteins and buffer &#177; divalent metal ions. The use of three-channel flow cells enables one to trap DNA in stream 1, translate the DNA into stream 2 to allow protein binding to occur, and then to stream 3 where ATP is present, for example, to initiate reactions. A variation on the above is to use fluorescent-tagged protein in channel 2, which results in the fluid stream being completely white and precludes visualization of the DNA. When this molecule is translated into stream 3, both proteins and DNA are now visible when reactions are initiated.
The use of four-way switching valves to control fluid flow is a critical component of the system to eliminate bubbles in the flow cells. Bubbles are detrimental to stable fluid flow as they contract and expand in unpredictable ways resulting in rapid changes in flow velocity and the introduction of turbulence. When the valves are positioned between syringes and inlet tubing, the flow path is disconnected by switching the valve position when syringes are changed out. When the new syringe is put in place, the plunger can be manually depressed so that &#62;6 &#956;L is ejected (the dead volume of the valve) and this eliminates bubbles almost entirely.
The attachment of connectors to flow cells is frequently the rate-limiting step in flow cell use. We describe the use of two types of connectors: removable known as press-fit and permanent ones (nanoport assemblies). The removable connectors are simple to adhere to a flow cell and different types of flexible tubing in addition to the recommended PTFE can be tested with these connectors. This is a rapid and cost-effective way to test tubing and connectors without sacrificing more expensive glass flow cells. In contrast, nanoport assemblies are attached permanently, withstand pressures up to 1,000 psi, and, in our hands, their use is restricted to PEEK tubing of different diameters. This is not a disadvantage as PEEK tubing is preferably used. A single glass flow cell with permanent assemblies attached can be reused for more than 1 year with careful use.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100x objective</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>506318 or 506038</td>
			<td>Oil immersion lenses; Imaging and optical trapping only; Plan APO objectives optimized for fluorescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X Objective</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>506263</td>
			<td>Used to locate laser beams spots during alignment; to find focus and X-Y position in flow cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mm fluorescent beads</td>
			<td>Bangs Labs</td>
			<td>FSDG004</td>
			<td>Used for tap performance, focal position determination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mm polystyrene beads</td>
			<td>Bangs Labs</td>
			<td>CPO1004</td>
			<td>Used for trap performance evaluation and binding to biotinylated molecules</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>63x objective</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>506081</td>
			<td>Used to locate laser beams spots during alignment and to find focus and X-y position in flow cell; can be used for optical trapping as it has an identical back aperture diameter to the 100X; oil immersion lens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alignment laser</td>
			<td>Lumentum</td>
			<td>1100 series</td>
			<td>10mW HeNe laser that is visible to the naked eye that is used to position optics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beam alignment camera</td>
			<td>Amscope</td>
			<td>MU303</td>
			<td>A simple, inexpensive and software controlled camera for imaging of the beam position</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera control and Image capture software</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>HCImage</td>
			<td>Coordinates activities of the Lambda DG4 with the camera to facilitate rapid wavelength switching</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera; Orca flash 4</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>c13440-20cu</td>
			<td>CCD camera for imaging of single-molecule experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C-mount for the beam alignment camera</td>
			<td>Spot imaging solutions</td>
			<td>DE50CMT</td>
			<td>Provides optimal positioning of the camera for imaging of laser beams during alignment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C-mount for the Orca Flash 4 camera</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Has a retainer ring to hold an IR blocking filter in place. This eliminates reflected IR beam from the optical traps and facilitates clearer imaging of trapped objects.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cy5&#160; fluorescence filter cube</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>cy5-404a-lsc-zero</td>
			<td>Used in conjunction with Lambda DG4 to image Cy5 only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fitc-Txred&#160; fluorescence filter cube</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>fitc/txred-2x-b-000</td>
			<td>Used in conjunction with Lambda DG4 to image FITC and TXRed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluidics tubing</td>
			<td>Grace Bio</td>
			<td>46004</td>
			<td>PTFE tubing as an alternate to PEEK; works well on some flow cells. Can be used with PDMS flow cells or glass flow cells when Grace Bio fit tubing connectors are used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP fluorescence filter cube</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>gfp-3035b-lsc-zero</td>
			<td>Used in conjunction with Lambda DG4 to image GFP only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass flow cells</td>
			<td>Translume</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>Clear flow channels for imaging (Fig. 2E)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass glue</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>233841</td>
			<td>Securely and easily bonds Nanoport assemblies to glass flow cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass/PDMS sandwich flow cells</td>
			<td>CIDRA Precision services</td>
			<td>Custom design</td>
			<td>Flow cells built according to your specifications; imaging channels are clear (Fig. 2C)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamilton Cleaning solution</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>18311</td>
			<td>Gentle but efficient cleaning solution for glass flow cells; does not bubble when used carefully</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Illumination system</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>Lamda DG4</td>
			<td>Discontinued so recommend Lambda 721</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Illumination system</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>Lamda DG4</td>
			<td>Discontinued so recommend Lambda 721</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
			<td>Media cybernetics</td>
			<td>Image Pro Premiere</td>
			<td>Analysis of images and single molecule tracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
			<td>Fiji/NIH Image/Image J</td>
			<td>Shareware</td>
			<td>Analysis of images and single molecule tracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image display card</td>
			<td>Melles Griot</td>
			<td>06 DLA 001</td>
			<td>Alternate product from Thorlabs: VRC5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immersion oil</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>444960</td>
			<td>Immersol 518 F fluorescence free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser beam alignment tools</td>
			<td>Thor labs</td>
			<td>FMP05/M; dgo5-1500-h1; BHM1&#160;</td>
			<td>Used to ensure beams are horizontal and at the correct height</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser beam viewer</td>
			<td>Canadian Photonics labs</td>
			<td>IR 3150</td>
			<td>Used to image IR beam spots on mirrors and&#160; targets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser power meter</td>
			<td>Thor labs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Measurement of laser output as well as trap strength</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser safety glasses (HeNe)</td>
			<td>Thor labs</td>
			<td>LG7 or 8</td>
			<td>Blocks &#62;3 OD units of light of wavelengths &#62;600 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser safety glasses (IR)</td>
			<td>Thor labs</td>
			<td>LG11</td>
			<td>Blocks &#62;7 OD units of light of wavelengths &#179;1000 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mcherry&#160; fluorescence filter cube</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>mcherry-a-lsc-zero</td>
			<td>Used in conjunction with Lambda DG4 to image mcherry only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMIRE2</td>
			<td>DIC port removed to accommodate Dichroic trapping/alignment mirror</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope control software&#160;</td>
			<td>UCSF/shareware</td>
			<td>uManager</td>
			<td>Controls the microscope, permits focal alignment of objectives as well as stage control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanoport assembly</td>
			<td>IDEX</td>
			<td>N333</td>
			<td>Connectors that are bonded to flow cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical table support</td>
			<td>Thor Labs</td>
			<td>PA52502</td>
			<td>Active isolation table support</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optics and lenses</td>
			<td>Solar TII</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td>Interference mirrors, telescopes and lenses custom designed for the system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDMS flow cells</td>
			<td>ufluidix</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>Flow cells built according to your specifications; imaging channels are clear (Figs. 2B and D)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEEK tubing</td>
			<td>IDEX</td>
			<td>1532</td>
			<td>Provides excellent connection to flow cells and switching valves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pinkel fluorescence filter cube</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>lf488/543/635-3x-a-000</td>
			<td>Used in conjunction with Lambda DG4 to image multiple fluorophores rapidly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Press fit tubing connectors</td>
			<td>GraceBio</td>
			<td>46003</td>
			<td>Clear silicone connector with adhesive that binds well to glass</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning mirrors</td>
			<td>GSI Lumonics</td>
			<td>VM500</td>
			<td>Used to provide control of the second optical trap. GSI Lumonics no longer exists. Similar mirrors can be purchased from Cambridge Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stage</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stage micrometer</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>68042-08</td>
			<td>Provides on screen ruler for positioning of the beam and system calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Switching valves</td>
			<td>IDEX</td>
			<td>V-101T</td>
			<td>Control direction of fluid flow and eliminate introduction of bubbles into flow cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe and valve manifold</td>
			<td>Machine shop</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td>Custom built</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe pump</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>PHD 2000</td>
			<td>Controls fluid flow through flow cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe pump software</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>70-6000</td>
			<td>Flow control provides seamless, programmable control of fluid flow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>81320</td>
			<td>Gas-tight, PTFE Luer Lock, glass barrels with Teflon-coated plungers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Table top</td>
			<td>Thor Labs</td>
			<td>T36H</td>
			<td>Optical table top or breadboard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trapping laser</td>
			<td>Newport/Spectra Physics</td>
			<td>J-series; BL106C</td>
			<td>Nd:YAG laser; 1064 nm; 5W laser</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of dual optical tweezers and microfluidics for single-molecule studies

Visual biochemistry is a powerful technique for observing the stochastic properties of single enzymes or enzyme complexes that are obscured in the averaging that takes place in bulk-phase studies. To achieve visualization, dual optical tweezers, where one trap is fixed and the other is mobile, are focused into one channel of a multi-stream microfluidic chamber positioned on the stage of an inverted fluorescence microscope. The optical tweezers trap single molecules of fluorescently labeled DNA and fluid flow through the chamber and past the trapped beads, stretches the DNA to B-form (under minimal force, i.e., 0 pN) with the nucleic acid being observed as a white string against a black background. DNA molecules are moved from one stream to the next, by translating the stage perpendicular to the flow to enable the initiation of reactions in a controlled manner. To achieve success, microfluidic devices with optically clear channels are mated to glass syringes held in place in a syringe pump. Optimal results use connectors permanently bonded to the flow cell, tubing that is mechanically rigid and chemically resistant, and which is connected to switching valves that eliminate bubbles that prohibit laminar flow.

The initial testing of the trap alignment and strength is done with 1 &#956;m, non-fluorescent polystyrene beads. Since most of the research done in the laboratory uses fluorescence, we further test trap strength using 1 &#956;m, Dragon green polystyrene beads (Figure 1D,E). Thereafter work changes to optical trapping of DNA-bead complexes where the DNA is stained with the bis-intercalating dye YOYO-114,29. When thes...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Dual Optical Tweezers and Microfluidics for Single-Molecule Studies at JoVE.com

Use of Dual Optical Tweezers and Microfluidics for Single-Molecule Studies

Visual, single-molecule biochemistry studied through microfluidic chambers is greatly facilitated using glass barrel, gas-tight syringes, stable connections of tubing to flow cells, and elimination of bubbles by placing switching valves between the syringes and tubing. The protocol describes dual optical traps that enable visualization of DNA transactions and intermolecular interactions.

Visual biochemistry is a powerful technique for observing the stochastic properties of single enzymes or enzyme complexes that are obscured in the ...

The attachment of ports to mate to syringes with tubing is critical because, when it's done right, there are no leaks, there are no bubbles in the flow cell, and experiments can be done repeatedly using the same flow cell over a period of one year with careful use. Here, two simple methods will be presented to attach the connectors to flow cells. These are easy, they're reproducible, and allow the investigator to easily adapt the flow cell to their needs without too much trouble.The use of these flow cells was done with single molecule experiments in mind. In particular, what we call visual biochemistry, but they can be used in any study where microfluidics are required and in situations where lamina fluid flow is to be used. So, to avoid mistakes, instead of using valuable flow cells to establish the techniques, I would suggest practicing on a glass slide or a cover slip first.This will enable one to get a feel for the glass or the PDMS materials to know how to handle them and how much force to apply when inserting tubing or bonding the connectors. This will require sacrificing some connectors but they're much cheaper than the flow cells. Begin by placing the flow cell on a clean flat surface.Hold the PTFE tubing three millimeters from the free end with forceps and push the tubing into the port. Repeat this procedure for each of the remaining ports. Connect the inlet ports to the syringe pump and the outlet to a waste bottle.Fill each glass syringe with one milliliter of spectro photometric, grade methanol and attach them to a switching valve. Ensure the valve has the outlet directed to waste and purge each line with 50 microliters of methanol. Switch the outlet position to the flow cell and pump 800 microliters of methanol through the flow cell at a flow rate of 100 microliters per hour to wet the surfaces and eliminate bubbles.The next day, repeat this process using 800 microliters of ultrapure water. The flow cell is now ready for use. If press-fit tubing connectors are to be used, carefully remove the adhesive tape from one side of the connector and place it over the hole in the microscope slide.Press down for a few seconds. Repeat the process for the remaining connectors. Then place the flow cell on a clean flat surface.Hold the PTFE tubing three millimeters from the free end and push the tubing into the hole in the port. Repeat this procedure for each of the remaining ports. Attach tubing from the inlets to the switching valves.Place the attachment either on a clean, flat surface or on a custom-built manifold to hold the flow cell and connectors in place while the bonding occurs. Place the flow cell on the recessed section of the manifold then place a small amount of glass glue on the bottom of the assembly and insert the seal. Position the nano port over one of the entry holes on the microscope slide.Gently push down and hold in place with no lateral movement. Repeat the process for the remaining ports. Allow to dry or clamp in place in the manifold.Gently remove the flow cell from the manifold and ensure that the assemblies align well with the entry ports in the flow cell. Place a flow cell on the microscope stage and attach the tubing using the finger tight connectors. Fill each glass syringe with one milliliter of spectro photometric grade methanol.Attach each syringe to a switching valve. Ensure the valve has the outlet directed to waste and purge each line with 50 microliters of methanol. Switch the outlet position to the flow cell and pump 800 microliters of methanol through the flow cell at a flow rate of 100 microliters per hour.The next day, repeat this process using 800 microliters of ultrapure water. Measurement of the power output is shown here. The power output from the laser is measured before installing the laser head into the optical layout.Once trap alignment is done, the beam power is measured after the 100 x objective for each trap. The images demonstrate the stable optical trapping of one micrometer fluorescent beads. Here F is a fixed trap, and M is a mobile trap.With the mobile trap in the scanning mode moving through a small or large circle at 30 hertz. Fluid flow within the flow cell is laminar. The schematic shows the flow cell from the top to demonstrate that the inter channel diffusion is the main source of mixing between the adjacent fluid streams.Blue arrows indicate the flow direction and the individual streams are colored, white, light gray, and white. The widening regions of transverse diffusion between channels are indicated in red. The inset shows a fluorescence image of the adjacent fluid streams at 10 times magnification with fluorescent labeled DNA bead complexes in the lower stream and buffers only in the upper stream.The white spots in the upper stream are shot noise from the CCD camera. The flow profile and laminar flow cells is parabolic. The flow cell is viewed from the side and the direction of the flow is indicated above each cell.Linear bead velocity is affected by pump speed and sucrose concentration. The opposing force on a bead is affected by solution viscosity. Bead diameter influences the force on beads under flow.When attempting this procedure, make sure that the area you are working in is clean and that you have cleaned the glass surfaces with spectrometric grade methanol or acetone. At this stage, you should have a flow cell that is made it to your syringe pump and you are now ready to introduce your solutions and begin optical tweezer experiments. The use of flow cells, which can be used for extended periods of time, has enabled researchers to investigate a variety of single molecule reactions where either forces are measured, reactions are visualized by fluorescence or a combination of both.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

2.0K visualizações.  University of Nebraska Medical Center. A fixação de portas para acasalar em seringas com tubulação é crítica porque, quando é feita corretamente, não há vazamentos, não há bolhas na célula de fluxo e os experimentos podem ser feitos repetidamente usando a mesma célula de fluxo durante um período de um ano com uso cuidadoso. Aqui, dois métodos simples serão apresentados para anexar os conectores às células de fluxo. Estes são fáceis, são reprodutíveis e permitem que o investigador adapte facilmente a célula d...