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Immunology and Infection

Swab Sampling metode til påvisning af menneskelige Norovirus på overflader

Published: February 6th, 2017

DOI:

10.3791/55205

1Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

A macrofoam based sampling methodology was developed and evaluated for the detection and quantification of norovirus on environmental hard surfaces.

Menneskelige norovira er en førende årsag til epidemien og sporadisk gastroenteritis verdensplan. Fordi de fleste infektioner enten spredes direkte via den person-til-person rute eller indirekte via miljøet overflader eller mad, forurenede fomites og døde overflader er vigtige køretøjer til spredning af virus under norovirus udbrud.

Vi udviklede og evaluerede en protokol ved hjælp makroskum svaberprøver til påvisning og typning af menneskelige norovira fra hårde overflader. Sammenlignet med fiber-tippes podninger eller antistatiske klude, makroskum svaberprøver tillader virus recovery (interval 1,2-33,6%) fra toilet sæde overflader på op til 700 cm2. Protokollen omfatter trin til udvinding af virus fra podninger og yderligere koncentrering af det virale RNA ved anvendelse af spin-søjler. I alt 127 (58,5%) af 217 podninger prøver, der var blevet indsamlet fra overflader i krydstogtskibe og langtidspleje faciliteter, hvor norovirus gastroenteritis havde væretrapporteret testet positiv for GII norovirus ved RT-qPCR. Af disse 29 (22,8%) kunne med held genotype. Konklusionen er, påvisning af norovirus på miljømæssige overflader ved hjælp af den protokol, vi udviklede, kan hjælpe med at bestemme niveauet af miljøforurening under udbrud samt påvisning af virus, når kliniske prøver ikke er tilgængelige; Det kan også lette overvågningen af ​​effektiviteten af ​​oprydningsstrategierne.

Menneskelige norovira er en førende årsag til epidemien og sporadisk akut gastroenteritis verdensplan 1, 2, 3. Den virus er ekstremt smitsom og transmission sker gennem direkte person til person interaktion eller indirekte via kontakt med forurenet mad, vand eller miljømæssige overflader. Norovira kan kaste i længere perioder og langvarig overlevelse af virus på miljø overflader er dokumenteret 1, 2, 3. Under spidsbelastning udgydelse, milliarder af viruspartikler frigøres per....

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1. Swab Prøveudtagning i Field

  1. Bær en ren par handsker.
  2. Måle størrelsen af ​​prøveudtagningsarealet uden at røre overfladen med et målebånd eller en lineal. Prøv at estimere området så præcist som muligt og udfylde en formular (Supplerende tabel 1).
  3. Tjek podepinden kit til mulige lækager og label prøve transport tasker og podninger kits.
  4. Flyt podepinden tværs prøveudtagningsarealet som følger: en slagtilfælde i vandret retning, et slag i lod.......

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Figur 1 viser et flowchart af protokollen vatpind prøvetagning. Denne protokol består af fire hovedtrin; 1) prøvetagning, 2) Opbevaring og transport, 3) viral RNA oprensning og koncentration og 4) RT-qPCR assay og genotypebestemmelse.

figur 1
Figur 1: Flowdiagram af den endelige protokol for overflade prøvetagning af norovirus miljømæ.......

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Norovira har en menneskelig infektiøs dosis 50% mellem 18 og 10 3 viruspartikler 20. Derfor kan endda forurening af overflader på lavt niveau udgør en risiko for folkesundheden. Flere aspekter af protokollen svaber prøvetagning blev evalueret, herunder: 1) forskellige podninger materialer, 2) opbevaring tilstand svaberprøver under transport, 3) viral RNA-koncentrationen, og 4) colifag MS2 som intern udvinding kontrol.

Indtil for nylig havde kun udføre.......

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The authors have no acknowledgements.

....

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NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
Generic name for kits
Macrofoam swabPremoistened EnviroMax Swab kit Puritan2588060PFUW
 RNA Lysis buffer CDC UNEX bufferMicrobiologicsCat No MR0501
RNA extraction spin columnMidi columnOmega BiotekCat No R6664-02
RNA purification spin columnZymol RNA Clean and Concentrator kit Zymo ResearchCat No R1016
Real time RT-PCR kitAgPath kit One-Step RT-PCR KitLife TechnologiesCat No 4387391
Conventional RT-PCR kitQiagen one step RT-PCR kitQiagen kitCat No 210212
Gel extraction kitQiagen QIAquick gel extraction kitQiagen kitCat No 28704 or 28706
Coliphage MS2ATCCCat No 15597-B1
RNA run-off transcriptsBacteriophage MS2 (ATCC No. 15597-B1) can be cultivated using Escherichia coli (E.coli) Famp (ATCC No. 700891). 
Realtime PCR platformApplied BiosystemsModel ABI 7500GI and GII RNA run off transcripts were quantified spectrophotometrically at A260, diluted in diethyl pyrocarbonate-treated water to 1 × 106 copies/ μl, and stored at −80°C with 1.0 U /μl RNasin (Promega, Madison, WI). 
Optical 96-well reaction plateThermo ScientificCat No 4316813
MicroAmp Clear Adhesive Film Thermo ScientificCat No 4306311

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