Measuring Single-Cell Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Heteroplasmy Using Digital Droplet Polymerase Chain Reaction

Summary

Here we present a protocol for measuring absolute mitochondrial (mt)DNA copy number and mtDNA deletion heteroplasmy levels in single cells.

Abstract

The mammalian mitochondrial (mt)DNA is a small, circular, double-stranded, intra-mitochondrial DNA molecule, encoding 13 subunits of the electron transport chain. Unlike the diploid nuclear genome, most cells contain many more copies of mtDNA, ranging from less than 100 to over 200,000 copies depending on cell type. MtDNA copy number is increasingly used as a biomarker for a number of age-related degenerative conditions and diseases, and thus, accurate measurement of the mtDNA copy number is becoming a key tool in both research and diagnostic settings. Mutations in the mtDNA, often occurring as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or deletions, can either exist in all copies of the mtDNA within the cell (termed homoplasmy) or as a mixture of mutated and WT mtDNA copies (termed heteroplasmy). Heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations are a major cause of clinical mitochondrial pathology, either in rare diseases or in a growing number of common late-onset diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Determining the level of heteroplasmy present in cells is a critical step in the diagnosis of rare mitochondrial diseases and in research aimed at understanding common late-onset disorders where mitochondria may play a role. MtDNA copy number and heteroplasmy have traditionally been measured by quantitative (q)PCR-based assays or deep sequencing. However, the recent introduction of ddPCR technology has provided an alternative method for measuring both parameters. It offers several advantages over existing methods, including the ability to measure absolute mtDNA copy number and sufficient sensitivity to make accurate measurements from single cells even at low copy numbers. Presented here is a detailed protocol describing the measurement of mtDNA copy number in single cells using ddPCR, referred to as droplet generation PCR henceforth, with the option for simultaneous measurement of heteroplasmy in cells with mtDNA deletions. The possibility of expanding this method to measure heteroplasmy in cells with mtDNA SNPs is also discussed.

Introduction

Mammalian mitochondrial (mt)DNA is a small (approx. 16.5 Kb), circular DNA genome residing in the mitochondrial matrix that encodes 37 genes, comprising two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and 13 protein-coding genes¹. Unlike the nuclear genome, which contains one (haploid) or two (diploid) copies of each gene per cell, mtDNA is present in multiple copies in the mitochondria of each cell, ranging from tens of copies (e.g., mature spermatocytes) to hundreds of thousands of copies (e.g., oocytes)^2,3. A consequence of this multi-copy nature is that mutations in the mtDNA genome, which may exist as single....

Protocol

All experiments followed the ARRIVE guidelines and were approved by the University of Cambridge Animal Welfare Ethical Review Body (AWERB).

NOTE: All sample preparation steps prior to droplet generation must be performed in a clean pre-PCR work area, ideally in a UV-sterilized cabinet where possible. The protocol described here uses specific droplet generation PCR equipment (see Table of Materials), and while the general method should be applicable to other systems, it is reco.......

Discussion

The protocol described here is applicable across a wide range of cell types and species in addition to those discussed above, although careful optimization of new assay designs will be key to ensure that accuracy and repeatability of the method are maintained when moving away from previously validated primer/probe combinations. When working with single cells it is vital to ensure that sample collection is performed as accurately as possible (e.g., using stringent single-cell parameters when sorting cells by FACS) to ensu.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
50% Tween-20 solution	Novex	3005
Automated droplet-generating oil	Bio Rad	1864110	Commercial oil formulation used to generate the oil/droplet emulsion (used in Protocol Step 4.1)
C1000 PCR machine with deep-well block	Bio Rad	1851197	PCR thermocycler equipped with a deep-well heating block, used for cell lysis (Protocol Step 2.1.2.) and PCR cycling (Protocol Step 5)
Collection plate cooling block	Bio Rad	12002819	Cooling block that keeps samples chilled during droplet generation (used in Protocol step 4.3)
ddPCR 96-well plates	Bio Rad	12001925	96-well plates pipet tips designed for use in the QX200 AutoDG droplet generator, used for sample preparation (Protocol step 3.4) and droplet collection (Protocol step 4.3)
ddPCR droplet reader oil	Bio Rad	1863004	Commercial oil formulation used by the droplet reader (used in Protocol step 6.1)
ddPCR Supermix for Probes (no dUTP)	Bio Rad	1863023	Commercial supermix for use in ddPCR experiments utilising probes (used in Protocol Step 3.3)
DG32 automated droplet generator cartridges	Bio Rad	1864108	Microfluidic cartridges used in the QX200 AutoDG droplet generator to generate the oil/droplet emulsion (used in Protocol Step 4.3)
Fetal bovine serum	Gibco	10270-106	Qualified fetal bovine serum
Foil plate covers	Bio Rad	1814040	Foil plate covers used to seal droplet collection plates after droplet generation (used in Protocol step 4.6)
HEK 293T cells	Takara	632180	Commercial subclone of the transformed human embryonic kidney cell line, HEK 293, expressing the SV40 Large-T antigen
HeLa cells	ECACC	93021013	Human cervix epitheloid carcinoma cells
High glucose DMEM	Gibco	13345364	4.5g/L D-Glucose, with L-glutamine and sodium pyruvate
Human cybrids	University of Miami
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts	Newcastle University		Immortalized from C57Bl/6 mice
Nuclease-free water	Ambion	AM9937
PCR plate seals	Pierce	SP-0027	Clear adhesive plate seals, only used pre-droplet generation (foil seal must be used in step 4.6)
Pipet Tip Waste Bins	Bio Rad	1864125	Disposable collection bin used to collect discarded tips in the QX200 AutoDG droplet generator (used in Protocol step 4.3)
Pipet tips for AutoDG system	Bio Rad	1864120	Filtered pipet tips designed for use in the QX200 AutoDG droplet generator (used in Protocol step 4.3)
Primary human dermal fibroblast cells	Newcastle Biobank
Primers/Probes	IDT	N/A	Exact primer/probe sequences will be assay dependent. Primers and probes used in this study are given in Table 1
Proteinase K 20 mg/mL solution	Ambion	AM2546
PX1 PCR plate sealer	Bio Rad	1814000	Applies foil seals to ddPCR sample plates after droplet generation (used in Protocol Step 4.6)
QX Manager software	Bio Rad	12012172	Droplet reader set up & analysis software (used in Protocol Steps 6 & 7)
QX200 AutoDG droplet generator	Bio Rad	1864101	Automated microfluidic droplet generator (used in Protocol Step 4)
QX200 droplet reader	Bio Rad	1864003	Droplet reader (used in Protocol Step 6)
Trizma pre-set crystals pH 8.3	Sigma	T8943-100G