Valorization of the Red Seaweed Gracilaria gracilis Through a Biorefinery Approach

Summary

Here, we describe several protocols aiming at an integrated valorization of Gracilaria gracilis: wild species harvesting, in-house growth, and extraction of bioactive ingredients. The extracts' antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects are evaluated, along with the nutritional and stability assessment of food enriched with whole seaweed biomass and pigments.

Abstract

The interest in seaweeds as an abundant feedstock to obtain valuable and multitarget bioactive ingredients is continuously growing. In this work, we explore the potential of Gracilaria gracilis, an edible red seaweed cultivated worldwide for its commercial interest as a source of agar and other ingredients for cosmetic, pharmacological, food, and feed applications.

G. gracilis growth conditions were optimized through vegetative propagation and sporulation while manipulating the physicochemical conditions to achieve a large biomass stock. Green extraction methodologies with ethanol and water were performed over the seaweed biomass. The bioactive potential of extracts was assessed through a set of in vitro assays concerning their cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, dried seaweed biomass was incorporated into pasta formulations to increase food's nutritional value. Pigments extracted from G. gracilis have also been incorporated into yogurt as a natural colorant, and their stability was evaluated. Both products were submitted to the appreciation of a semi-trained sensorial panel aiming to achieve the best final formulation before reaching the market.

Results support the versatility of G. gracilis whether it is applied as a whole biomass, extracts and/or pigments. Through implementing several optimized protocols, this work allows the development of products with the potential to profit the food, cosmetic, and aquaculture markets, promoting environmental sustainability and a blue circular economy.

Moreover, and in line with a biorefinery approach, the residual seaweed biomass will be used as biostimulant for plant growth or converted to carbon materials to be used in water purification of the in-house aquaculture systems of MARE-Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal.

Introduction

 Seaweeds can be regarded as an interesting natural raw material to be profited by the pharmaceutical, food, feed, and environmental sectors. They biosynthesize a panoply of molecules, many not found in terrestrial organisms, with relevant biological properties^1,2. However, seaweed-optimized cultivation protocols need to be implemented to ensure a large biomass stock.

Cultivation methods must always consider the nature of the seaweed thalli and overall morphology. Gracilaria gracilis is a clonal taxon, meaning the attachment organ produces multiple vegetative axes. Pro....

Protocol

1. Biomass harvesting and preparation

1. Harvest the specimens of G. gracilis during low tide and quickly transport them to the laboratory in dark, cooled boxes to avoid drying, light, and air exposure.
2. In the laboratory, wash each thallus with running seawater and clean thoroughly to remove debris, necrotic parts, epiphytes, and other organisms from the surface.
3. Keep the wild biomass in constantly aerated seawater (31-35 psu) in a climatic room (20 ± 1 °C) with low irradia.......

Discussion

The antimicrobial activity tests in a liquid medium are used to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial substances against microorganisms suspended in a liquid medium and are usually performed to determine the ability of a substance to inhibit growth or kill microorganisms^35,36,37,38. They are used to evaluate the sensitivity of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents and are conducted in te.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Absolute Ethanol	Aga, Portugal	64-17-5
Ammonium Chloride	PanReac	12125-02-9
Amphotericin B	Sigma-Aldrich	1397-89-3
Analytical scale balance	Sartorius, TE124S	22105307
Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii	German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ)	DSM 347
Biotin	Panreac AppliChem	58-85-5
Centrifuge	Eppendorf, 5810R	5811JH490481
Chloramphenicol	PanReac	56-75-7
CO2 Chamber	Memmert	N/A
Cool White Fluorescent Lamps	OSRAM Lumilux Skywhite	N/A
Densitometer McFarland	Grant Instruments	N/A
DMEM medium	Sigma-Aldrich	D5796
DMSO	Sigma-Aldrich	67-68-5
DPPH	Sigma, Steinheim, Germany	1898-66-4
Escherichia coli (DSM 5922)	German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ)	DSM5922
Ethanol 96%	AGA-Portugal	64-17-5
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Disodium Salt Dihydrate (Na2EDTA)	J.T.Baker	6381-92-6
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)	Sigma-Aldrich	F7524
Filter Paper (Whatman No.1)	Whatman	WHA1001320
Flasks	VWR International, Alcabideche, Portugal	N/A
Folin-Ciocalteu	VWR Chemicals	31360.264
Gallic Acid	Merck	149-91-7
Germanium (IV) Oxide, 99.999%	AlfaAesar	1310-53-8
HaCaT cells – 300493	CLS-Cell Lines Services, Germany	300493
Hot Plate Magnetic Stirrer	IKA, C-MAG HS7	06.090564
Iron Sulfate	VWR Chemicals	10124-49-9
Laminar flow hood	TelStar, Portugal	526013
LB Medium	VWR Chemicals	J106
Listonella anguillarum	German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ)	DSM 21597
Manganese Chloride	VWR Chemicals	7773.01.5
Micropipettes	Eppendorf, Portugal	N/A
Microplates	VWR International, Alcabideche, Portugal	10861-666
Microplates	Greiner	738-0168
Microplates (sterile)	Fisher Scientific	10022403
Microplate reader	Epoch Microplate Spectrophotometer, BioTek, Vermont, USA	1611151E
MTT	Sigma-Aldrich	289-93-1
Muller-Hinton Broth (MHB)	VWR Chemicals	90004-658
Oven	Binder, FD115	12-04490
Oven	Binder, BD115	04-62615
Penicillin	Sigma-Aldrich	1406-05-9
pH meter Inolab	VWR International, Alcabideche, Portugal	15212099
Pippete tips	Eppendorf, Portugal	5412307
Pyrex Bottles Media Storage	VWR International, Alcabideche, Portugal	16157-169
Rotary Evaporator	Heidolph, Laborota 4000	80409287
Rotavapor	IKA HB10, VWR International, Alcabideche, Portugal	07.524254
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)	Chem-Lab	497-19-8
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)	Normax Chem	7647-14-5
Sodium Phosphate Dibasic	Riedel-de Haën	7558-79-4
SpectraMagic NX	Konica Minolta, Japan		color data analysis software
Spectrophotometer	Evolution 201, Thermo Scientific, Madison, WI, USA	5A4T092004
Streptomycin	Sigma-Aldrich	57-92-1
Thiamine	Panreac AppliChem	59-43-8
Trypsin-EDTA	Sigma-Aldrich	T4049
Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA)	VWR Chemicals	ICNA091010617
Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB)	VWR Chemicals	22091
Ultrapure water	Advantage A10 Milli-Q lab, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany	F5HA17360B
Vacuum pump	Buchi, Switzerland	FIS05-402-103
Vitamin B12	Merck	68-19-9