Name: contact hypersensitivity as a murine model of allergic contact dermatitis
Uploaded: 2022-09-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis at JoVE.com

This study was supported by subvention SUBZ.A020.22.060 of the Medical University in Wroclaw, Poland, and by grants from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education N N401 545940 to MS and IP2012 0443 72 to MMS.

All experiments presented in this article were conducted according to the guidelines of the 1st Local Ethical Committee on Animal Testing in Krakow. All the procedures described were performed according to the local recommendations, especially regarding using ketamine/xylazine as an anesthetic, using both sides of the ears to apply the substance/hapten, cutting off the ear, and collecting blood by eyeball removal. BALB/c (haplotype H-2d), CBA/J (H-2k), and C57BL/6 (H-2b) male and female m...

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Amrita University Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKS0KM3lr90">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKS0KM3lr90</a> (2011)</li><li>Majewska-Szczepanik, M., Strzepa, A., Marci&#324;ska, K., Wen, L., Szczepanik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epicutaneous+immunization+with+TNP-Ig+and+Zymosan+induces+TCR&#945;&#946;++CD4++contrasuppressor+cells+that+reverse+skin-induced+suppression+via+IL-17A.">Epicutaneous immunization with TNP-Ig and Zymosan induces TCR&#945;&#946;+ CD4+ contrasuppressor cells that reverse skin-induced suppression via IL-17A.</a> International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 164 (2), 122-136 (2014).</li><li>Majewska-Szczepanik, M., Zemelka-Wi&#261;cek, M., Ptak, W., Wen, L., Szczepanik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epicutaneous+immunization+with+DNP-BSA+induces+CD4++CD25++Treg+cells+that+inhibit+Tc1-mediated+CS.">Epicutaneous immunization with DNP-BSA induces CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells that inhibit Tc1-mediated CS.</a> Immunology and Cell Biology. 90 (8), 784-795 (2012).</li><li>Directive 2010/63 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Union Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:276:0033:0079:En:PDF">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:276:0033:0079:En:PDF</a> (2010)</li><li>Colvin, R. B., Dvorak, H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+the+clotting+system+in+cell-mediated+hypersensitivity.+II.+Kinetics+of+fibrinogen/fibrin+accumulation+and+vascular+permeability+changes+in+tuberculin+and+cutaneous+basophil+hypersensitivity+reactions.">Role of the clotting system in cell-mediated hypersensitivity. II. Kinetics of fibrinogen/fibrin accumulation and vascular permeability changes in tuberculin and cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity reactions.</a> Journal of Immunology. 114, 377-387 (1975).</li><li>Szczepanik, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+contact+sensitivity+in+non-obese+diabetic+(NOD)+mice+by+innate+immunity.">Regulation of contact sensitivity in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice by innate immunity.</a> Contact Dermatitis. 79 (4), 197-207 (2018).</li><li>Askenase, P. W., Majewska-Szczepanik, M., Kerfoot, S., Szczepanik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Participation+of+iNKT+cells+in+the+early+and+late+components+of+Tc1-mediated+DNFB+contact+sensitivity:+Cooperative+role+of+&#947;&#948;-T+cells.">Participation of iNKT cells in the early and late components of Tc1-mediated DNFB contact sensitivity: Cooperative role of &#947;&#948;-T cells.</a> Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 73 (5), 465-477 (2011).</li><li>Zemelka-Wi&#261;cek, M., Majewska-Szczepanik, M., Ptak, W., Szczepanik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epicutaneous+immunization+with+protein+antigen+induces+antigen-non-specific+suppression+of+CD8+T+cell+mediated+contact+sensitivity.">Epicutaneous immunization with protein antigen induces antigen-non-specific suppression of CD8 T cell mediated contact sensitivity.</a> Pharmacological Reports. 64 (6), 1485-1496 (2012).</li><li>Van Loveren, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+micrometers+and+calipers+to+measure+various+components+of+delayed-type+hypersensitivity+ear+swelling+reactions+in+mice.">Use of micrometers and calipers to measure various components of delayed-type hypersensitivity ear swelling reactions in mice.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 67 (2), 311-319 (1984).</li><li>Tsuji, R. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=B+cell-dependent+T+cell+responses:+IgM+antibodies+are+required+to+elicit+contact+sensitivity.">B cell-dependent T cell responses: IgM antibodies are required to elicit contact sensitivity.</a> The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 196 (10), 1277-1290 (2002).</li><li>Campos, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutaneous+immunization+rapidly+activates+liver+invariant+Valpha14+NKT+cells+stimulating+B-1+B+cells+to+initiate+T+cell+recruitment+for+elicitation+of+contact+sensitivity.">Cutaneous immunization rapidly activates liver invariant Valpha14 NKT cells stimulating B-1 B cells to initiate T cell recruitment for elicitation of contact sensitivity.</a> The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 198 (12), 1785-1796 (2003).</li><li>R&#252;hl-Muth, A. C., Maler, M. D., Esser, P. R., Martin, S. 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CHS is induced via haptens, which bind to self-protein antigens in the skin, creating neoantigens. CHS is mediated by local extravascular recruitment of circulating antigen-specific CHS-effector T cells, which results in swelling in the challenged tissue, peaking 24 h after exposure of the secondary skin to the same hapten6. The swelling of the tissue is mainly caused by the infiltration of leukocytes and leukocyte-dependent fibrin deposition24. These changes can b...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/64329">Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis</a>. The Protocol&#160;and Representative Results sections were updated.
Step 3.2.1 of the Protocol has been updated from:
On day &#34;4&#34;, prepare 0.4% hapten: TNCB in an acetone-ethanol mixture (ratio 1:1). Prepare the solution just before use in a glass vial and protect it from light by covering the vial with aluminum foil.
to:
On day &#34;4&#34;, prepare 0.4% hapten: TNCB in an acetone: olive oil&#160;mixture (ratio 1:1). Prepare the solution just before use in a glass vial and protect it from light by covering the vial with aluminum foil.
Figure 1 of the Representative Results has been updated from:
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Induction of CHS. Sensitization, challenge, and ear measurement. Abbreviations: CHS = contact hypersensitivity reaction; TNCB = 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
to:
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig1v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Induction of CHS. Sensitization, challenge, and ear measurement. Abbreviations: CHS = contact hypersensitivity reaction; TNCB = 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig1v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Figure 2 of the Representative Results has been updated from:
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Adoptive transfer of the CHS-effector cells. Abbreviations: ALNs =axillary and inguinal lymph nodes; CHS = contact hypersensitivity reaction; i.v. = intravenously; SPLs = spleens; TNCB = 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
to:
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig2v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Adoptive transfer of the CHS-effector cells. Abbreviations: ALNs =axillary and inguinal lymph nodes; CHS = contact hypersensitivity reaction; i.v. = intravenously; SPLs = spleens; TNCB = 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig2v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/64329">Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis</a>. The Protocol&#160;and Representative Results sections were updated.

Erratum: Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common skin inflammatory disease in industrialized countries caused by a type IV hypersensitivity reaction resulting from exposure to low molecular weight chemicals called haptens. The substances causing contact sensitization in humans include heavy metal ions (chromium, nickel, iron, cobalt), turpentine, fragrances, dyes, and preservatives present in cosmetics (e.g., p-phenylenediamine), some drugs (e.g., neomycin, benzocaine), &#946;-lactam antibiotics (i.e., penicillin), chemicals produced by plants (pentadecacatechol, a substance present in poison ivy), as well as hydroquinone-used in the photographic industry1,2. ACD etiological agents are very high as over 100,000 chemicals are used in industry alone, and 2,000 new ones are synthesized each year. To date, more than 3,700 molecules have been identified that may be contact haptens/allergens3. The contact hypersensitivity reaction (CHS) is an experimental model of ACD that can be studied in mice, guinea pigs, and rats and can be induced by the topical skin application of reactive chemical haptens dissolved in organic solvents4,5,6. This study aims to describe an objective laboratory method that may help to study the CHS reaction in mice, which can be measured and quantified by various tests.
The CHS consists of sensitization (induction) and effector (challenge) phases. In animal models, haptens first bind covalently to proteins in the body to create neoantigens. During the sensitization phase, activated keratinocytes promote the migration and maturation of skin dendritic cells (sDCs) by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines-tumor necrosis factor &#945; (TNF-&#945;) and interleukin 1&#946; (IL-1&#946;)7. Epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) present antigens during the CHS induction and effector phases8. LCs exposed to hapten during sensitization promote the induction of both regulatory and effector cells9. Increasing evidence from several studies suggests that CHS responses can be mediated by either CD4+ MHC class II-restricted Th1 cells, locally releasing interferon-&#947; (IFN-&#947;) to employ a characteristic inflammatory infiltrate, CD8+ MHC class I-restricted Tc1 lymphocytes that can also release IFN-&#947; but mostly mediate cytotoxic damage to keratinocytes, and now also interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing Th17 cells10,11.
Several different CHS models employing various species12,13,14 and haptens have been developed (a detailed comparison of different haptens, solvents, and time of application is summarized in Table 1). The mouse, a frequently used laboratory species, offers a few advantages in studying CHS. There are more strains, knockouts (KO), and transgenic animals among mice compared to other species, which makes them a very attractive animal15. In addition, the CHS model requires many animals, and mice are more economical here. Animal models do not mimic ACD in all aspects; in particular, they show crusting and desquamation, which is not common for humans16,17. The features of chronic disease are challenging to reproduce, mainly because the described model does not assume the application of the hapten for a long period of time. However, it has been confirmed here that many of the significant aspects of ACD are reproduced. It has also been shown that, as in humans, these features are associated with local allergic reactions. The choice of hapten, its solvent, and its application outlined in this protocol were dictated by the fact that the results have been confirmed by numerous in vitro tests and that it was tested and modified in the laboratory for many years until the current version was established. Murine models allow for the analysis of the cell subsets or cytokines that are involved in the development of ACD and are essential for preclinical assessments of new treatments.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>65350-M</td>
			<td>for surface disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well flat-bottom plates, polypropylene</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Kremsmunster, Austria</td>
			<td>655101</td>
			<td>for MPO and Evans blue measurement - plates should be made of polypropylene, that has a lower binding capacity so proteins or DNA will not bind</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone (ACS reagent, &#8805;99.5%)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>179124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum foil</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>Z185140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analytical balance</td>
			<td>Sartorius Weighing Technology GmbH, Goettingen, Germany</td>
			<td>PRACTUM224-1s, 29105177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated tissue processor</td>
			<td>MediMeas Instruments, Sarsehri, Haryana, India</td>
			<td>MTP-E-212</td>
			<td>automatically prepare tissue samples by fixing, dehydrating, clearing, and infiltrating them with paraffin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Vacutainer SST II Advance (tube with gel for obtaining serum)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson (BD), Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>BD 366882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bicinchoninic acid kit for protein determination</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>BCA1-1KT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin Rat Anti-Mouse IgG1</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson (BD Biosciences), Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>553441</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA (bovine serum albumine)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>A9418</td>
			<td>protein assays &#38; analysis, 2 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer, pore size 70 &#956;m</td>
			<td>BIOLOGIX, China</td>
			<td>15-1070</td>
			<td>suitable for 50 mL tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslip</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States</td>
			<td>631-1583</td>
			<td>24 mm, but it possible to use different size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable pipettes capacity: 5 mL, 10 mL, 25 mL</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>Z740301, Z740302, Z740303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS (Dulbecco&#8242;s phosphate buffered saline)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific,&#160; Waltham, Massachusetts, USA</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
			<td>no calcium, no magnesium, mammalian cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPX Mountant for histology</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>6522</td>
			<td>mounting media for H-E, might be used some other e.g, Canada balsam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont 5 tweezers - straight</td>
			<td>Animalab, Poznan, Poland</td>
			<td>11251-10FST</td>
			<td>surgical instruments for procedures on mice (should be steriled)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont 7 tweezers - bent</td>
			<td>Animalab, Poznan, Poland</td>
			<td>11272-50FST</td>
			<td>surgical instruments for procedures on mice (should be steriled)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin Y solution, alcoholic</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>HT110116</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Safe-Lock Tubes 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>Eppenforf, Germany</td>
			<td>3,01,20,086</td>
			<td>polypropylene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Safe-Lock Tubes, 2.0 mL</td>
			<td>Eppenforf, Germany</td>
			<td>3,01,20,094</td>
			<td>polypropylene, round bottom (the homogenization beads can easily move)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 100% (absolute alkohol)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1.07017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 96%</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1.59010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Evans blue</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>E2129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS (fetal bovine serum)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA</td>
			<td>A3160802</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formalin solution, neutral buffered, 10%</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>HT501128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide 99.5% (GC)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>F7503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer -20 &#176;C</td>
			<td>Bosch, Germany</td>
			<td>GSN54AW30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fridge +4 &#176;C / freezer -20 &#176;C</td>
			<td>Bosch, Germany</td>
			<td>KGV36V10</td>
			<td>mammalian Cell Culture, qualified, Brazil, 10 x 50 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass microskope slides, SuperFrost Plus</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States</td>
			<td>631-0108, 631-0446, 631-0447, 631-0448, 631-0449</td>
			<td>Slides that eliminates the need to apply adhesive materials or protein coatings, to preventing any tissue sections loss during staining.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graph Pad Prism</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software Inc.</td>
			<td>v. 9.4.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grey soap</td>
			<td>Pollena Ostrzesz&#243;w, Producent Chemii Gospodarczej Sp. Z.o.o. , Sp. K., Poland</td>
			<td>Bialy jelen soap bar</td>
			<td>grey Soap Bar Natural Hypoallergenic. Generally available product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) 1 mol/l (1 M)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1.60313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harris hematoxylin solution</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>HHS16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>VWR, Avantor, U.S.A</td>
			<td>612-5719</td>
			<td>manual counting chamber is recommend, which is more accurate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>H5882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homogenizer</td>
			<td>QIAGEN Hilden, Germany</td>
			<td>Tissue Lyser LT, SN 23.1001/05234</td>
			<td>homogenizer with stainless steel beads (diameter 5 mm) for 2 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horseradish peroxidase streptavidin (HRP streptavidin)</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA</td>
			<td>SA-5004-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide solution (H202)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>H1009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator Heracell 150i</td>
			<td>Thermo Electron LED Gmbh, Germany</td>
			<td>41071068</td>
			<td>37 oC in the atmosphere of 5 % CO2, and 65 0C for deparaffinization the sections for histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine 100 mg/mL, solution for injection</td>
			<td>Biowet Pulawy Sp. z o.o., Pulawy, Poland</td>
			<td>cat.# not avaliable</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4 (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) 99.995% anhydrous basis</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1.05108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Heraeus Megafuge 1.0R, Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>B00013899</td>
			<td>speed to 300 x g, with cooling to 4 0C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Heraeus Fresco 21, Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>75002425</td>
			<td>speed to 3,000 x g, with cooling to 4 0C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mask (FFP2)</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States</td>
			<td>111-0917</td>
			<td>for working with ortho-dianisine dihydrochloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mice</td>
			<td>Breeding unit of the Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland</td>
			<td>CBA/J, C57BL/6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micrometer</td>
			<td>Mitutoyo, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>193-111</td>
			<td>digit Outside Micrometer, Ratchet Stop, 0-25mm Range, 0.001mm Graduation, +/-0.002mm Accuracy, https://shop.mitutoyo.pl/web/mitutoyo/pl_PL/all/all/Mikrometr%20analogowy%20/PR/193-111/index.xhtml&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microplate, 96 well, microlon, high binding (for ELISA test)</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Kremsmunster, Austria</td>
			<td>655061</td>
			<td>with maxi-sorp binding surfaces for reliable and reproducible results in colormetric assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope with objectives</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems CMS GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td>DM1000, 294011-082007</td>
			<td>histology presented in the paper was performed under ThermoFisher Scientific EVOS M5000 Imaging System, with objectives: FL 20X LWDPH, 0.40NA/3.1WD and FL 40X LWDPH 0.65NA/1.79WD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myeloperoxidase from human leukocytes (MPO standard)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>M6908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4 x 7 H2O (sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>S9390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olive-oil</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>75343</td>
			<td>pure, natural</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OptEIA Mouse IFN-&#947; ELISA Set</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson (BD Biosciences), Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>555138</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ortho-dianisine dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>D3252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin wax</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>76242</td>
			<td>beads, waxy solid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (phosphate buffered saline)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific,&#160; Waltham, Massachusetts, USA</td>
			<td>20012027</td>
			<td>pH 7.2, mammalian cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ph meter</td>
			<td>Elmetron, Poland</td>
			<td>CP-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes, variable volume with tips</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>EP3123000900-1EA</td>
			<td>3-pack, Option 1, 0.5-10 uL/10-100 uL/100-1000 uL, includes epT.I.P.S.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States</td>
			<td>PERS94-0462</td>
			<td>scraper and cutter blades, single edge, aluminium spine, 100 blades per box, individually wrapped</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary microtome</td>
			<td>MRC Laboratory-Instruments, Essex, CM20 2HU UK</td>
			<td>HIS-202A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors - straight, sharp / sharp</td>
			<td>Animalab, Poznan, Poland</td>
			<td>14060-10FST</td>
			<td>Surgical instruments for procedures on mice (should be steriled)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screw cap (open top)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>27056</td>
			<td>black polypropylene hole cap, for use with 22&#160;mL vial with 20-400 thread</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>BioTek Instruments, U.S.A</td>
			<td>201446</td>
			<td>universal microplate spectrophotometer: &#955; range: 200 - 999 nm, absorbance measurement range: 0.000 - 4.000 Abs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining dish 20 slides with rack</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>S6141</td>
			<td>e.g. 20 slide staining dishes complete with covers, slide rack and handle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Disposable Biopsy Punch 6mm</td>
			<td>Integra LifeSciences, Princeton, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>33-36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical scissors</td>
			<td>Animalab, Poznan, Poland</td>
			<td>52138-46</td>
			<td>surgical instruments for procedures on mice (should be steriled)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue processing cassettes</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>Z672122</td>
			<td>tissue processing/ embedding cassettes with lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMB Substrate Reagent Set</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson (BD Biosciences), Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>555214</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TNCB (2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene)</td>
			<td>Tokyo Chemical Industry CO., LTD, Japan</td>
			<td>C0307</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TNP-BSA (bovine serum albumin conjugated with 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)</td>
			<td>Biosearch Technologies LGC, Petaluma, CA, USA</td>
			<td>T-5050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-PER (tissue protein extration reagent)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA</td>
			<td>78510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubes 15 mL sterile</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>CLS430055 (Corning)</td>
			<td>polypropylene, conical bottom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubes 50 mL, sterile</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>CLS430290 (Corning)</td>
			<td>polypropylene, conical bottom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>P1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vials, screw top, clear glass (vial only) 22 mL</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>27173</td>
			<td>for the preparation of hapten, screwed on so that it does not evaporate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>AJL Electronic, Poland</td>
			<td>LW102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wax (paraffin) dispenser</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States</td>
			<td>114-8737</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine (xylapan 20 mg/mL) solution for injection</td>
			<td>Vetoquinol Biowet Sp. z o.o., Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poland</td>
			<td>cat.# not avaliable</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene (histological grade)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>534056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

contact hypersensitivity as a murine model of allergic contact dermatitis

Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is an experimental model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) that can be studied in mice. This study aims to present an objective laboratory method that may help to study the CHS reaction in mice, which can be measured and quantified by various tests. To induce CHS, on day "0", mice were sensitized on a previously shaved spot by abdominal skin painting with the hapten 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) in an acetone-ethanol mixture, whereas negative control mice were sham sensitized with vehicle alone-acetone-ethanol mixture. On day "4", the baseline ear thickness was measured with a micrometer prior to the elicitation of CHS (challenge) by painting both ears with diluted TNCB both in the test and control groups. After 24 h, the ear swelling was measured with a micrometer. CHS is an example of a T cell-mediated immune response that causes swelling in inflamed tissue, peaking 24 h after the skin challenge with the same hapten. An increase in ear edema correlated with augmented ear weight, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine concentration in the ear extracts, increased thickening of the edematous dermis in the histological examination, and ear vascular permeability. There was also an increase in the concentration of TNP-specific IgG1 antibodies in the sera of the test group when compared with the control mice. Additionally, CHS can be successfully transferred with the CHS-effector cells obtained from donors previously sensitized with TNCB. The CHS-effector cells were administered intravenously into na&#239;ve recipient mice, which were subsequently challenged with the same diluted hapten. Ear swelling was measured with a micrometer 24 h later.

For CHS induction, the animals were sensitized via skin painting (abdominal) with 150 &#181;L of 5% TNCB or sham sensitized with the vehicle alone. On day &#34;4&#34;, the ear swelling responses of both ears were induced by contact painting (challenge) with 10 &#181;L of 0.4% TNCB in both mice previously contact sensitized with TNCB (test group) and the control group mice (sham sensitized). The presented data depict that the mice sensitized with TNCB and challenged 4 days later developed significantly increased ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis at JoVE.com

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a murine experimental model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). CHS is based on sensitization with reactive hapten by painting the shaved skin of the chest and abdomen, with a subsequent ear skin challenge with a diluted hapten, causing a swelling reaction that is assessed in various ways.

Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is an experimental model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) that can be studied in mice. This study aims to present an ...

An objective laboratory method presented here may help to study the contact hypersensitivity reaction in mice, which mimics allergic contact dermatitis in humans. The contact hypersensitivity reaction can be measured not only by ear edema, but also by various laboratory tests that allow for the study of cellular mechanisms involved in this reaction. The more in-contact hypersensitivity model can test various and environmental factors and new substances to show if tested factors modulate T-cell dependent immune responses, which can be used to implement new therapies.Begin by shaving the mouse skin with a razor blade and labeling the paw. Six hours before the induction of contact hypersensitivity, or CHS, apply gray soap with water and shave a two-centimeter-square area on the chest and abdomen of the mouse. On the same day, sensitize the mice by applying 150 microliters of freshly prepared 5%hapten on the previously shaved spot.In the control mouse, only apply the vehicle. Dry the hapten spot for 30 seconds before placing the animal back into the cage. On day four, measure the ear thickness of an anesthetized mouse using a micrometer at zero hour by an observer unaware of the experimental groups.Then, apply 10 microliters of freshly prepared 04%hapten on both sides of the ears in test and control groups and allow it to dry for 30 seconds. On day five, 24 hours after the previous 0.4%hapten application, repeat the measurement of the ear thickness for the 24-hour measurement. 24 hours after the ear thickness measurement, when the mouse is still in deep anesthesia, cut off the ears as close to the skull as possible using scissors.At the distal side of the ears, Make a six-millimeter diameter punch using a biopsy punch. Measure the weight of each ear biopsy on the analytical balance, and express it in milligrams. For the myeloperoxidase, or MPO, assay, put the ear biopsies in a two-milliliter microcentrifuge tube with stainless steel beads and add 500 microliters of the prepared buffer.Homogenize the biopsies for 10 minutes in a homogenizer and then cool down the sample for 15 minutes at 4 degrees Celsius before homogenizing it again for 10 minutes. Take out the beads once biopsies are homogenized. Freeze the homogenates at minus 20 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes.Thaw and vortex the samples, and repeat the homogenization and freezing procedure three times. Once done, centrifuge the homogenate at 3, 000 G for 30 minutes at 4 degrees Celsius. Harvest the supernatant with a pipette to measure the MPO activity, and express it in units per one-milligram protein.To perform a vascular permeability test, sensitize mice on day zero, and on day four, directly challenge by applying hapten on the ears using the previously mentioned procedure. 23 hours later, intravenously inject 8.3 microliters per gram body weight of 1%Evans blue dye in Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline, or DPBS, to the anesthetized mouse. After one hour, again anesthetize the mouse to collect the ear biopsies, as described earlier.To extract the dye from the tissue, incubate the biopsies in the tubes containing one milliliter of formamide at 37 degrees Celsius in an atmosphere of 5%carbon dioxide for 18 hours. After collecting ear biopsies, when the mouse is still under deep anesthesia, remove the eyeball with tweezers. Put gentle pressure on the mouse and collect blood from the retro-orbital sinus into the tube for serum collection.Invert the tube six times and wait 30 minutes for the blood to clot. Then, centrifuge the tube at 1, 300 to 2, 000 G for 10 minutes at room temperature. Sensitize the donor mice with TNCB hapten on day zero using the previously mentioned procedure On day four, after disinfecting the skin, isolate the axillary and inguinal lymph nodes, or ALNs, from the anesthetized mouse using forceps, followed by isolating the spleen.Mash the tissue between the frosted ends of two microscope slides and pass the cell suspension through a cell strainer with a pore size of 70 micrometers. Then, wash the cells with DPBS supplemented with 1%fetal bovine serum and centrifuge them at 300 G for 10 minutes at four degrees Celsius. Decant the supernatant and resuspend the remaining cell pellet in one to five milliliters of DPBS.Prepare a 1:1 mixture of ALNs and spleens to achieve a concentration up to 7.0 times 10 to the seventh cells in 200 microliters of DBPS before intravenously injecting the mixture of CHS-effector cells in an anesthetized mouse. Measure the ear thickness at zero hour and after 24 hours of the challenge. The data showed that mice sensitized to TNCB and challenged in the ears four days later developed significantly increased ear swelling, compared to sham-sensitized and then similarly challenged control mice.The increase in ear edema in the test group resulted in an increased ear weight, MPO activity, interferon gamma concentration in the ear extracts, edematous dermis changes in the histological examination, and ear vascular permeability The TNP-specific IgG1 antibodies were elevated in the sera of the test mice when compared with the control animals. The animals that received the CHS-effector cells from donors previously sensitized with TNCB showed significantly increased ear swelling, compared to animals that have not received the cells. The most critical moment is to trigger contact hypersensitivity.Hapten solution is very volatile and light-sensitive, so it must be quickly applied to the skin of the animals. Additional tests can be performed on the isolated effector cells. For example, cell cultures can be established to assess the ability to proliferate in the presence of antigens.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Tissue transglutaminase 2 (tTG2) is an intestinal digestive enzyme which deamidates already partially digested dietary gluten e.g. gliadin peptides. In ...

Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the ...

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity reactions against non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like propyphenazone (PP) and diclofenac (DF) can manifest as Type I-like ...

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the limiting barrier to the broad use of bone marrow transplant as a curative therapy for a variety of hematological ...

Measurement of Tactile Allodynia in a Murine Model of Bacterial Prostatitis

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are pathogens that play an important role in urinary tract infections and bacterial prostatitis1. We have recently ...

Organoids as Model for Infectious Diseases: Culture of Human and Murine Stomach Organoids and Microinjection of Helicobacter Pylori

Recently infection biologists have employed stem cell derived cultures to answer the need for new and better models to study host-pathogen interactions. ...

Zebrafish as a Model to Assess the Teratogenic Potential of Nitrite

High nitrate levels in the environment may&#160;result in congenital defects or miscarriages in humans. Presumably, this is due to the conversion of ...

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), is a Gram-positive, asymptomatic colonizer of the human gastrointestinal tract and vaginal tract of ...

Effects of Exposure of Formaldehyde to a Rat Model of Atopic Dermatitis Induced by Neonatal Capsaicin Treatment

Atopic dermatitis is chronically relapsing pruritic eczema and prevails around the world especially in developed countries. Complex interactions between ...

In Vivo Imaging of Reactive Oxygen Species in a Murine Wound Model

In Vivo Imaging of Reactive Oxygen Species in a Murine Wound Model

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a hallmark of inflammatory processes, but in excess, oxidative stress is widely implicated in various ...