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This protocol utilizes agarose swelling as a powerful and generalizable technique for incorporating integral membrane proteins (IMPs) into giant unilamellar lipid vesicles (GUVs), as described here for the reconstitution of the human 1A serotonin receptor protein (5-HT1AR), one of the classes of pharmacologically important G protein-coupled receptors.
Robust in vitro investigations of the structure and function of integral membrane proteins has been a challenge due to the complexities of the plasma membrane and the numerous factors that influence protein behavior in live cells. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are a biomimetic and highly tunable in vitro model system for investigating protein-membrane interactions and probing protein behavior in a precise, stimulus-dependent manner. In this protocol, we present an inexpensive and effective method for fabricating GUVs with the human serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) stably integrated in the membrane. We fabricate GUVs using a modified hydrogel swelling method; by depositing a lipid film on top of a mixture of agarose and 5-HT1AR and then hydrating the entire system, vesicles can be formed with properly oriented and functional 5-HT1AR incorporated into the membrane. These GUVs can then be used to examine protein-membrane interactions and localization behavior via microscopy. Ultimately, this protocol can advance our understanding of the functionality of integral membrane proteins, providing profound physiological insight.
Synthetic model membranes are powerful tools in the investigation of the fundamental properties and functions of biomembranes. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are one of the most prominent platforms to study a variety of plasma membrane properties and can be engineered to mimic different physiological conditions1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. It is well established that the plasma membrane and its organization play a....
1. Protein labeling
The concentration of protein was measured, and the degree of labeling was calculated as the molar ratio between the dye and the protein to be 1:1. By examining the GUVs using confocal microscopy, we were able to confirm successful formation and protein integration of the vesicles. The lipids were labeled with 0.4 mol% ATTO 488-DPPE, and the protein was covalently labeled via rhodamine NHS-ester modification of primary amines. Figure 2a and Figure 2b show a prote.......
We have identified two steps that are critical to the success of the overall protocol:  plasma treatment and lipid deposition. Plasma cleaning of the coverslips is essential in ensuring that there is adequate coverage and adhesion of the agarose hydrogel to the glass coverslip. Plasma cleaning accomplishes two things: first, it removes traces of organic matter from the glass surface; second, it activates the coverslip surface, allowing for an increase in wettability as the glass surface hydrophili.......
We thank Matthew Blosser for valuable discussion and advice. This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research (N00014-16-1-2382) and the National Science Foundation (PHY-1915017).
....Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) | Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL | 850375C-25mg | |
 TI-Eclipse inverted microscope | Nikon, Melville, NY | Eclipse Ti | |
1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) | Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL | 850355C-25mg | |
13/16″ ID, 1″ OD silicon O-rings | Sterling Seal & Supply, Neptune, IN | 5-003-8770 | |
16-bit Cascade II 512 electron-multiplied charge coupled device camera | Photometrics, Huntington Beach, CA | Â Cascade II 512 | |
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) | Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL | 850457C-25mg | |
50 mW solid-state lasers at 488 nm and emission filter centered at 525 nm, and 561 nm with emission filter centered at 595 nm | Coherent, Santa Clara, CA | 488/561-50-LS | |
5-HT1AR membrane fragments | Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA | RBHS1AM400UA | |
ATTO-488-1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE) | ATTO-TEC, Siegen, Germany | AD 488-155 | |
Bench top plasma cleaner | Harrick Plasma, Ithaca, NY | PDC-32G | |
bovine serum albumin (BSA) | Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO | A9418 | |
chloroform (CHCl3) | Millipore Sigma, Burlington, MA | CX1055 | |
Cholesterol (Chol) | Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO | C8667-5G | |
Corning 96-well Flat Clear Bottom | Corning, Corning, NY | 3904 | |
Elmasonic E-Series E15H Ultrasonic | Elma, Singen, Germany | [no longer sold on main website] | |
glucose | Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO | G7528 | |
methanol (MeOH) | Millipore Sigma, Burlington, MA | MX0485 | |
NanoDrop ND-1000 | Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA | ND-1000 | |
NHS-Rhodamine | Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA | 46406 | |
phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (10x PBS) | Corning, Corning, NY | 21-040 | |
spinning-disc CSUX confocal head | Yokogawa,Tokyo, Japan | CSU-X1 | |
standard 25 mm no. 1 glass coverslips | ChemGlass, Vineland, NJ | CLS-1760 | |
sucrose | Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO | S7903 | |
Sykes-Moore chambers | Bellco, Vineland, NJ | 1943-11111 | |
Ultra-low melting temperature agarose | Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO | A5030 | |
VWR Analog Heatblock | VWR International, Radnor, PA | [no longer sold on main website] | |
VWR Tube Rotator | VWR International, Radnor, PA | 10136-084 | |
Zeba Spin Desalting Columns, 7K MWCO, 0.5 mL | Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA | 89882 |
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