Flotation-Based T Cell Isolation, Activation, and Expansion from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Samples Using Microbubbles

Summary

The objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of flotation-based separation to isolate, activate, and expand primary human T cells.

Abstract

The process of isolating T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to establish ex vivo cultures is crucial for research, clinical testing, and cell-based therapies. In this study, a simple, novel protocol to isolate, activate, and expand T cells from PBMCs ex vivo is presented. This study utilizes functionalized buoyancy-activated cell sorting (BACS) technology to isolate and activate T cells. Briefly, the protocol involves the positive selection of CD3⁺ cells from leukopak-derived PBMCs, followed by a 48 h co-stimulation with pre-conjugated anti-CD28-bound streptavidin microbubbles (SAMBs) prior to transduction in 24-well plates. Functionalized microbubbles offer a unique opportunity to buoyantly activate cells, leading to proliferative phenotypes that allow for expansion with minimal exhaustion. This technique offers reduced exhaustion because the co-stimulatory microbubbles remain buoyant and return to the top of the culture medium, thus reducing the amount of time that the expanding cells are in contact with the co-stimulatory factors. The results indicate that the isolated and cultured T cells receive enough stimulation to activate and proliferate but not to an extent that leads to overactivation, which then leads to exhaustion, as demonstrated by the presence of excessive PD-1.

Introduction

More than 500 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy clinical trials are currently being conducted across the world, and four CAR-T cell therapy products are available on the market¹. However, numerous CAR-T cell research and manufacturing needs still exist that must be addressed to improve the efficacy, scalability, and long-term success of these potentially curative therapies^2,3,4,5. Adoptive CAR-T cell clinical research and manufacturing begins with T cell isolation from a peripheral blood sample and the subsequent stimulation, transduction, and expansion of the isolated cells. Parameters such as T cell recovery, purity, and activation/exhaustion signals require careful consideration when choosing the cell isolation and stimulation techniques for CAR-T cell research and manufacturing^3,4,6. Importantly, improvement in the therapeutic persistence of CAR-T cell therapies by minimizing the biological impediments that result from the current manufacturing processes, such as T cell exhaustion, is needed to enhance the therapeutic efficacy^6,7.

As an alternative to traditional cell isolation methods such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS), here, buoyancy-activated cell sorting (BACS) with microbubbles for T cell isolation is demonstrated. Microbubble separation uses buoyant, hollow microspheres (microbubbles) to bind the targets and float them to the surface of fluid samples^8,9. By functionalizing microbubbles with antibodies (i.e., anti-CD3), the desired T cell populations can be positively selected from peripheral blood samples. Subsequently, the use of a different population of antibody-functionalized microbubbles (i.e., anti-CD28) to co-stimulate and activate positively selected T cells in suspension is demonstrated in this work. Microbubbles offer a simple and highly tunable isolation and activation workflow that generates T cells ready for suspended cell culture and downstream applications such as genetic modification and expansion. Critically, buoyant cell activation with microbubbles promotes restrained cell stimulation to prevent excessive T cell exhaustion⁷.

For this study, flow cytometry was the primary tool used to analyze the isolation, activation, and transduction success of the functionalized microbubbles, as well as to provide detailed information about the specific subpopulations present during the growth and expansion phases post-transduction. In addition to flow cytometry, brightfield and fluorescence microscopy were used to confirm the cell health, morphology, and transduction success. Based on these results, the microbubble technology and protocol provide a more tunable and gentler alternative to the traditional isolation and activation methods currently in use today; in particular, microbubble-activated cells show notably lower expression of T cell exhaustion markers than that typically observed with industry-standard tools and kits.

Protocol

1. Isolation of T cells with microbubbles using positive selection

NOTE: This protocol details a small-scale CD3⁺ positive selection approach using SAMBs.

1. Incubate 3 x 10⁸ commercially obtained PBMCs in 2.5 mL of separation buffer with biotinylated anti-CD3 (OKT3) antibody at a concentration of 25 ng of antibody per 1 million cells (25 ng/M). Gently mix by pipetting up and down, and incubate at room temperature for 10 min.
2. Add streptavidin microbubbles (SAMBs) at a ratio of 0.5 (SAMB quantity):1 (cell quantity) according to the manufacturer's reported SAMB concentration.
3. Mix using a commercial end-over-end (EOE) rotator at 20 rpm for 10-15 min at room temperature. Centrifuge for 5 min at 400 x g at room temperature.
4. After centrifugation, the positively selected cells will be at the top of the suspension with the SAMBs. The remaining non-selected cells will be in the cell pellet at the bottom of the tube. Using a 9 in glass pipette, insert the tip below the bubble-cell layer to the bottom of the tube, aspirate the cell pellet and subnatant with an electronic pipette and transfer them to a new tube.

2. Co-stimulation (activation) of the positively selected T cells

1. Resuspend the bubble-cell layer remaining in the original tube in 1 mL of complete T cell medium (or another desired medium).
2. Count the cells in the subnatant with brightfield microscopy using an automated cell counter, and subtract this value from the starting cell number to determine the number of cells captured in the bubble-cell layer.
3. Prior to this step, mix the biotinylated anti-CD28 antibody with commercial SAMBs for a minimum of 2 h to create the conjugated anti-CD28 SAMBs. Contact the SAMBs manufacturer to determine the amount of anti-CD28 antibody needed for conjugation. Add the anti-CD28 conjugated SAMBs to the bubble-cell suspension resulting from step 2.1 using a ratio of 1.5 (anti-CD28 SAMBs):1 (cells).
4. Mix using EOE rotation for 15 min, and then adjust the total volume to 2 million cells per mL with complete T cell medium or another desired medium according to the cell number obtained in step 2.2.

3. Expansion of the co-stimulated cells in cell culture medium

1. Distribute 1 mL of activated cells from step 2.4 at a concentration of 2 M/mL per well in a 24-well plate. Incubate in a humidified 5% CO₂ incubator at 37 °C.
2. After 24 h, add 50 U/mL of IL-2 and 25 ng/M of soluble anti-CD3 (OKT3) to further encourage expansion, as calculated using the initial number of cells plated on day 0. Place the cell plate back into the humidified CO₂ incubator, and let it incubate overnight at 37 °C.

4. Optional: Transduction of activated T cells with lentivirus

NOTE: The approach used here is adapted from Prommersberger et al.¹⁰.

1. Thaw the lentivirus at room temperature, and briefly mix by pipetting.
2. Gently remove the mid-natant, 600 µL from each well, without touching the daughter cells that are now at the bottom of the well or the bubble layer that has remained at the surface of the solution.
3. Add 5 µg/mL hexadimethrine bromide per well to enhance viral transduction. Add the lentiviral particles at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 3 (lentiviral particles per cell).
4. Centrifuge the plate for 45 min at 800 x g and 32 °C using slow acceleration and no break for deceleration. Incubate the cells for 4 h in a humidified CO₂ incubator at 37 °C.
5. After 4 h, add 600 µL of commercially available, fresh complete T cell medium and 50 U/mL of IL-2 to each well, and place the cell plate back into the humidified CO₂ incubator at 37 °C for T cell expansion.

5. Expansion of the T cells (with or without prior transduction)

1. Every 2 days, remove half of the medium from the mid-natant, replace it with fresh, complete T cell medium, and add IL-2 at a concentration of 50 U/mL.
2. Count the T cells twice per week to assess the cell density. When the cell density exceeds 2 x 10⁶-2.5 x 10⁶ cells/mL, transfer the cells into a bigger vessel, diluting them to 5 x 10⁵ cells/mL.

6. Harvesting the T cells and flow cytometry

1. Gently mix the contents of each well by pipetting up and down. Remove the entire contents of the well, including the microbubbles, and transfer them into a 1.5 mL tube.
2. Wash each well with 400 µL of calcium-free and magnesium-free DPBS (−/−), and transfer the solution into a 1.5 mL tube. Centrifuge at 400 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
3. Aspirate the supernatant, and resuspend the cell pellet in 50 µL of separation buffer.
4. Stain with an activation and exhaustion antibody/staining cocktail, and incubate for 10 min at room temperature in the dark. Prepare the staining cocktails as follows- activation cocktail: AF700-CD3, PE/Dazzle-CD4, PE/Cy7-CD8, BV510-CD25, PE-CD69; exhaustion cocktail: AF700-CD3, PE/Dazzle-CD4, PE/Cy7-CD8, PE-PD-1.
5. Add 1 mL of separation buffer, and gently mix. Centrifuge at 400 x g for 5 min at room temperature to wash out excess antibodies. Aspirate the supernatant completely.
6. Resuspend the cell pellet in 1 mL of separation buffer, and transfer to an appropriate vessel (e.g., a FACS tube, a 96-well plate, etc.) for the flow cytometry analysis. The recommended flow cytometry analysis gating scheme is detailed in Figure 1.

Results

T cells were isolated from purchased PBMCs and plated for activation as described in the protocol. The negative control samples (purchased PBMCs) were not activated. These control samples were included to demonstrate the effect that the microbubble activation process had on the experimental samples as compared to the untouched and unstimulated T cell controls, ensuring that the activation markers observed were the result of the added activation factors and were not inherent to the T cells themselves. As per the experimen...

Discussion

The described protocol allows for the isolation of T cells from PBMC samples and the activation of suspended T cells in culture media with microbubbles. This method relies on functionalized microbubbles whose inherent buoyancy offers a unique opportunity to introduce co-stimulatory signals to cells and activate them while they are suspended in a culture medium, thereby reducing the exposure of the expanding cells to prolonged stimulation; such overstimulation can result in the increased expression of T cell exhaustion ma...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
2-Mercaptoethanol	Gibco	21985-023	CAS: 60-24-2
Biologix Multi-Well Culture Plates 24-well plates	VWR	76081-560
Biotin anti-human CD28 (28.2) Antibody	Biolegend	302904
Biotin anti-human CD3 (OKT3) Antibody	Biolegend	317320
DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium	Gibco	14190-136
GlutaMAX Supplement	Thermofisher	35050061
Human Recombinant IL2	BioVision (vwr)	10006-122
Lentiviral Particle rLV.EF1.zsGreen1-9	Takara Bio	0038VCT
Leukopak	BioIVT	HUMANLMX100-0001129
Normal Human PBMCs	BioIVT	HUMANHLPB-0002562
Penicillin/Streptomycin 100X for tissue culture	VWR	97063-708	CAS: 8025-06-7
Polybrene Infection/Transfection Reagent	Millipore Sigma	TR-1003-G	CAS:28728-55-4
Pooled Human AB Serum Plasma Derived Heat Inactivated	Innovative Research	ISERABHI100mL
RPMI 1640 Medium, GlutaMAX Supplement, HEPES	Gibco	72400047
Streptavidin Microbubble Kit (includes Akadeum's separation buffer)	Akadeum	11110-000