Reverse Genetic Approach to Identify Regulators of Pigmentation using Zebrafish

Summary

Regulators of melanocyte functions govern visible differences in the pigmentation outcome. Deciphering the molecular function of the candidate pigmentation gene poses a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate the use of a zebrafish model system to identify candidates and classify them into regulators of melanin content and melanocyte number.

Abstract

Melanocytes are specialized neural crest-derived cells present in the epidermal skin. These cells synthesize melanin pigment that protects the genome from harmful ultraviolet radiations. Perturbations in melanocyte functioning lead to pigmentary disorders such as piebaldism, albinism, vitiligo, melasma, and melanoma. Zebrafish is an excellent model system to understand melanocyte functions. The presence of conspicuous pigmented melanocytes, ease of genetic manipulation, and availability of transgenic fluorescent lines facilitate the study of pigmentation. This study employs the use of wild-type and transgenic zebrafish lines that drive green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression under mitfa and tyrp1 promoters that mark various stages of melanocytes.

Morpholino-based silencing of candidate genes is achieved to evaluate the phenotypic outcome on larval pigmentation and is applicable to screen for regulators of pigmentation. This protocol demonstrates the method from microinjection to imaging and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based dissection of phenotypes using two candidate genes, carbonic anhydrase 14 (Ca14) and a histone variant (H2afv), to comprehensively assess the pigmentation outcome. Further, this protocol demonstrates segregating candidate genes into melanocyte specifiers and differentiators that selectively alter melanocyte numbers and melanin content per cell, respectively.

Introduction

While the use of melanin for photoprotection has evolved several times across the animal kingdom, vertebrates have seemingly perfected the process. Dedicated pigment-producing cells with an elaborate machinery to synthesize and contain melanin are conserved from fish to humans¹. However, the outcome of pigmentation is dramatically varied, ranging in the color to recipience and presents as vivid patterns on integuments, the skin, and hair². Despite the diversity, the repertoire of genes involved in pigmentation response is strikingly conserved. The core components of the melanin-synthesizing machinery, such as the key mel....

Protocol

Zebrafish experiments were performed in strict accordance with the institutional animal ethics approval (IAEC) of the CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), India (Proposal No 45a). All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering.

1. Injecting morpholino into zebrafish embryos

1. Using a standard needle puller, draw very sharp and closed-tipped pipets.
2. Load the solution containing morpholino into the micropipettes using a microloader tip and insert it into the microinjector apparatus. Tighten the screw properly to lock the micropipette.
   NOTE: Dosage standardization of morphol....

Results

The workflow described in Figure 1 was used to perform morpholino-based genetic perturbation at the zebrafish one-cell stage. Pigmentation analysis was performed using various methods, as mentioned below. To illustrate the representative results, standardized volumes of antisense morpholino targeting h2afv and ca14 genes were injected in the yolk or one-cell stage of the zebrafish embryo. The initial phenotyping based on brightfield imaging was performed at 48 hours post fe.......

Discussion

Pigmentation phenotype is often manifested as alterations in the content of melanin or the number of pigment-bearing melanocytes. The method described herein allows the dissection of this dichotomy and permits qualitative as well as quantitative assessment of melanin content and the number of melanophores per embryo, irrespective of the melanin content. The high fecundity of zebrafish, visible nature of pigmented melanocytes, and lack of melanosome transfer enable the dissection of melanocyte biology using this reverse g.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1.5 mL Microtubes	Axygen	MCT-150-A	For preparing MO solution
2 mL Microtubes	Axygen	MCT-200-C	For washing steps in FACS protocol
Agarose	Sigma-Aldrich	A-9539-500G	For microinjection
BD FACSAria II	BD Biosciences	NA	For cell sorting
Capillary tube	Drummond	1-000-0010
Corning cell strainer	Corning	CLS431751	For making single cell suspension
DMEM High Glucose Media	Sigma-Aldrich	D5648	FACS protocol
Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate (Tricaine)	Sigma-Aldrich	E10521-50G	to immobilize ZF for imaging
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (EDTA)	Sigma-Aldrich	E5134	For cold lysis buffer
FACS tubes	BD-Biosciences	342065	FACS protocol
Fetal bovine serum (FBS)	Invitrogen	10270	FACS protocol
Graphpad prism Software	Graphstats Technologies	NA	For data representation
ImageJ Software	National Institute of health	NA	For image analysis
Insulin Syringes (1 mL)	DispoVan	NA	For manual dechorionation
Melanin, Synthetic	Sigma-Aldrich	M8631	For melanin content assay
Methylcellulose	Sigma-Aldrich	M7027-250G	to immobilize ZF for imaging
Microloader tips	Eppendorf	5242956003	For microinjection
Morpholino	Gene-tools	NA	For knock-down experiments
N-Phenylthiourea (PTU)	Sigma-Aldrich	P7629	to inhibit melanin formation
Needle puller	Sutter Instrument	P-97	For microinjection
Nunc 15 mL Conical Sterile Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes	Thermo Fisher Scientific	339650	FACS protocol
Petridish (60 mm)	Tarsons	460090	For embryo plates
Phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride	Sigma-Aldrich	10837091001	For cold lysis buffer
Phosphate buffer saline (PBS)	HiMedia	TL1099-500mL	For washing cells
Pronase	Sigma-Aldrich	53702	For dechorionation
Protease inhibitor cocktail	Sigma-Aldrich	P8340	For cold lysis buffer
Sheath fluid	BD FACSFlowTM	342003	FACS protocol
Sodium phosphate	Merck	7558-79-4	Cold lysis buffer
Triton X-100	Sigma-Aldrich	T9284-500ML	For cold lysis buffer
TrypLE	Gibco	1677119	For trypsinization