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Here we describe a method to visualize synaptogenesis of granule neurons in the mouse cerebellum over the time course of postnatal brain development when these cells refine their synaptic structures and form synapses to integrate themselves into the overall brain circuit.
Neurons undergo dynamic changes in their structure and function during brain development to form appropriate connections with other cells. The rodent cerebellum is an ideal system to track the development and morphogenesis of a single cell type, the cerebellar granule neuron (CGN), across time. Here, in vivo electroporation of granule neuron progenitors in the developing mouse cerebellum was employed to sparsely label cells for subsequent morphological analyses. The efficacy of this technique is demonstrated in its ability to showcase key developmental stages of CGN maturation, with a specific focus on the formation of dendritic claws, which are specialized structures where these cells receive the majority of their synaptic inputs. In addition to providing snapshots of CGN synaptic structures throughout cerebellar development, this technique can be adapted to genetically manipulate granule neurons in a cell-autonomous manner to study the role of any gene of interest and its effect on CGN morphology, claw development, and synaptogenesis.
Brain development is a prolonged process that extends from embryogenesis into postnatal life. During this time, the brain integrates a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli that sculpt the wiring of synapses between dendrites and axons to ultimately guide behavior. The rodent cerebellum is an ideal model system to study how synapses develop because the development of a single neuron type, the cerebellar granule neuron (CGN), can be tracked as it transitions from a progenitor cell to a mature neuron. This is due, in part, to the fact that a majority of the cerebellar cortex develops postnatally, which allows for easy genetic manipulation and cell labeling afte....
NOTE: All procedures were performed under protocols approved by Duke University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
1. DNA preparation for in vivo electroporation or IVE (1 day before surgery)
Figure 4: Analysis of granule neuron morphology during cerebellar development. (A) Maximum projection images of electroporated CGNs from 3-DPI to 14-DPI (postnatal age P10 to P21), nuclei (blue) and GFP (green); arrowheads indicate individual dendrite, and scale bar is 10 µm. (B) Average number of dendrites. (C) Average dendrite le.......
Cerebellar granule neurons are the most abundant neurons in the mammalian brain, making up almost 60-70% of the total neuron population in the rodent brain1,14. The cerebellum has been extensively utilized to elucidate mechanisms of cellular proliferation, migration, dendrite formation, and synapse development6,9,10,11,
The work was supported by NIH grants R01NS098804 (A.E.W.), F31NS113394 (U.C.), and Duke University's Summer Neuroscience Program (D.G.).
....Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Betadine | Purdue Production | 67618-150-17 | |
Cemented 10 µL needle | Hamilton | 1701SN (80008) | 33 gauge, 1.27 cm (0.5 in), 4 point style |
Chicken anti-GFP | Millipore Sigma | AB16901 | Our lab uses this antibody at a 1:1000 concentration |
Cotton-tip applicator | |||
Donkey anti-chicken Cy2 | Jackson ImmunoResearch | 703-225-155 | Our lab uses this antibody at a 1:500 concentration |
Ethanol (200 proof) | Koptec | V1016 | |
Electroporator ECM 830 | BTX Harvard Apparatus | 45-0052 | |
Fast Green FCF | Sigma | F7252-5G | |
FUGW plasmid | Addgene | 14883 | |
Glass slides | VWR | 48311-703 | Superfrost plus |
Glycerol | Sigma-Aldrich | G5516 | |
Heating pad | Softheat | ||
Hoescht 33342 fluorescent dye | Invitrogen | 62249 | |
Imaris | Bitplane | ||
Isoflurane | Patterson Veterinary | 07-893-1389 | |
Micro cover glass | VWR | 48382-138 | |
Nail polish | Sally Hansen | Color 109 | |
Normal goat serum | Gibco | 16210064 | |
O.C.T. embedding compound | Tissue-Tek | 4583 | |
Olympus MVX10 Dissecting Scope | Olympus | MVX10 | |
P200 pipette reach tip | Fisherbrand | 02-707-138 | Used for needle spacer |
Parafilm | Bemis | PM-996 | |
PBS pH 7.4 (10x) | Gibco | 70011-044 | |
Simple Neurite Tracer | FIJI | https://imagej.net/Simple_Neurite_Tracer:_Basic_ Instructions | |
Sucrose | Sigma | S0389 | |
Surgical tools | RWD Life Science | Small scissors and tweezers | |
Triton X-100 | Roche | 11332481001 | non-ionic detergent |
Tweezertrodes | BTX Harvard Apparatus | 45-0489 | 5 mm, platinum plated tweezer-type electrodes |
Ultrapure distilled water | Invitrogen | 10977-015 | |
Vectashield mounting media | Vectashield | H1000 | |
Vetbond tissue adhesive | 3M | 1469SB | |
Zeiss 780 Upright Confocal | Zeiss | 780 |
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