3D Imaging of the Liver Extracellular Matrix in a Mouse Model of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

Summary

The present protocol optimizes the liver in situ perfusion/decellularization and two-photon microscopy methods to establish a reliable platform to visualize the dynamics of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling during non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

Abstract

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most common chronic liver disease in the United States, affecting more than 70 million Americans. NASH can progress to fibrosis and eventually to cirrhosis, a significant risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support and maintains liver homeostasis via matricellular signals. Liver fibrosis results from an imbalance in the dynamic ECM remodeling process and is characterized by excessive accumulation of structural elements and associated changes in glycosaminoglycans. The typical fibrosis pattern of NASH is called "chicken wire," which usually consists of zone 3 perisinusoidal/pericellular fibrosis, based on features observed by Masson's trichrome stain and Picrosirius Red stains. However, these traditional thin two-dimensional (2D) tissue slide-based imaging techniques cannot demonstrate the detailed three-dimensional (3D) ECM structural changes, limiting the understanding of the dynamic ECM remodeling in liver fibrosis.

The current work optimized a fast and efficient protocol to image the native ECM structure in the liver via decellularization to address the above challenges. Mice were fed either with chow or fast-food diet for 14 weeks. Decellularization was performed after in situ portal vein perfusion, and the two-photon microscopy techniques were applied to image and analyze changes in the native ECM. The 3D images of the normal and NASH livers were reconstituted and analyzed. Performing in situ perfusion decellularization and analyzing the scaffold by two-photon microscopy provided a practical and reliable platform to visualize the dynamic ECM remodeling in the liver.

Introduction

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, affecting 20%-25% of the adult population. 25% of NAFLD patients progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), where the risk of cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma increases¹. In the next 20 years, it is estimated that NASH will account for 2 million liver-related deaths in U.S². As there are no approved treatments, there is an urgent need to decipher the mechanisms that cause liver fibrosis in NASH patients and develop targeted treatment³.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) ....

Protocol

Animal experiments are performed according to the experimental procedures approved by the institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) of Stanford University and the Veterans Affairs Hospital in Palo Alto. 6-8 week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed either chow or a fast-food diet supplemented with 4.2% high-fructose corn syrup (see Table of Materials) in drinking water for 14 weeks⁵. The mice were kept in standard cages at a 12 h dark/light cycle.

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Discussion

The present protocol shows that decellularization through a low flow rate DOC in situ perfusion preserves the frangible triple-helical and native fibrillar collagen structures, providing a reliable and cost-effective platform to capture dynamic ECM remodeling in NASH liver fibrosis. Although decellularization was performed in normal and fibrotic livers before identifying ECM components or generating biological scaffolds for cell culture, the dynamics of ECM remodeling in liver fibrosis have not been well studied.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
4-0 MONOCRYL UNDYED 1 x 18" P-3	MONOCRYL	Y494G
4-0 suture	fisher scientific	10-000-649	https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/monomid-nylon-non-absorbable-sutures-7/10000649?keyword=true
AnaSed Injection (xylazine)	AnaSed	NDC 59399-110-20	this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.
BD INSYTE AUTOGUARD I.V. CATHETER WITH BC TECHNOLOGY	BD	382612
Chow diet	Envigo	# 2918	Control diet. A fixed formula, non-autoclavable diet manufactured with high quality ingredients and designed to support gestation, lactation, and growth of rodents.
Fast-food diet (AIN76A Western Diet)	Test Diet	1810060	https://www.testdiet.com/cs/groups/lolweb/@testdiet/documents/web_content/mdrf/mdux/~edisp/ducm04_051601.pdf
Hematoxylin and Eosin Stain Kit	vectorlabs	H-3502	https://vectorlabs.com/hematoxylin-and-eosin-stain-kit.html
Kent Scientific Rat Surgical Kit	fisher scientific	13-005-205	https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/rat-surgical-kit/13005205#?keyword=mouse%20surgery%20kit
KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE INJECTION	Vedco	NDC 50989-996-06 - 10 mL - vial.	KetaVed has been clinically studied in subhuman primates in addition to those species listed under Administration and Dosage.
Leica SP5 upright Confocal, multi-photon	Leica	SP5
Luer connector (Three-way stopcock with SPIN-LOCK®)	bbraun	D300	https://www.bbraunusa.com/en/products/b0/three-way-stopcockwithspin-lock.html
Picrosirius Red Stain Kit	Polysciences, Inc.	24901	https://www.polysciences.com/default/picrosirius-red-stain-kit-40771
Rayon tipped applicator	puritan	25-806 1PR
Sodium deoxycholate	sigmaaldrich	D6750-100G
Syrup	www.target.com	24 fl oz	https://www.target.com/p/pancake-syrup-24-fl-oz-market-pantry-8482/-/A-13007801
Variable Speed Peristaltic Pump	INTLLAB	BT100	https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B082K97W5W/ref=ox_sc_saved_title_2?smid=A12NUUP87ZRRAR&psc=1
VECTASHIELD Antifade Mounting Medium	vectorlabs	H-1000-10	https://vectorlabs.com/vectashield-mounting-medium.html