Identification of EGFR and RAS Inhibitors using Caenorhabditis elegans

Summary

The genetically tractable nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can be used as a simple and inexpensive model for drug discovery. Described here is a protocol to identify anticancer therapeutics that inhibit the downstream signaling of RAS and EGFR proteins.

Abstract

The changes in the plasma membrane localization of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream effector RAS have been implicated in several diseases including cancer. The free-living nematode C. elegans possesses an evolutionary and functionally conserved EGFR-RAS-ERK MAP signal cascade which is central for the development of the vulva. Gain of function mutations in RAS homolog LET-60 and EGFR homolog LET-23 induce the generation of visible nonfunctional ectopic pseudovulva along the ventral body wall of these worms. Previously, the multivulval (Muv) phenotype in these worms has been shown to be inhibited by small chemical molecules. Here we describe a protocol for using the worm in a liquid-based assay to identify inhibitors that abolish the activities of EGFR and RAS proteins. Using this assay, we show R-fendiline, an indirect inhibitor of K-RAS, suppresses the Muv phenotype expressed in the let-60(n1046) and let-23(sa62) mutant worms. The assay is simple, inexpensive, is not time consuming to setup, and can be used as an initial platform for the discovery of anticancer therapeutics.

Introduction

The cellular pathways that regulate developmental events within organisms are highly conserved among all metazoans. One such pathway is the EGFR-RAS-ERK mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade which is a critical pathway that governs cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival^1,2. Defects in this signaling pathway can lead to pathological or disease states such as cancer. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has shown to be highly expressed in human tumors, including 50% of oral squamous cell carcinomas, and contributes to the development of malignant tumors

Protocol

1. Nematode growth medium (NGM) plate preparation

1. Add 2.5 g of peptone and 3 g of NaCl to 970 mL of deionized water contained in a 2 L Erlenmeyer flask. Stir contents using a magnetic stir bar. Thereafter, add 20 g of agar to the flask. Autoclave the contents of the flask at 121 °C and a pressure of 15 lb/in² for 30 min. After sterilization, place the flask on a stir plate and allow the medium to cool until the temperature reaches 50 °C.
2. To prepare the NGM plates add the following reagents to the cooled medium: 25 mL of 1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH = 6.0), 1 mL of 1 M MgSO₄, 1 mL of 1 M CaCl₂, 1 mL....

Results

We first demonstrate that R-fendiline is able to suppress the Muv phenotype in the let-60(n1046) mutant strain compared to the DMSO treated worms. Our data shows that R-fendiline is able to block the Muv phenotype in the let-60(n1046) in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 2A,B). However, non-reversal of the Muv phenotype was observed in the lin-1 null mutant strain in response to increasing concentrations of R-fendiline (Figure 2B.......

Discussion

The assays we describe using the worm are simple and inexpensive to identify inhibitors of EGFR and RAS function. C. elegans is an attractive model for drug discovery because it is easy to grow in the lab due to the short life cycle (3 days at 20 °C) and the ability to generate large numbers of larvae. More importantly, the EGFR-RAS-ERK MAPK pathway is evolutionarily and functionally conserved with mammals providing a genetically tractable system to analyze the effects of EGFR and RAS inhibitors. Further, t.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Media and chemicals
Agarose	Millipore Sigma	A9539-50G
Bacto Peptone	Fisher Scientific	DF0118-17-0
BD Difco Agar	Fisher Scientific	DF0145-17-0
BD Difco LB Broth	Fisher Scientific	DF0446-17-3
Calcium Chloride	Fisher Scientific	BP510-500
Cholesterol	Fisher Scientific	ICN10138201
Magnesium Sulfate	Fisher Scientific	BP213-1
Nystatin	Acros organics	AC455500050
Potassium Phosphate Dibasic	Fisher Scientific	BP363-500
Potassium pPhosphate Monobasic	Fisher Scientific	BP362-500
R-Fendiline			Commercially Synthesized (Pharmaceutical grade)
Sodium Azide	Millipore Sigma	S2002-25G
Sodium chloride	Fisher Scientific	BP358-1
Sodium Hydroxide	Fisher Scientific	SS266-1
8.25% Sodium Hypochlorite			Bleach
Sodium Phosphate Dibasic	Fisher Scientific	BP332-500
Streptomycin Sulfate	Fisher Scientific	BP910-50
(−)-Tetramisole Hydrochloride	Millipore Sigma	L9756
UO126 (MEK inhibitor)	Millipore Sigma	19-147
Consumables
15mL Conical Sterile Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes	Fisher Scientific	12-565-269
50mL Conical Sterile Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes	Fisher Scientific	12-565-271
Disposable Polystyrene Serological Pipettes 10mL	Fisher Scientific	07-200-574
Disposable Polystyrene Serological Pipettes 25mL	Fisher Scientific	07-200-575
No. 1.5  18 mm X 18 mm Cover Slips	Fisher Scientific	12-541A
Petri Dish with Clear Lid (60 x 15 mm)	Fisher Scientific	FB0875713A
Petri Dishes with Clear Lid (100X15mm)	Fisher Scientific	FB0875712
Plain Glass Microscope Slides (75 x 25 mm)	Fisher Scientific	12-544-4
12- Well Tissue Culture Plates	Fisher Scientific	50-197-4804
Software
Prism	Graphpad
Bacterial Strains
E. coli OP50
Worm Strains
Strain	Genotype	Transgene	Source
MT2124	let-60(n1046) IV.		CGC
MT7567	lin-1(sy254) IV.		CGC
PS1839	let-23(sa62) II.		CGC