An Experimental Approach to Investigating Effects of Artificial Light at Night on Free-Ranging Animals: Implementation, Results, and Directions for Future Research

Summary

Artificial light at night (ALAN) has wide-reaching biological effects. This article describes a system for manipulating ALAN inside nest boxes while monitoring behavior, consisting of LED lights coupled to a battery, timer, and audio-capable infrared video camera. Researchers could employ this system to explore many outstanding questions regarding the effects of ALAN on organisms.

Abstract

Animals have evolved with natural patterns of light and darkness. However, artificial light is being increasingly introduced into the environment from human infrastructure and recreational activity. Artificial light at night (ALAN) has the potential to have widespread effects on animal behavior, physiology, and fitness, which can translate into broader-scale effects on populations and communities. Understanding the effects of ALAN on free-ranging animals is non-trivial due to challenges such as measuring levels of light encountered by mobile organisms and separating the effects of ALAN from those of other anthropogenic disturbance factors. Here we describe an approach that allows us to isolate the effects of artificial light exposure on individual animals by experimentally manipulating light levels inside nest boxes. To this end, a system can be used consisting of light-emitting diode (LED) light(s) adhered to a plate and connected to a battery and timer system. The setup allows exposure of individuals inside nest boxes to varying intensities and durations of ALAN while simultaneously obtaining video recordings, which also include audio. The system has been used in studies on free-ranging great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) to gain insight into how ALAN affects sleep and activity patterns in adults and physiology and telomere dynamics in developing nestlings. The system, or an adaptation thereof, could be used to answer many other intriguing research questions, such as how ALAN interacts with other disturbance factors and affects bioenergetic balance. Furthermore, similar systems could be installed in or near the nest boxes, nests or burrows of a variety of species to manipulate levels of ALAN, evaluate biological responses, and work towards building an interspecific perspective. Especially when combined with other advanced approaches for monitoring the behavior and movement of free-living animals, this approach promises to yield ongoing contributions to our understanding of the biological implications of ALAN.

Introduction

Animals have evolved with the natural patterns of light and darkness that define day and night. Thus, circadian rhythms in hormonal systems orchestrate rest and activity patterns and allow animals to maximize fitness^1,2,3. For instance, the circadian rhythm in glucocorticoid hormones, with a peak at the onset of daily activity, primes vertebrates to behave appropriately across the 24-h period via effects on glucose metabolism and responsiveness to environmental stressors⁴. Similarly, the pineal hormone melatonin, which is released in response to darkne....

Protocol

All applications of this system to animal experiments were approved by the University of Antwerp's ethical committee and conducted in accordance with Belgian and Flemish laws. Methodology adhered to the ASAB/ABS guidelines for the use of animals in behavioral research. The Belgian Royal Institute for Natural Sciences (Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen; KBIN) provided licenses for all researchers and personnel.

1. Creating the experimental system

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Discussion

This nest box-based system of LED lights and a paired IR camera has allowed researchers to assess a range of intriguing questions regarding the biological effects of ALAN. Moreover, there are many more research directions that can be pursued with the system. In addition, expanding the use of the system to other species could help foster an understanding of interspecific differences in sensitivity to ALAN. Below some non-exhaustive possibilities for future research are presented in the hope that this paper will help motiv.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Broad spectrum; 15 mm x 5 mm; LED headlight	RANEX; Gilze; Nederlands	6000.217	A similar model could also be used
Battery	BYD	R1210A-C	Fe-battery 12 V 120 Wh ( lithium iron phosphate battery)
Dark green paint			Optional. To color nest boxes/electronic enclosures
Electrical tape			For electronics
Homemade timer system	Amazon	YP109A 12V	A similar model could also be used
Infrared camera	Koberts-Goods, Melsungen, DE	205-IR-L	Mini camera; a similar model could also be used
Light level meter	ISO-Tech ILM; Corby; UK	1335	To calibrate light intensity
Mini DVR video recorder	Pakatak, Essex, UK	MD-101	Surveillance DVR Recorder Mini SD Car DVR with 32 GB
Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags	Eccel Technology Ltd, Aylesbury, UK	EM4102	125 Kh; Provides unique electronic ID
Radio frequency identification (RFID) Reader	Trovan, Aalten, Netherlands	GR-250	To scan PIT tags and determine bird identity
Resistor	RS Components		Value depending on voltage battery and illumination
SD card	SanDisk		64 GB or larger
SongMeter	Wildlife Acoustics; Maynard, MA		Optional. Provides a means of monitoring vocalizations outside of nest boxes
TFT Color LED Portable Test Monitor	Walmart		Allows verification that the camera is on and recording the image correctly
Wood			To construct nest boxes/electronic encolsures